poverty

1. Table 9-1. Chapter Outline: Poverty and Political Economy of
Welfare (Kerbo, p. 254)
• A Brief History of Poverty in America
• Counting the Poor
• The Extent of Poverty in the United States
• Theories of Poverty
• Class Conflict and the Welfare State

3. Table 9-3. Trends in the Rate of Poverty with Three
Definitions, 1965-1997 (Kerbo, Sixth edition, p. 245)
Year Census Income* Adjusted Income** Pretransfer Income***
1965 17.3% 16.8% 21.3%
1970 12.6% - 18.8%
1975 12.3% - 22%
1980 13.0% 10.4% 21.9%
1983 15.2% 13.0% 24.2%
1990 13.5% 11.0% 20.5%
1992 14.5% 11.7% 22.6%
1997 13.3% 11.9% 20.3%
* Includes all private and government cash income
** Includes all private and government cash and in kind income
*** Includes only private sector income

4. Figure 9-1. Percent of U.S. Population in Poverty, 1960-2005
0
5
10
15
20
25
percent 22.2 17.3 12.6 12.3 13 14 13.5 13.8 11.3 12.6
1960 1965 1970 1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Source: Table 2. Poverty Status of People: 1959 to 2005, census.gov, poverty, historical
accessed 10/27/06

5. Figure 9-2. U.S. Persons in Poverty (in Millions), 1960-2005
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
poverty
Source: Table 2. Poverty Status of People: 1959 to 2005, census.gov, poverty, historical
accessed 10/27/06

6. Table 9-4. People Living in Absolute and Relative Poverty
and Children in Relative Poverty for Selected Countries in
1990s (Kerbo, p. 264)
Country Relative Poverty Absolute Poverty Children in
Relative Poverty
United States 19.1% 13.6% 24.9%
United Kingdom 14.6% 15.7% 18.5%
Australia 12.9% 17.6% 15.4%
Japan 11.8% - 15.3%
Canada 11.7% 7.4% 15.3%
Germany (West) 7.6% 7.3% 8.6%
France 7.5% - 7.4%
Netherlands 6.7% 7.1% 8.3%
Norway 6.6% 4.3% 4.9%
Italy 6.5% - 10.5%
Finland 6.2% 4.8% 2.7%

7. Table 9-5. Percent in Poverty by Race, Age, Family Status, Residence,
and Region in 1997, 2000, and 2003 (Kerbo, p. 266)
1997 2000 2006
All 65 yrs + 10.5% 10.2% 9.4%
All Under 18 yrs 19.9% 16.2% 17.4%
All Whites 11.0% 7.5% 8.2%
All Blacks 26.5% 22.1% 24.9%
All Hispanic 27.1% 21.2% 24.3%
Female HH w/kids 31.6% 24.7% 28.3%
White F w/kids 27.7% 16.9% 22.5%
Black F w/kids 39.8% 34.6% 39.2%
Hispanic F w/kids 47.6% 34.2% 36.9%
Total U.S. 13.3% 11.3% 12.3%

8. Table 9-6. Percent in Poverty by Residence and Region in
1997, 2000, and 2003 (Kerbo, p. 266)
1997 2000 2006
Residence
Inside Metro Areas 12.6% 10.8% 11.8%
In Central City 18.8% 16.1% 16.1%
Not Central City 9% 7.8% 9.1%
Outside Metro Area 15.9% 13.4% 15.2%
Region
Northeast 12.6% 10.3% 11.5%
Midwest 10.4% 9.5% 11.2%
South 14.6% 12.5% 13.8%
West 14.6% 11.9% 11.6%
Total U.S. 13.3% 11.3% 12.3%

9. Table 9-7. Percent of Families in Poverty in 1993 and 2000
with None, One, and Two or More Full-time Workers
(Kerbo, p. 267)
Full-time Workers 1993 2000
None 55.0% 46.1%
One 36% 44.5%
Two or More 9.0% 9.4%
Total 100% 100%

10. Table 9-8. Poverty Rates before and after Welfare Payments and Percent
Reduction in Poverty Rate for Selected Countries, from 1989-1994
(Kerbo, p. 268)
Country Before Welfare After Welfare Reduction
United States 26.7% 19.1% -28.5%
Germany 22.0% 7.6% -65.5%
France 21.6% 7.5% -65.3%
Italy 18.4% 6.5% -64.7%
England 29.2% 14.6% -50.0%
Canada 23.4% 11.7% -50.0%
Australia 23.2% 12.9% -50%
Belgium 28.4% 5.5% -80.6%
Denmark 26.9% 7.5% -72.1%
Netherlands 22.8% 6.7% -70.6%
Spain 28.2% 10.4% -63.1
Sweden 34.1% 6.7% -80.4%

11. Table 9-9. Attitudes by Country (Kerbo, p. 274)
Ques. Hngry Austr Italy WGer Switz Neth G.B. Aussie U S
$$ 77.8% 53.6% 66.9% 50.1% 41.6% 47.9% 59.4% 38.1% 17.6%
Jobs 90.0% 76.9% 82.0% 74.3% 48.4% 73.8% 57.9% 39.7% 44.0%
Collge 71.6% 78.3% 89.8% 84.8% 80.7% 84.1% 82.6% 74.0% 75.2%
Redis$ 76.9% 76.7% 81.0% 55.9% 41.1% 63.9% 62.9% 43.8% 28.3%
Equal
Oppty
18.0% NA NA 55.0% NA NA 42.0% NA 66%
Cap$ 58% NA NA 32% NA NA 39% NA 17%
Hard
Work
NA NA NA 43% NA NA 38% NA 59%

12. Table 9-10. Percent (and Number) of Articles Published and
Research Funded by Poverty Topics (Kerbo, p. 276)
Subject Published
1965-1975
Published
1984-1994
Funded 1965-
1975
Funded 1984-
1994
Individual
Characteristics
58% (39) 24% (5) 55% (18) 42% (5)
Poverty
Programs
28% (19) 23% (5) 39% (13) 42% (5)
Other Topics 13% (9) 52% (11) 6% (2) 16% (2)
Total 100% (67) 100% (21) 100% (33) 100% (12)

13. Table 9-11. Government Expenditures: Percent of GNP and Percent on
Social Programs for Selected Countries, 1998 (Kerbo, p. 296)
Country Percent of GNP Percent on Social
Australia 23.3% 66.3%
Austria 37.9% 68.2%
Belgium 44.4% NA
Denmark 37.7% NA
Finland 34.2% 55.3%
France 44.6% NA
Germany 36.1% 69.8%
Netherlands 46.0% 63.9%
New Zealand 32.5% 71%
Spain 34.2% 46.3%
Sweden 41.7% 53.2%
Switzerland 22.1% 72.9%
United Kingdom 36.3% 57.5%
United States 20.4% 53.8%

14. Table 9-12. Top and Bottom Five Industrial Nations as
Ranked on UN Human Poverty Index, 2006 (Kerbo, p. 297)
Highest Ranked Nations Lowest Ranked Nations
Sweden Spain
Norway Australia
Netherlands United Kingdom
Finland United States
Denmark Ireland