high performance textiles

1. Technical Textiles
By: Granch Berhe
2015

2. Textile product manufactured primarily for its
performance and functional properties rather
than aesthetic or decorative characteristics
Technical Textiles
What is Technical Textile?
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3. Some of the common products of technical textiles are:-
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4. Agro – tech
Agriculture, horticulture and forestry
BUILD – tech
Building and construction
CLOTH – tech
Technical components of shoes and clothing
GEO – tech
Geotextiles, civil engineering
HOME – tech
Components of furniture, household textiles
and floor coverings
INDU – tech
Filtration, cleaning and other industrial usage
SEGMENTS OF TECHNICAL TEXTILES
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5. MEDI – tech
Hygiene and medical
MOBIL – tech
Automobiles, shipping, railways and
aerospace
OEKO – tech
Environmental protection
PACK – tech
Packaging
PRO – tech
Personal and property protection
SPORT – tech
Sport and leisure
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6. MATERIALS FOR TECHNICAL TEXTILES
1. Regular/Generic fibers
• Natural fibers: Cotton, silk, wool, jute, hamp, ramie, flax
• Regenerated fibers: Viscose, Lyocell.
• Synthetic fibers: Nylon, PET, PP, Acrylic.
2. Specialty variants of
regular/generic fibers
• Flame retardant
• Super absorbent
• Antimicro bacterial
• Ultra fine fibers. etc.
3. High tech/high performance fibers:
• High chemical- and combustion-resistant organic fibres: Nomex, Kevlar
• High performance inorganic fibres: Glass, Asbestos, Carbon
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7. Generic Fibers
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8. Viscose Polyester Other fibres
Basic
Characteristics
Specialty Variant Basic Characteristic
Specialty
Variant
Fibre
Additional
Characteristic
Very good
softness
Viscose for
nonwovens
High melting point,
high heat and
chemical resistance
High Tenacity
PET
Super-
absorbent
fibre (acrylic)
High absorbency
Excellent
absorbency
Viscose with tri-
lobal cross-section
Very low moisture
absorbency
trilobal cross-
section
High Density
Polyethylene
(HDPE)
High tensile strength
Added strength
and moderate
abrasion
resistance
Temperature
regulating Viscose
(Outlast )
High strength,
Good abrasion
resistance,, Good
resiliency
Hollow fiber High
Modulus PE
(HMPE)
Higher modulus
Relatively poor
strength wet
Short cut
PET/Viscose
Inert,
biocompatible &
flexible
Flame
retardant
High Tenacity
Nylon
High tenacity and low
shrinkage
Low resiliency Anti-microbial,
Anti-bacterial
viscose fibers.
Anti-microbial,
Anti-fungal,
Anti-bacterial
PET fibers.
High Tenacity
PP
High strength and
stability
Natural and pure Fire Retardant (FR)
Viscose/PET
Cationic
dyeable
Anti bacterial
Acrylic
Prevents & limits the
growth of bacteria,
fungi and microbes.
Specialty variants of regular/generic fibers
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9. Fiber Characteristics Applications Key players
Meta
Aramid
(Nomex)
Heat Resistance, high
strength and high impact
absorbing capacity
Fire retardant apparel,
bullet proof jackets,
helmets, gloves etc.
Dupont (USA), Teijin Twaron (Japan), SRO
Group (China), Yantai Spandex (China),
Kermel (France)
Para Aramid
(Kevlar)
High strength to weight
ratio, Excellent thermal &
chemical stability
Fire retardant apparel,
bullet proof jackets,
helmets, gloves etc.
Dupont (USA), Teijin Twaron (Japan),
Yantai Spandex (China)
Carbon Low weight and high
strength
Air craft body, wind
mill wings, racing cars.
Toray Industries (Japan), Toho Tenax
(Japan), Mitsubishi Rayon (Japan), Zoltek
(USA), Hexcelcorp (USA), SGL Carbon AG
(Germany) , Kemrock (India)
