4. What is APA?
• APA stands for American Psychological Association and is a
common formatting style for essays and papers in the social
sciences.
• APA style has unique formats for in-text citations and reference
pages.
• Its style and guidelines increase the ease of reading
comprehension for viewers as well as ensure consistent
presentation of content and written material.
13. Cover Page
The APA title page, also called cover page, is the first page of your paper.
The regular formatting guidelines regarding font and margins apply. In
addition, an APA formatted title page contains:
•Running head including page number
•Full paper title (in title case)
•Author name(s), without titles and degrees
•Institutional affiliation
18. Abstract
An APA abstract is a one paragraph (± 250 words) summary
of your paper. It introduces the objective or problem statement
of the paper and includes information on the method, research
results, and conclusions of your research.
Although most regular APA formatting guidelines apply, the
abstract page also has specific requirements. The abstract starts
with a centered heading “Abstract”. In contrast to regular APA
headings, no styling is applied. The first line of the paragraph is,
unlike regular paragraphs, not indented.
19. Abstract
At the end of the abstract, keywords relevant to the research are included. These
keywords improve the findability of your paper in databases. Indent the line with
keywords and start with the italicized word “Keyword:”, followed by the keywords.
21. Headings
Title case capitalization: Capitalize the first, last, and principal words.
Sentence case capitalization: Capitalize only the first word and any proper nouns
• Capitalize the first word of the title and all major words (including words that have
four or more letters). Example: The Effects of Autism on Listening Skills.
•
Capitalize the first word of the title and proper nouns (just as you would capitalize a
sentence). An example: Teenagers with autism in the United States.
25. Citation
What is citation?
How do I format a citation?
How many do I need?
26. Citation
• A citation is a written reference to a specific work, like a
book, an article or a report produced by specific authors or
editors.
• A citation clearly identifies the source of the work meaning
the place where you can find the work.
27.
28.
29. Citation
• Different fields of study have different citation
formats but
• All citation have:
1. Author(s)
2.Title
3.Publication date
• An incomplete citation can make a source difficult, if
not impossible to find.
30. APA Citation
• APA is a style of formatting your documents such as journals, reports
etc.
• As you are writing your paper, it is important to include citations in your
text identifying where you found the information you use.
31. In-text Citations in APA Format
• An in-text citation is a reference made within the body of text of
an academic essay. The in-text citation alerts the reader to a
source that has informed your own writing.
32. In-text Citations in APA Format
In most cases only the author’s last name, date of publication and
page number from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken needs
to be included, with the complete reference appearing in your
bibliography (or works cited) page at the end of your essay.
APA format example:
The sky is blue (Cottrell, 2013).
35. Quotations
• A direct quotation reproduces words verbatim from another
work or from your own previously published work. It is best
to paraphrase sources rather than directly quoting them because
paraphrasing allows you to fit material to the context of your
paper and writing style.
36. Use direct quotations rather
than paraphrasing
• when reproducing an exact definition (see Section 6.22 of
the Publication Manual),
• when an author has said something memorably or succinctly, or
• when you want to respond to exact wording (e.g., something
someone said).
37. Additional information is available
about how to
• include page numbers for quotations
• cite quotations from material without page numbers
• cite quotations that include errors
• indicate changes to quotations
• present quotations from research participants
38. Short Quotations (Fewer Than 40 Words)
• For quotations of fewer than 40 words, add quotation marks
around the words and incorporate the quote into your own
text—there is no additional formatting needed. Do not insert
an ellipsis at the beginning and/or end of a quotation unless
the original source includes an ellipsis.
39. • Effective teams can be difficult to describe because “high
performance along one domain does not translate to high
performance along another” (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).
• For a direct quotation, always include a full citation
(parenthetical or narrative) in the same sentence as the
quotation, including the page number (or other location
information, e.g., paragraph number).
40. Block Quotations (40 Words or More)
1.Format quotations of 40 words or more as block
quotations:
2.Do not use quotation marks to enclose a block
quotation.
3.Start a block quotation on a new line and indent the
whole block 0.5 in. from the left margin.
4.Double-space the entire block quotation.
