Discourse Analysis

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Written Language
A. Najib Tuanany

2. According to Jenkins: 2000.
traits that were originally
mediating one function
may come to be utilized
for another function
Written
Language
Is Natural

3. History of Written Language Systems
Archaeological findings indicate
that the first known writing
system was in use at about
3500 B.C. in Sumer in
Mesopotamia, a region in
present-day southern Iraq.
a belief among scholars that
writing systems emerged in
China and among the Mayans
very close in time.
(Coe, 1999 and Gelb, 1974;
were primarily logo-syllabic,
whereas the Egyptian
hieroglyphs were logo-conson
antal.
Early Mesopotamian scripts

4. Symbols and meaning

6. Is Written Language as Natural as
Spoken Language?
Phonology, morphology, and syntax, are examined for
naturalness. In written language, orthography takes the
place of phonology.
The syntactical properties of written sentences are far more
formal than those of spoken language.

7. Canonic
principles that impose
constraints on orthographic
structure of alphabetic writing
systems:
(a) grapheme-phoneme
correspondence,
(b) grapheme-morpheme
correspondence,
(c) positional frequency and
neighborhood letter effect.

8. Writing becomes important when some kind of permanent
record of facts, information or ideas is needed.
written text is more appropriate to serve other social functions.

9. Differences between speech and writing
Are talking and writing just different
ways of saying the same thing?
Is written text the same as talk
written down?

10. A writer's position is quite different.
What are some of the differences?
5. The written text has little or no connection with the
space it is being written in, unless it is a personal
letter between, say, a parent and child.
4. The act of writing is quite deliberate –
writers review, edit, censor and reword
their writing.
3. The writer may not know anything
much about their audience the readers.
1. The readers of the text are somewhere
else in time or space.
2. They may not even be in the same
town or country, or continent - as the
writer.

12. Lexical density
Articles: a, the
Pronouns: he, she, you, me
Prepositions : in, beside, under
Conjunctions: and , because, while
some adverbs: usually, often
finite verbs: have, was, is (as in ‘ha
ve eaten’, ‘was running’ etc).
Nouns
Verbs, including
phrasal verbs
Some adverbs
Adjectives
Lexical item (or content word)
is a technical term in linguistic
s that refers to sets of
vocabulary or content words
and the way they cluster
together in different texts.
Lexical
items
Grammatical
Item

13. Written texts contain
more words that
carry meaning, - the
lexical items.
The Conservation
Committee has off
ered advice to local
community
councils on forest
conservation.
Example:

14. We can find out and compare the lexical density between written texts by using another
kind of formula to the one above. These are the steps involved:
Count the number of
clauses in a text
elative lexical density
of the text.
Divide the number of l
exical items by the nu
mber of clauses. This
gives us the
Count the number of l
exical items in a text

15. What do you think?
1. Speaking is faster than writing. …………….
2. Reading is faster than writing ……………
3. Speaking is faster than reading ……………
4. Typing is faster than speaking …………….
5. Speaking is many times faster than writing.

16. Conclusion
Written language become the way
to put the idea on the text use the
term of language
The written need to consider with
social environment and the
standard of language use.

17. References
Christie, F. (Ed) (1990). Literacy for a changing world. Hawthorn, Vic. ACER.
Halliday, M.A. K. (1985). Spoken and Written Language. Deakin, Vic.: Deakin University Press.
Halliday, M.A.K and Hasan, R. (1986). Language, context, and text: Aspects of language in a s
ocial-semiotic perspective. Deakin: Deakin University Press.
Hammond, J. (1990). Is learning to read and write the same as learning to speak? In: Christie,
F. (Ed) Literacy for a changing world. Hawthorn, Vic. ACER
Scribner, S. and Cole, M. (1981). The Psychology of Literacy. Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard
University Press.
Summer Institute of Linguistics (1990). The Alphabet Makers. Huntingdon Beach, California:
SIL.

18. Thank you