Polyphenyle
ne sulfide
Fibres (PPS)
Highly resistance to heat,
acid and alkaline
Electrical products,
liquid filters, dryer
canvas.
Armoco Fabrics & Fibres Co (USA), Toyobo
(Japan), Toray Industries (Japan), etc
Glass fiber Thermal insulation
properties with high
strength and low
elongation.
Automotive bodies,
hockey sticks, boats,
surfboard etc.
Owens-Corning Fibreglas, Nicofiber (USA),
Fibreglass (Canada), Asahi Fibre Glass Co
(Japan), Chemitex-Anilana (Poland),
Owens Corning , Goa glass, Twiga (india)
HIGH-TECH FIBRE
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10. Fiber Characteristics Applications Key players
Polytetrafluor
oethylene
(PTFE)
Excellent dielectric
properties, high
melting point.
Nonstick coating of
pans, laboratory
containers, magnetic
stirrer.
DuPont (USA), Newton Filaments, Inc (USA),
Albany Internation Inc. (USA), Toyobo (Japan)
Phenolic fiber High strength Automotive and
electrical components.
Phenco (USA), The Vermont Organic Fiber
Company (USA)
Conductive
fiber
Electric conductive Military garments,
intelligent garments.
Shakespeare Conductive Fibres LLC and Bekaert ,
Bakaert India (India)
PBI
(Polybenzimid
azole)
High strength and
does not burn or
melt.
Automotive parts,
aircraft parts,
insulation shield etc.
Celanese Acetate
Alginate fiber Highly absorbent Wound dressing,
textile printing etc.
Speciality Fibres and Materials Ltd (UK), FMC
Biopolymer (USA), Degussa Texturant Systems
(Germany), Danisco Cultor (Denmark), Kimica
Corporation (Japan), China Seaweed Industrial
Association (China)
PBO fiber-
Zylon
Highest strength
among fibers.
Protective clothing
and equipments. Toyobo Co. Ltd. (Japan)
HIGH-TECH FIBRE
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11. SEGMENT WISE CONSUMPTION OF FIBRES
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12. Clothing Textiles Technical components of shoes and clothing
e.g. linings
All the natural, man made and Synthetic Fibers
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13. Home Textiles
Technical components of furniture, household
textiles & floorcoverings
Acetates, acrylics, polyester, natural fibers…..
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14. Geo textiles Geotexiles and civil engineering materials
Jute, coir, Polypropylene, Polyester,
Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, Polyamide,
Aramids
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16. Industrial textiles
Filtration, conveying, cleaning etc
Nylon, polyester, polypropylene, glass
fibers….
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17. Medical Textiles
Hygiene and medical products
Polyester, Cotton, polypropylene, silk etc…
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18. Wound dressing
Chronic wounds: 6.5 million
people - $25 billion
Impaired healing – Inflammation
stage is prolonged
Resistance to
antibiotics
Silver impregnated
dressings
Alternative metals, e.g. zinc as
well as non-metal bactericides
Naturally derived
compounds?
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19. Extracorporeal devices- artificial kidney, liver, heart pacer and
lung
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20. Implantable materials- sutures, vascular grafts, artificial ligaments,
cartilages, artificial joints, heart valves etc
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22. Resorb
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23. Protective TextilesPersonal and property protection
Nomex, kevlar fibers…
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24. Sport Textiles Sport and leisure
E.g Yatcht, Hot air balloons…
Polyester, nylon, spandex, glass
fibers…..
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25. Granch Berhe 2015