5.Do not add extra space before or after it.
41. 6.If there are additional paragraphs within the quotation, indent the
first line of each subsequent paragraph an additional 0.5 in. See
an example in Section 8.27 of the Publication Manual.
42. 7.Either (a) cite the source in parentheses after the quotation’s final
punctuation or (b) cite the author and year in the narrative before
the quotation and place only the page number in parentheses after
the quotation’s final punctuation.
8.Do not add a period after the closing parenthesis in either case
43. Block quotation with parenthetical
citation
• Researchers have studied how people talk to themselves:
Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. It is an experience
that is central to many people’s everyday lives, and yet it
presents considerable challenges to any effort to study it
scientifically.
44. • Nevertheless, a wide range of methodologies and approaches
have combined to shed light on the subjective experience of inner
speech and its cognitive and neural underpinnings. (Alderson-
Day & Ferny Hough, 2015, p. 957)
45. Block quotation with narrative
citation
• Flores et al. (2018) described how they addressed potential
researcher bias when working with an intersectional community
of transgender people of colour:
Everyone on the research team belonged to a stigmatized group
but also held privileged identities.
46. • . Throughout the research process, we attended to the ways in
which our privileged and oppressed identities may have
influenced the research process, findings, and presentation of
results. (p. 311)
50. CITING in-text
the basics The basic citation that you will use most of the
time:
Recent research in herbology (Longbottom, 2013) has
shown that…
as shown in its annual report (Ministry of Magic, 2016)
…
(Surname, YEAR)
51. CITING in-text
the basics If you have used the name of the author within
the sentence, take it out of the brackets:
In his recent article, Neville Longbottom (2013) found
that… …
……as the Ministry of Magic’s annual report showed
(2016) …
(YEAR)
52. CITING in-text
the basics Conversely, if you have used the year within
the sentence, you can take it out of the brackets:
In this 2013 article (Longbottom), it was noted that…
… as the 2016 annual report showed (Ministry of Magic)
…
(Surname)
53. Citing Multiple Authors
For words with one or two authors, include all
names in every in-text citation:
Recent research in herbology (Longbottom, 2013)
has shown…
This important discovery (Weasley & Potter, 1999)
was done…
(Surname1, YEAR)
(Surname1 & Surname2, YEAR)
54. Citing Multiple Authors
For works with three to five authors, include all names in the first
in-text citations but used et al. for subsequent citations:
This survey (Bones et al., 1992) was later the basis of…
In a ground breaking survey (Bones, Crouch, & Bagman, 1992)…
(Surname1, Surname2 & Surname3, YEAR)
Then: (Surname1 et al., YEAR)
55. Citing Multiple Authors
For works with six or more authors, abbreviate to the first
author name for all in-text citations:
This demonstrated something new (Flamel et al., 1992).
(Surname1 et al., YEAR)
56. No date available
If you don’t know the year of publication, you can write n.d. (for “no date”) instead.
The earliest report (Snape, n.d.) showed that…
Snape, S. (n.d.). School report. Hogsmeade: Hogswart Press.
(Surname, n.d.)
In text:
Reference List:
57. Quotations
Short quotations are enclosed in quotation
marks.
Grubby-Plank (2014, p. 587) states that ‘a good
blast- ended skrewt is a dead blast-ended skrewt’.
58. Longer quotations are separated from the text.
Scamander (2001, p. 35) in discussing the Common Welsh Green states that
This dragon blends well with the lush grass of its homeland, though it nests in
the higher mountains, where a reservation has been established for its
preservation.
Quotations
59. If you quote something directly, or if you
paraphrase a specific page of a text, then
you have to mention the page number the
quote is from.
Quotations
60. Adding Page Numbers
Here is how to add a page number or a range of pages to your citation:
… which proved this obscure point definitively (Bagshot, 1986, p. 867).
In a recent study Sinistra (2015, pp. 26-29) argued that…
(Surname, YEAR, p. XX)
(Surname, YEAR, pp. XX-XX)
61. Adding Page Numbers
If pagination details are unavailable (i.e. on an eBook), use the chapter,
section, and paragraph numbers…
which proved this obscure point definitively (Bagshot, 1986, Chapter 8, Section 12, para. 8).
