Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...
26 us cardio
1. Cardiac Ultrasound inCardiac Ultrasound in
Emergency MedicineEmergency Medicine
Anthony J. Weekes MD, RDMS
Sarah A. Stahmer MD
For the SAEM US Interest Group
8. OrientationOrientation
Subcostal or subxiphoid view
Best all around imaging window
Good for identification of:
– Circumferential pericardial effusion
– Overall wall motion
Easy to obtain – liver is the acoustic
window
13. Subcostal ViewSubcostal View
Angle probe right to
see IVC
Response of IVC to
sniff indicates central
venous pressure
No collapse
– Tamponade
– CHF
– PE
– Pneumothorax
14. Parasternal ViewsParasternal Views
Next best imaging window
Good for imaging LV
Comparing chamber sizes
Localized effusions
Differentiating pericardial from pleural
effusions
15. Parasternal Long AxisParasternal Long Axis
Near sternum
3rd or 4th left intercostal space
Marker pointed to patient’s right
shoulder (or left hip if screen is not
reversed for cardiac imaging)
Rotate enough to elongate cardiac
chambers
18. Parasternal Short AxisParasternal Short Axis
Obtained by 90° clockwise rotation
of the probe towards the left
shoulder (or right hip)
Sweep the beam from the base of
the heart to the apex for different
cross sectional views
21. Apical ViewApical View
Difficult view to obtain
Allows comparison of ventricular
chamber size
Good window to assess septal/wall
motion abnormalities
22. Apical ViewsApical Views
Patient in left
lateral decubitus
position
Probe placed at
PMI
Probe marker at 6
o’clock (or right
shoulder)
4 chamber view
23. Apical 4 chamber viewApical 4 chamber view
Marker pointed to
the floor
Similar to
parasternal view
but apex well
visualized
Angle beam
superiorly for 5
chamber view
25. Apical 2 chamber viewApical 2 chamber view
Patient in left
lateral decubitus
position
Probe placed at
PMI
Probe marker at 3
o’clock
2 chamber view
26. Apical 2 chamber viewApical 2 chamber view
Good look at inferior and anterior walls
27. Apical 2 chamber viewApical 2 chamber view
From apical 4,
rotate probe 90°
counterclockwise
Good view for
long view of left
sided chambers
and mitral valve
29. Case PresentationCase Presentation
45 year old male presents with SOB
and dizziness for 2 days. He has a long
smoking history, and has complained of
a non-productive cough for “weeks”
Initial VS are BP 88/palp, HR 140
PE: Neck veins are distended
Chest: Clear, muffled heart sounds
Bedside sonography was performed
30.
31. Echo free space around the heartEcho free space around the heart
Pericardial effusion
Pleural effusion
Epicardial fat (posterior and/or
anterior)
Less common causes:
– Aortic aneurysm
– Pericardial cyst
– Dilated pulmonary artery
32. Size of the PericardialSize of the Pericardial
EffusionEffusion
Not Precise
Small: confined to posterior space,
< 0.5cm
Moderate: anterior and posterior,
0.5-2cm (diastole)
Large: > 2cm
34. Clinical features ofClinical features of
Pericardial effusionPericardial effusion
Pericardial fluid accumulation may
be clinically silent
Symptoms are due to:
– mechanical compression of adjacent
structures
– Increased intrapericardial pressure
45. Massive PE or RV infarctMassive PE or RV infarct
Dilated Right
ventricle
RV hypokinesis
Normal Left
ventricle function
Stiff IVC
46. Case presentation ? overdoseCase presentation ? overdose
27 yo f brought in with “passing out”
after night of heavy drinking.
Complaining of inability to breathe!
PE: Obese f BP 88/60 HR 123 Ox
78%
Chest: clear
Ext: No edema
Bedside sonography was performed
47.
48.
49. Chest pain then codeChest pain then code
55 yo male suffered witnessed Vfib
arrest in the ED
ALS protocol - restoration of perfusing
rhythm
Persistant hypotension
ED ECHO was performed
54. Direct VisualizationDirect Visualization
Is there effective myocardial
contractility?