26. Packaging Textiles
Packaging materials
Polyethylene, polypropylene, glass
fibers…..
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27. Transportation Textiles
Automobiles, shipping, railways
and aerospace
Polyester, nylon, glass, UHMWPE,
aramids compsites, carbon fibers…
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28. Agro Textiles Agriculture, horticulture, forestry and
aquaculture textiles
Polypropylene, polyester, polyethylene etc……
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29. Construction Textiles
Building and construction textiles
Kevlar, nomex, carbon fibers……
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30. Eco textile Textiles Environmental protection
Carbon fibers…..
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31. Cotton Jute Viscose PET
Nylon
PP HDPE
LDPE/
LLDPE
Aramid Glass Carbon
Agrotech       
Meditech    
Mobiltech     
Packtech        
Sporttech       
Buildtech     
Clothtech     
Hometech    
Protech    
Geotech     
Oekotech      
Inditech        
Summary of Segment wise consumption of different fibres
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32. Fiber stage
Yarn stage
Fabric stage
Wet processing stage
Technology at fibre, yarn, fabric
and end conversion stage
APPLICATION STAGES OF TECHNICAL TEXTILES
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33. TECHNICAL FIBERS
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34. USE OF NATURAL FIBERS AS TECHNICAL FIBERS
Egyptians and Chinese used papyrus mats in foundation for
reinforcement of buildings
In recent past, synthetic fibers were used in floods in 1953 in
Netherlands, it could be seen as start of geotextile
Cotton bales in foundation for earthquake protection
Cotton
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35. Woo
l
Wool, a protein fiber, consumption second to cotton
High extensible, natural waviness, trap air, low thermal
conductivity, high thermal resistance, gives comfort and warmth
Due to morphology of wool, some technical fibers have been
produced
Wool is comparatively fire retardant
Zirconium-and titanium-treated wool has much higher for example
Zirpro (IWS) wool used for fire proof padding in aero planes
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36. Flax, Jute, Hemp, Ramie
Not very common under use
Jute is used in geotextile, where biodegradable fibers
are required
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37. Silk
Protein-based fiber produced naturally by
the silkworm,
Structurally similar to wool
High tenacity, high luster and good
dimensional stability.
Used as luxury item,
Biocompatibility and gradual
disintegration an advantage in in medical
textiles
Silk used for military clothing, due to light weight and for protection from arrows.
Commonly used by Mongolian armies
Silk as wound dressing was very common by Chinese and Egyptian
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38. REGENERATED FIBERS
Viscose rayon was regenerated fibers in the early 1920s. Has inferior physical
properties to cotton
Improved shape has better tenacity in wet and dry conditions
Textured and hollow viscose fibers are comparable to cotton
Fire-retardant (FR) viscose introduced in the 1960s organophosphorous compounds
Viscose rayon
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39. • The fibre has relatively high uniformity, tenacity (16
– 30 cN/tex) and modulus, especially if impregnated
with rubber. Its moisture content is about 3 % and 16
– 22 % extension at breake.
• Applications in -automotive industry (timing),
production of hygienic and sanitary products via
nonwoven technology.
Latest addition is Lyocell also known as Tencel (Acordis)
environmentally friendly production method (non-toxic
N-methyl morpholine oxide solvent – recyclable)
Lyocell
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40. SYNTHETIC FIBERS
Made from coal or oil
Used in carpets, clothing, curtain,
packaging
Nylon 6.6 first fiber in 1939 by
DuPont
Many nylon fibers known as
polyamides produced by using melt
extrusion, many cross-sectional shapes
are possible
High extensibility, significant recovery,
more dimensional stability, low
moisture
Nylon
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41. • characterized by high tenacity (35 – 90
cN/tex), elasticity (15 – 60 %), resistance to
abrasion and moisture (3 – 5 %).
• Capability of energy resilience is a condition
for an application in manufacturing climbing
ropes and linen for parachutes and sail fabrics.
• The typical application of polyamide is for
reinforcing tires for use at low quality roads
and of road vehicles
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42. Polyester (PET)
Introduced as Dacron by DuPont in
1951. Now second major fiber
Made by condensation polymerization
of ethylene glycol and terephthalic
acid followed
Durability and compatibility with
cotton in blend, low moisture
absorbency, resilience and good
dimensional stability are additional
qualities.
Glass transition temperature is
approximately 70 °C, resistance to
heat and chemical degradation, good
for Technical Textile
Flame-retardant Trevira CS and
Trevira high tenacity, developed by
Trevira GmbH in Germany
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43. Acrylic
Polyacrylic fibers produced by
the
polymerization of acrylonitrile
Orlon14 was produced by DuPont.
Acrilan15 produced by Monsanto
and Courtelle, Wool-like
characteristics.
Chemically modified acrylics has
low burning behavior and having
high absorbency, applicable in
hygiene and medical care
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44. Polyolefin fibers
 Include both polyethylene and polypropylene made by addition polymerization of
ethylene and propylene
 Polyethylene has moderate physical properties with a low melting temperature of
about 110 °C for its low density form and about 140 °C for its high density form which
severely restricts its application in low temperature applications.
 Polypropylene has better mechanical properties and can withstand temperatures of up to 140 °C
before melting at about 170°C.
 Polyolefine fibres are low price, low specific gravity (0.90 – 0.96 g´cm–3), good abrasion
resistance, and low moisture content (0 %).
 Replaced jute in packing equipment, ropes, base fabric for floor coverings, linings for
upholstery, technical nets etc
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45. • Low melting temperature of polyolefines is an advantage for
application in manufacturing of nonwoven by thermal bonding.
• Both polymers have a density less than that of water which allows
them to float as ropes, nets and other similar applications.
• The availability, low cost and good resistance to acid and alkaline
environments of polypropylene has greatly influenced its growth
and substantial use in geotextile applications
• High water repellency of PP finds application in manufacturing of
diapers and special thermo-physiological clothing, where two
employed layers are: hydrophobic and hydrophilic, and the wicks
made of PP enable transport of the liquidGranch Berhe 2015