(Surname, YEAR, Chapter X, Section Y, para. Z)
62. Distinguishing Identical Citations
If several citations could be mixed up (same surname, same year), distinguish
them by allocating lower case letters in alphabetical order after the publication
date.
Her study of the refereeing process (Weasley, 2012a) proved an important point.
However this other case study (Weasley, 2012b) is also interesting.
Weasley, G. (2012a). The refereeing process in Quidditch. London: Leaky Cauldron
Press.
Weasley, R. (2012b). Chudley Cannons vs. Referrees of the world: a study.
London: Leaky Cauldron Press.
In text
Reference List:
63. Secondary Reference
To cite a document cited in another one, use the phrase “as cited in” and give the page number.
There was further evidence to support researchers’ views on genetic
abnormalities in frogs through Kettleburn’s work (as cited in Hagrid, 2007, p.82).
65. Referencing a book
Surname, I. (YEAR). Title of the book. Town: Publisher.
Burbage, C. (2002). Non-Magical populations of the UK. London: Leaky Cauldron Press.
Department of Mysteries (2008). Of the lasting preservation of prophecies. London: Ministry for
Magic.
66. Authors’ names
You have to write every authors’ names up to seven.
Black, P., Dippet, A., Derwent, D., & Everard, P.
(1978).
Headmasters’ Secrets. London: Flourish & Blotts.
67. If you have more than seven authors, use an ellipsis between the 6th
and the last names.
Malfoy, D., Malfoy, L., Rookwood, A., Carrow, A., Macnair, W., Lestrange, R. … Dolohov, A. (2015). Death
Eaters: Real life tales of darker times. London: Flourish & Blotts.
Authors’ names
68. Editor’s Name
If the book has an editor, use her name + (Ed.) or (Eds.) for plural instead of the author.
Bogrod, G. (Ed.). (1994). International Wizarding Banking Strategies. London: Gringotts Press.
Editors’ names Figg, A. and Filch, A. (Eds.). (2003) They should have been wizards: a history of
forgotten squibs. Hogsmeade: Scrivenschaft’s.
69. Different Editions
If this is not a first edition, add the edition number.
Different Editions Bagshot, B. (1937). A History of Magic (3rd ed.). Godric’s Hollow: Godric’s
Press.
70. For eBooks, mention the DOI or URL you downloaded the eBook
from:
Cresswell, D. (1994). Liaising with goblins. Retrived from
http://www.ministryofmagic.co.uk/BeastsBeingsSpirits/ 54/Goblins/
About eBooks
71. A Paper in a Collection
Name Author,I.(YEARpaper). Title of the paper. In I. NameEditor (Ed.) Title of
the book (pp. XX- XX). Town: Publisher, YEARbook.
Freud, S. (1920). Beyond the pleasure principle. In The standard edition of the complete
psychological works of Sigmund Freud.Vol.18 (pp. 3-64). London: Hogarth Press, 1955.
72. Referencing an article
Surname, I. (YEAR). Title of the article.
Name of the Journal, Volume(Issue), xx-
xx.
Dumbledore, A. (1943). Twelve uses of dragon blood.
International Journal of Transfiguration, 135(2), 22-47.
73. Referencing an article
You can also add the DOI (Digital Object
Identifier) at the end of the reference.
Horch, E.P. and Zhou, J. (2012). Charge-coupled device
speckle observations of binary stars. Astronomical
Journal, 136, 312-322. doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/136/1/312
74. Referencing a Web Page
Surname, I. (YEAR) Title of the web page.
Retrieved from URL.
Rowling, J.K. (n.d.) How the wizarding world works. Retrieved from
https://www.pottermore.com/ collection/jk-rowling-how-the-wizarding-
world- works
75. Surname, I. (YEAR) Title of the blog post
[Blog post]. Retrieved from URL.
Storie, C. (2016). A very happy belated birthday to Rebeus
Hagrid [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.the-leaky-
cauldron.org/2016/12/07/a- very-happy-belated-birthday-
to-rubeus-Hagrid/
Referencing a Web Page