– Asystole
– Myocardial “twitch”
– Hypokinesis
– Normal
Is there a pericardial effusion?
55. ECHO in PEAECHO in PEA
Perform ECHO during “quick look”
and in pulse checks
Change management based on
“positive” findings
Pericardial tamponade
– Pericardiocentesis
Hyperdynamic cardiac wall motion
– Volume resuscitate
56. ECHO in PEAECHO in PEA
RV dilatation
– Hypoxic?? – Likely PE
– ECG – IMI with RV infarct?
Profound hypokinesis
– Inotropic support
Asystole
– Follow ACLS protocols (for now)
– Early data suggesting poor prognosis
57. ECHO in PEAECHO in PEA
False positive cardiac motion
– Transthoracic pacemaker
– Positive pressure ventilation
58. Case presentationCase presentation
Morbidly obese female with severe asthma
Intubated for respiratory failure
Subcutaneous emphysema developed
Bilateral chest tubes placed
Persistent hypotension at 90/palp
Dependent mottling noted
ECHO was performed
62. Case PresentationCase Presentation
70 yo f collapsed in lobby. She was brought into
the ED apneic, hypotensive. She was quickly
intubated and volume resuscitation begun.
VS: BP 80/50 HR 50 Afebrile
Physical exam : Thin, minimally responsive f.
Clear lungs, nl heart sounds, abdomen slightly
distended with decreased bowel sounds. No
HSM, ? Pelvic mass
ECG: SB, LVH, no active ischemia
63. Clinical questions?Clinical questions?
Why is she hypotensive?
Volume loss
?Ruptured AAA
Pump failure
Bedside sonography was performed
while we were waiting for the “labs”
68. US Guided-US Guided-
PericardiocentesisPericardiocentesis
Subcostal approach
– Traditional approach
– Blind
– Increased risk of injury to liver, heart
Echo guided
– Left parasternal preferred for needle entry
or…
– Largest area of fluid collection adjacent to
the chest wall
72. Untimely endUntimely end
30 yo brought in after he “fell out”
Ashen m with no spontaneous
respirations
VS: No pulse, agonal rhythm on monitor
Intubated/CPR
Transvenous pacemaker placed, no
capture.
ECHO showed
75. Penetrating Cardiac TraumaPenetrating Cardiac Trauma
Physician’s ability to determine whether there is
a hemodynamically significant effusion is poor
Beck’s Triad
– Dependent on patient cardiovascular status
– Findings are often late
Determinants of hemodynamic compromise
– Size of the effusion
– Rate of formation
76. Penetrating Cardiac InjuryPenetrating Cardiac Injury
Emergency department
echocardiography improves outcome in
penetrating cardiac injury.
Plummer D et al. Ann Emerg Med. 1992
28 had ED echo c/w 21 without ED echo
Survival: 100% in echo, 57.1% in nonecho
Time to Dx: 15 min echo, 42 min nonecho
77. Penetrating Cardiac InjuryPenetrating Cardiac Injury
The role of ultrasound in patients with possible
penetrating cardiac wounds: a prospective
multicenter study.
Rozycki GS: J Trauma. 1999
Pericardial scans performed in 261 patients
Sensitivity 100%, specificity 96.9%
PPV: 81% NPV:100%
Time interval BUS to OR: 12.1 +/- 5.9 min
78. Emergency Department Echocardiography
Improves Outcome in Penetrating Cardiac
Injury
Plummer D, et al. Ann Emerg Med 21:709-712, 1992.
“Since the introduction of immediate ED two-
dimensional echocardiography, the time to
diagnosis of penetrating cardiac injury has
decreased and both the survival rate and
neurologic outcome of survivors has improved.”
Penetrating Cardiac TraumaPenetrating Cardiac Trauma
84. Pericardial or Pleural FluidPericardial or Pleural Fluid
Left parasternal long axis:
– Pericardial fluid does not extend posterior
to descending aorta or left atrium
Subcostal:
– No pleural reflection between liver and R
sided chambers
– A pleural effusion will not extend between
to RV free wall and the liver