46. PE and PP
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47. Spandex
Yarn Polyurethane structure, can stretch
more than 8 times
Rubber-like properties,
Used in combination with other
fibers
Produced by DuPont in 1959
(Lycra).
Expensive fiber, used in fabric
Formation, during knitting, yarn is
also produced by twisting with spandex yarn
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48. Functional and High Performance Fibers
Driven by special technical functions
Posses unique properties
Some of the most prominent of these properties
High tensile strength and stiffness
High temperature resistance
High flame retardant ability
High chemical resistance
FIBRE PRODUCTION
The latest technologies for spinning of high
performance fibers are
Dry-Jet-Wet Spinning
Gel-Spinning Processes.Granch Berhe 2015

49. HIGH PERFORMANCE
ORGANIC FIBERS
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50. Dry-jet- wet spinning
 Rigid-Rod Polymers are the starting materials
 Often liquid crystalline polymers
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51. Gel spinning
Special process used to obtain high strength or other
special fiber properties
The polymer is not in a true liquid state during
extrusion
UHMW and Super drawing
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52. Aramid Fibers
 Long-chain synthetic polyamide at least 85% amide (-CO-NH-)
linkages are attached directly between two aromatic ring.
 Molecular structure made of linked Benzene rings and amide bonds
 Aromatic Polyamides
C
O
H2N R
Amide Aromatic Aromatic polyamide
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53. TYPES OF ARAMID
Basically araimd fiber could be classified in two types.
A) Para aramide fiber
B) Meta aramide fiber
They are chemically same but difference is in structure.
A) Para aramide fiber
Kevlar
Twaron
Technora
Sulfron
B) Meta aramide fiber
Nomex or Mylar Nomex
Teijinconex
New star
Kermel
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54. P-aramide
C-aramide
M-aramide
Structurally
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55. Dry-jet Wet Spinning
Spinning Solution
10-20 wt% polymer
100% H2SO4(H2O free)

56. removal of
sulfuric acid
Platinum capillary 65µ
Liquid crystal in
pure sulphuric
acid
at 850
C
air gap 10 mm with
elongational stretch (6x)
coagulation
bath at 100
C
Specific points:
Solvent: pure H2SO4
Polymer concentration 20%
General orientation
n the capillary
Extra orientation in
the air gap
Coagulation in cooled
diluted sulfuric acid
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57. CHARACTERSTICS OF ARAMIDS
 High strength
 Low elongation at break
 No melting point, 500°C
 Low Electrical Conductivity
 High Chemical Resistance
 Low Thermal Shrinkage
 High Toughness
 Excellent Dimensional Stability
 Flame Resistant, Self-Extinguishing
 High strength
 Low elongation at break
 No melting point, 500°C
 Low Electrical Conductivity
 High Chemical Resistance
 Low Thermal Shrinkage
 High Toughness
 Excellent Dimensional Stability
 Flame Resistant, Self-Extinguishing
• Sensitive to acids and salts
• Sensitive to ultraviolet radiation
• Prone to static build-up unless finished
Structure dependent
Meta vs. Para linkages
Structure of aromatic backbone
Structure dependent
Meta vs. Para linkages
Structure of aromatic backbone
• Absorbency
• Weight
• Flexibility
• Weavablelity
Compared to meta
(1) Greater tensile strength
(2) Greater chemical resistance and
(3) Lower moisture regain.
Compared to para
(1) Greater chemical, elongation and abrasion
properties
(2) (2) Lower moisture regain.
Copolymer
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58. van der Waals forces
The source of strength: H-Bond
Order
Orientation
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59. Heat and fire protection products
Cut-protection products
Ballistic-protection products
Civil engineering products
Elastomer reinforcements
Engineering plastics
Friction products
Optical fiber cables
Reinforced pipes
Bullet and explosion protection products
Ropes and cables
Adhesives, sealant and coatings
Specialty paper products
Composites
Tires,
APPLICATION OF ARAMIDS
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60. Granch Berhe 2015

61. StrengthStrength
Para-Aramid
Bullet Proof
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62. SulfronSulfron
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63. Meta AramidMeta Aramid
Heat Resistant, Absorbency and FlexibilityHeat Resistant, Absorbency and Flexibility
Fire ProofFire Proof
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64. Co Aramid
Low absorbency and Better StrengthLow absorbency and Better StrengthGranch Berhe 2015

65. HPPE and UHMWPE
• Gel-spun polyethylene fibres are ultra-strong, high-modulus fibres that are
based on the simple and flexible polyethylene molecule.
• In the mid of 1970's reports of producing strong and stiff PE fibres started
to appear (modification)
• The extension of polymer chains and high longitudinal orientation is a
precondition for accomplishing high mechanical properties.
• The result of this treatment is production of high-performance polyethylene
fibre (HPPE)
• Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibres - strongest
fibres known, with tensile moduli in excess of 70GNm-2
.
– 15 times stronger than steel and twice as strong as aromatic polyamides
such as Kevlar.
– Low in density,
– Chemically inert
– Abrasion resistant
– Melts at around 150 °C and thermally degrades at 350 °C which restrictGranch Berhe 2015

66. 66
Salient features
Moisture regain Zero
Attacked by water none
Resistance to acids excellent
Resistance to alkalis excellent
Resistance to UV light Very good
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67. Some Applications
Ballistic protection
Cut and puncture resistant: for example cut
resistant gloves, fencing suits and chains-
saw hoses.
Composites: Twines and nets:
HPPE fibre is an ideal material for use in
marine environment.
Its density is slightly less than 1,
It does not rot and
Not affected by UV light and seawater
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68. HIGH PERFORMANCE
INORGANIC FIBERS
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69.
Organic fibers can withstand only up to 500°C
Carbon, glass, asbestos and ceramic inorganic fibers,
can bear high temperature, bitter in nature, under use
from
centuries, best use is in by mixing with other
materials, plastic sheets one example made by using
glass fiber and polymers
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70. CARBON FIBRES
• Also called graphite fiber.
• It is in the form of several long strands of a material mainly composed by
carbon atoms.
 Carbon fibre variants differ in flexibility, electrical conductivity, thermal and
chemical resistance.
 The primary factors governing the physical properties are degree of carbonization
(carbon content, usually greater than 92% by weight) and orientation of the
layered carbon planes.
 Different precursors and carbonization processes are used
1. Rayon: high thermal resistance but relatively low strength, application in
aerospace.
2. Acrylic fibre : have higher strength than rayon precursors, used as reinforcement
for a wide variety of plastic composites.Granch Berhe 2015

71. Creation
• Spinning: A polyacrylonitrile plastic is spun into fibers
which are then washed and stretched to the desired
diameter.
• Stabilizing: fibers are heated with O2 to make their
bonding more thermally stable.
• Carbonizing: fibers then are heated without oxygen,
they lose non carbon atoms and bonded carbon
crystals are made.
• Treating surface: the surface is slightly oxidized.
• Sizing: fibers are coated and wounded into bobbins.
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72. Advantages
• It has the greatest compressive strength of all
reinforcing materials.
• High strength to weight ratio.
• Low coefficient of thermal
expansion.
• Its density is much lower
than the density of steel.
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73. Some applications of carbon fibres:
• Used to reinforce composite materials
• Used structurally in high-temperature applications.
• As an electrode with high surface area and
impeccable corrosion resistance.
• Anti-static component.
 Composites for military aircraft, commercial aircraft
 Sporting goods,
 Medical devices,
 Industrial applications and infrastructure,
 Tennis rackets, golf club shafts, fishing rods, skis
 Aerospace
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74. Granch Berhe 2015

75. Granch Berhe 2015

76. GLASS FIBERS
The first "synthetic" fibre product of the
human intelligence.
They are brittle, basically used in composites.
High-performance composite materials,
including protective materials, various filters,
protective clothing and packing.
Biggest application is the automotive industry
for large-scale production of fibre reinforced
car parts because of great weight savings.
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77. • Eglass fibre 90 % of reinforcement.
• R glass fibre is used for special applications, such as,
aviation, space program, and defense due to its
special performances regarding fatigue, temperature
and moisture.
• AR type is used for cement reinforcement, with high
content of zirconium oxide, which gives excellent
resistance to alkaline compounds generated during
drying. The cement reinforced with AR glass fibre has
improved modulus and good durability.
• S type has high stiffness and finds its application
where high mechanical properties are required
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78. ASBESTOS
crystalline silicates that occur naturally.
– The fibres that are extracted have all the textile-
like properties of fineness, strength, flexibility and
more importantly, unlike conventional fibres,
good resistance to heat with high decomposition
temperatures of around 550°C.
– They have carcinogenic problem
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79. CERAMIC FIBERS
– Aluminosilicate compounds are mixtures of
aluminium oxide (Al2O) and silicon oxide (SiO2);
their resistance to temperature depends on the
mixing ratio of the two oxides.
– High aluminium oxide content increases their
temperature tolerance from a low of 1250 °C to a
maximum of 1400°C
• Used for insulation of furnaces and replacement of
asbestos fibres in friction materials, gaskets and
packing
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80. ULTRA FINE AND NOVELTY FIBERS
Ultra fine fibers have 1.0 dtex or less
Linear density of extra-fine and micro
fine is less than 0.1 dtex
Commonly PET and Nylon are used
First made in Japan e.g. Mitrelle,
Setila, Micrell, Tactel
Once in woven fabric form their fine
diameter and tight weave allows
Up to 30000 filaments cm-2, highly
dense, water proof but air and
moisture vapor can pass
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81. Specialty Materials has made boron prepreg tape with various
cyanate ester and cyanate siloxane resins for space structure
stabilization applications.
Pure boron fibres are too brittle to handle but they can be
coated on tungsten or carbon coresGranch Berhe 2015

82. Technical yarns
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83. Introduction
• These are yarns for making technical textiles
• They are made through special yarn production
techniques or through the election of special
fibre blends or a combination of both
• Machines for yarn making
– Ring frame
– Rotor
– Friction
– Airjets
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84. Staple fiber yarns
• Ring spinning – most
versatile
– wide ranges of linear
density and twist from a
great variety of fibre
materials
– Prior material preparation
is important
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85. Ring spinning
• Ring-spun yarns have a regular twist
structure and, because of the good fibre
control during roller drafting, the fibres in
the yarn are well straightened and aligned.
– excellent tensile properties, which are often
important for technical applications.
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86. • The ring spinning system can be used for
spinning cover yarns - combination of
technical properties.
– high strength yarn with good comfort
characteristics may be spun from a high strength
filament core with natural fibre covering.
– technical yarns, such as flame-retardant and
antistatic yarns can also be made by incorporating
flame-retardant and electricity conductive fibres.
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87. • Limitations – low production, high drafting
and spinning tension (problem for low tension
fibers)
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88. Rotor spinning
Advantage of speed, cost reduction
Yarns are of lower
strength than ring spurn
Better evenness
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89. Friction spinning
• The main application
-industrial yarns and for
spinning from recycled fibres.
• It can be used to produce
yarns from aramid and glass
fibres and with various core
components including wires.
• Application - tents, protective
fabrics, backing material,
belts, insulation and filter
materials.
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90. Wrap spinning
• Wrap spinning is a yarn formation
process in which a twistless staple
fibre strand is wrapped by a
continuous binder
• Core yarns,mostly filaments, can be
added to the feed.This can be used
to provide extra yarn strength or
other special yarn features
• carbon-coated nylon filament yarn
can be used to produce yarns for
antistatic fabrics.
• Soluble binders can be used for
making yarns for medical
applications.
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91. Ply yarns
• For high strength and modulus yarns for
technical and industrial applications, ply yarns
are often needed.
• These are co-twisted yarns
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92. Filament yarns
• Aramide filament yarns
– Kevlar and nomex
– Aramid yarns are more flexible and easier to use in subsequent
fabric making processes, be it weaving, knitting, or braiding
• Glass filament yarns
– widely used in the manufacture of reinforcement for
composites.
– E-glass has very high resistance to attack by moisture and has
high electrical and heat resistance. It is commonly used in glass-
reinforced plastics in the form of woven fabrics.
– C-glass is known for its chemical resistance to both acids and
alkalis. - chemical filtration.
– S-glass is a high strength glass fibre and is used in composite
manufacturing.
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93. • Carbon filament yarns
– From rayon and arcylic
– Oxidative (200-300o
C) – carbonization (1000o
C) –
graphitization (3000o
C)
– Brittle and conductive
• HDPE filament yarns
– Produced by gel spinning process from
polyethylene with an extra high molecular weight.
– Characterized by high paralyzing and crystalline
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94. Technical Fabrics
Fabrics manufactured primarily for their
technical performance and functional properties
rather than their aesthetic or decorative
characteristics
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95. Methods for producing fabrics
• Weaving
• Knitting
• Lace making
• Net making
• Felting
• Tufting
• Non-woven processes
A 3-D Fabric
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96. WOVEN FABRICS
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97. Warp (Ends) & Weft (Picks)
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98. Woven Fabric Specifications
• Fabric construction
– Warp count x weft count/ ends per inch x picks per
inch
• Fabric area density / GSM
• Cover factor
• Type of weave
• Crimp
• Fabric width
• Thickness
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99. Fabric area density
• The loom state cloth area density depends on the
weaving specification, that is, yarns, thread spacing and
weave, and on any additives, such as size, which are
used to improve the weaving process.
• Finished cloth area density is frequently altered by
chemical treatments .
• The area density of the fabric can be varied by changing
the linear density or count of the yarns used and by
altering the thread spacing, which affects the area
covered by the yarns in relation to the total area.
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100. Cloth cover factor
• Cloth cover factor = warp cover factor + weft cover factor
• Cover factor in SI units =
• Cover factor formula by Pierce =
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101. Area density and cover factor
• Low area density fabrics of open construction
include bandages
• Light area density fabrics high cover factor fabrics
include medical filter fabrics
• Heavy open cloths include Geotextiles fabrics
• Heavy closely woven fabrics include cotton
awnings.
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102. Plain weave
• 90% technical fabrics have plain weave
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103. Other types of weave
Twill weave
Satins and sateen
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104. Triaxial weave
•Triaxial fabrics are defined as
cloths where the three sets of
threads form a multitude of
equilateral triangles
•Two sets of warp yarns are
generally inserted at 60° to the
weft,
•Tetra-axial fabrics where four
sets of yarns are inclined at 45° to
each other
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105. Triaxial weaves
• The tear resistance, bursting resistance of
Triaxial fabrics is greatly superior to that of
standard fabrics
• They have a wide range of technical
applications including sailcloths, tyre fabrics,
balloon fabrics.
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106. Classification of Weaving Machines
• Single-phase weaving machines
– Machines with shuttles (looms):
• Hand operated (hand looms)
• Non-automatic power looms (weft supply in shuttle changed
by hand)
• Automatic weaving machines
– Shuttle less weaving machines:
• Projectile
• Rapier
• Jet machines
– air (with or without relay nozzles)
– liquid (generally water)
• Multiphase weaving machines
In single phase machines, one weft thread is laid
across the full width of the warp sheet followed
by the beat-up and the formation of the next shed
in preparation for the insertion of the next pick.
In multiphase machines, several
phases of the working cycle take place
at any instant so that several picks are
being inserted simultaneously.Granch Berhe 2015

107. Projectile looms…
• They are used not only for weaving a vast range
of standard fabrics but also for heavy industrial
fabrics of up to 8m wide, for
– sailcloth,
– conveyor belts,
– tyre cord fabrics,
– awnings,
– Geotextiles,
– airbags and
– a wide range of filter fabrics of varying area density
and porosity.
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108. L680W series high-efficiency fibre glass rapier
cross weaving machine
Suitable for the weaving of various gridding
cloth used in civil engineering, hydraulic
construction, building materials, chemical
engineering and transportation areas
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109. OMNI plus 800 air jet weaving
machine
• Gauze
– Gauze is a lightweight, open-texture fabric produced in
plain weave, used for bandages, food wrapping etc.
• Parachute
– Parachute is industrial, heavy-filament, rib stop cloths
made of fine nylon fibre
• Tyre cord
– Tire cord is a fabric used to reinforce the tires of
vehicles
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110. OMNI plus 800 air jet weaving
machine
• Umbrella cloth
–Umbrella cloth is usually made with a cotton warp
and rayon or nylon filling, which is then treated to
make it water repellent.
• Camping tent cloth
–Camping tent cloth is a fabric used for the outer
covering of tents for recreational camping.
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111. OptiMax rapier weaving machine
• Conveyer belt
– Conveyor belt is a continuously moving strip or
surface for transporting a load of objects from one
place to another.
• Filter cloth
– Filter cloths are mainly made up of monofilaments
and/or multifilament's.
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112. Woven either on
rapier or air-jet technology
• Sail cloth
– Sail cloth is any heavy, plain-weave canvas fabric,
usually made of cotton, linen, polyester, jute, nylon
etc. that is used for sails and apparel.
• Seat fabrics
– Seat fabrics are used to cover seats in the transport
industry (automotive, aviation, etc.)
• Air bags
– Airbag is a heavy denier nylon fabric for personal
protection in various forms of transportation.
– Most airbag fabrics are woven with rapier weaving
technology.
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113. OMNIplus 800 TC
The most advanced tire cord weaving machine
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114. Knitted technical textiles
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115. Definition
• Warp knitting is a method of making a fabric by
normal knitting means, in which the loops made from
each warp are formed substantially along the length of
the fabric
• Weft knitting is a method of making a fabric by normal
knitting means, in which the loops made by each weft
thread are formed substantially across the width of the
fabric.
• Single-jersey fabric is a weft-knitted fabric made on
one set of needles.
• Double-jersey fabric is a weft-knitted fabric made on
two sets of needles,
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116. Needles
• Basically latch and beard needles used, others
are compound Bearded needles
-expensive to manufacture,
can be produced
in finer gauges and
supposedly knit tighter and
more uniform stitches
compared
with latch needles, but have
limitations with regard to the
types of material that
can be processed as well as
the range of structures that
can be knitted on them.
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117. End use products
• Flat bar machines: Cleaning clothes, three-
dimensional and fashioned products for
technical applications, multiaxial machines are
under development
• Circular machines: Hose machines: seam free
hose, tights, industrial use dye bags, knit-de-
knit yarns, industrial fabrics
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118. Warp knitting
• Higher machine speeds, (up to 3500cpm)
• Finer gauges (up to 40 needles per inch)
• Wider machines (up to 260 inches)
• Some speciality raschel machines such as Co-we-nit and Jacquard
machines
• More recently, redesigned full-width weft insertion raschel and
tricot machines
• Stable constructions, such as sharkskins, queenscord, etc.
• Various net constructions utilising synthetic yarns
• Mono-, bi-, tri- and multiaxial structures for technical applications
• Three-dimensional and shaped (fashioned) structures for medical
and other high technology products.
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119. 66
• Tricot machines: car seats, technical fabrics
• Raschel machines:nets, fishing nets, sports
nets, technical fabrics, curtain lace, power
nets, tablecloths, bed covers, elastic
bandages, cleaning cloths, upholstery, drapes,
velvets, carpets, fruit and vegetable bags,
geotextiles, medical textiles.
End use
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120. NONWOVEN and their
APPLICATION
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121. Defination of nonwoven
• Structure produced by bonding or interlacement of fiber or
both accomplished by mechanical , chemical ,thermal or
solvent mean and the combination of techniques .
Term does not include paper or fabric that are woven, knitted
or tufted or those made by other felting process.
or
we can say that nonwoven is direct conversion of fiber
to fabric.
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122. Why to go for nonwoven????
• Due to high production a versality of use of
different fibres to produce final product
having required properties according to final
product and also elimination of spinning and
weaving process
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123. Manufacturing ProcessManufacturing Process
Various techniques are used for manufacturing of
nonwovens but some of the techniques that are used
specially for the Medical applications point of view are as
follows:
Spun bonding
Spunlacing
Meltblowing
Needle punching
Wet laid
Dry laid
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124. Spun bondingSpun bonding
Spun bonding is used when more strong webs are
needed.
Webs produced are soft, porous and dimensionally
stable.
Spun bonding is mostly used for products like :-
 Face masks
 Head wears
 Shoe covers
 Bed linens and
 Disposable clothing .
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125. Flow chart of Spun
bonding Processes
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126. Manufacturing Processes
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127. Wet laid – principle of technology
There are three characteristic stages in the manufacture of nonwoven
bonded fabrics by the wet-laid method .
•Swelling and dispersion of the fiber in water; transport of the suspension
on a continuous traveling screen
•Continuous web formation on the screen as a result of filtration
•Drying and bonding of the web
Fiber swelling and
dispersion
Suspension transport
Web formation
Water recycling
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128. Wet laid
Wet-laid nonwovens are nonwoven fabrics made by a
modified papermaking process, that is, the fibers to be
used are suspended in water, and specialized paper
machines separate the water from the fibers to form a
uniform sheet of material which is then bonded and dried
to produce rolls of product.
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129. Air laid - principle
The fiber material is at first
opened by rotating cylinder
named lickerin. Then single
fibers are dispersed into the
air stream and condensed on
the perforated cylinder or
belt.
Air laid fabric compared with carding technology has these features:
• The fibers are oriented randomly on the fabric surface – isotropic structure.
• Voluminious webs can be produced
• Wide variety of processable fibers
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130. The Bonding Process is the essence of Nonwoven Technology.
 Mechanical Bonding
 Needle Punching
 Stitch Bonding
 Hydro-entanglement (Spun-lace)
 Chemical Bonding
 Binder Application – Wet
 Powder Application – Dry
 Thermal Bonding
 Calendar
 Hot Air
 Spun Bonding / Melt Blown
Bonding technologies
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131. Granch Berhe 2015

132. Thermal bonding
Wet-laid webs may be thermally bonded by
the application of heat providing the web
contains a fiber or an additive that will fuse at
the selected bonding temperature and will
flow between the fiber junctions. On cooling,
the binder material locks the fiber network
together.
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133. Granch Berhe 2015

134. Granch Berhe 2015

135. Melt blown
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136. Application Area
1)Sanitary and Medical
uses
1.Feminine Hygiene
2.Diapers
3.Patient Apparel
4.Surgical gown/ mask
2) House hold textiles 1.Floor & wall covering
2.Blankets
3.Pillow covers, Bed sheets
4.Towels
5.Luggage & Table cloth
6.House hold wipes
3)Civil Engg. Application 1.Geotextiles water proofing
2.Roofing material
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137. 4)FOOTWEAR
APPLICATIONS
1.Shoe cover
2.Lining
3.Sole
5) APPARELS 1.Interlinings
2.Protective clothing
3.Laboratory aprons
6)OTHER UTILITY
MATERIAL
1.Decorative textiles
2.Book covers
3.Tea bags
4.Tents
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138. Applications of nonwovens in medicalApplications of nonwovens in medical
textilestextiles
Bandages
Simple bandages
Light support bandages
Orthopedic bandages
Cotton pads, wound dressings and adhesive tapes
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139. Contd.Contd.
Disposable surgical clothing:
Gowns Caps
Masks
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140. Contd.Contd.
Disposable surgical coverings:
• Blankets
• Floor coverings of hospitals (anti-bacterial)
• Cloths/ wipes
Drapes Bed coverings
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141. Contd.Contd.
Nonwovens are used to replace or repair
different organs, bones like artificial kidney,
liver, heart, mechanical lung, ligaments,
vascular grafts, heart valves, blood vessels,
artificial skins, nasal strips etc.
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142. Properties of the medical nonwoven
The main criteria for determining the suitability
of textile products are :-
• – barrier efficiency toward bacteria, viruses,
liquids and dust particles
• – capacity to absorb and store body fluids
• – resistance to mechanical influences
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143. • Nonwoven fabrics can be used in the
following household textile applications:
• – floor coverings
• – sub-upholstery materials
• – webbings
Materials for use in the contract sector have to
meet legal specifications regarding their
flammability.
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144. NONWOVEN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTNONWOVEN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCT
Nonwoven wall hanging China nonwoven carpet
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145. NONWOVEN IN
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
FLAME RESISTANCE NONWOVEN GLOVES
NONWOVEN USED
RESIST TO
CHEMICAL
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146. Filter fabricsFilter fabrics
• Pulsejet fabric filters are widely used in many
industries like solid, fuel, Fired power generation.
• e.g. for industrial dust removal or for cleaning
atmospheric air.
• Conveyor belts, seal gasket, other industrial
equipment.
• nonwoven fabrics are to be used as filter media for
both wet and dry filtration.
• The end-use-specific textile physical and general
physical parameters should also be determined:-
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147. Geo TextilesGeo Textiles
• Nonwoven geotextiles:-
nonwoven geotextiles are thicker and made either from short
and continuous filaments, carded or laid in even patterns
and then mechanically (needle punched) or thermally
bonded.
Woven geotextiles Nonwoven geotextiles
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148. Benefits of nonwoven geotextiles
• Cheap and easy to manufacture.
• Superior chemical resistance in even the
aggressive environment application.
• Highly porous structure
• Staple fibres needle punched together to form
fabric capable of withstanding construction
installation stresses.
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149. GEO NONWOVENGEO NONWOVEN
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