3. Hydronephrosis :-dilatation of the renal pelvis with or without
dilation of the renal calyces
Currently the term urinary tract dilatiation (UTD) is proposed
3
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
4. Kidneys first detectable………….13 wks
Fetal bladder ……………………….10wks
Filling/emptying cycles……………..15 wks
Ureters normally not visualized
Hydronephrosis…………………….16 wks
Internal renal structure distinct
Kidney surrounded by fat…………..20 wks
4
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
10. AN screening protocol
Initial screening maternal ultrasound scan : around 20weeks of gestation.
Low risk pregnancies – average of 2 scans(20-32 wks)
High risk pregnancies-averageof 4scans(4-6 wks apart)
Measurement of the APD of pelvis & AFI has been used widely
severity of prenataldilation correlatewith obstructive lesions BUT
inconsistentrelationship with VUR(FP 25% )
Normal AFI is 8 to 18, oligohydramniosis less than 5 or 6, and
polyhydramniosis 20 to 24.
10
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
11. LINE DIAGRAM TO MEASURE FETAL RENAL PELVIC APD
Antenatal ultrasound at 38-
weeks showing right-sided
hydronephrosis in transverse
view (+—+): 11.9 mm.
Anteroposterior diameter of
the kidney (x—x): 28.8 mm.
11
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
13. APD CAN BE AFFECTED BY
Gestational age
Hydration status of the mother
Bladder hypertonicity
Degree of bladder distention
13
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
14. LIMITATION OF AP DIAMETER
failure to describe pelvic configuration
calyceal dilation
laterality of findings
14
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
15. ANTENATAL HYDRONEPHROSIS
Society for Fetal Urology Grading System
Grade 0:No splitting
Grade 1:Mild pelvic dilatation,no calyceal
Dilatation
Grade 2: Moderate pelvic dilatation,
calyceal dilatation(major calyces)
Grade 3: Large pelvis, dilated calyces (minor &
major calyces),normal parenchyma
Grade 4: Large pelvis, dilated calyces, thinned out
parenchyma
15
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
16. Urinary Tract Dilation Grading System
standardized reporting template
Include whole Urinary tract
16
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
18. - Majority of sfu g1-2 resolve by 18months
- If increasing hydronephrosis occurs , it does so early in
life and often during the first year.
18
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
19. RISK STRATIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT FOR PRENATAL
URINARY TRACT DILATATION
19
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
21. RUANO’S CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR PRENATAL LOWER URINARY
TRACT OBSTRUCTION
21
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
22. EVALUATION OF UTD 2-3
Evaluation of the sonographic appearance of the fetal kidneys
Volume of amniotic fluid
Measurements of fetal urine electrolytes and proteins
22
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
23. Regardless of the degree or severity of the finding, after any antenatal
detection of a urinary tract anomaly a thorough fetal survey must be
conducted.
Amniocentesis and karyotype should be considered if interventionor a
major anomaly is suspected,
23
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
24. Not a very useful prognostic indicator except at the extreme of
oligohydramnios or anhydramnios
Fetus producing isotonic urine: poor renal function
urine electrolyte features of adequate renal function in a fetus
with sonographic evidence of obstructive uropathy include
urinary sodium of less than 100 mg/dl,
a calcium of less than 8 mg/dl,
an osmolality of less than 210 mOsm/L,
a urine output of more than 2 mL per hour
24
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
25. OTHER INDICATORS
U.sodium strong predictor of renal function
Fetal urinary calcium
Total protein
B2 macroglobulin
U.osmolaity
25
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
26. TIMING OF
INTERVENTION
<20 WKS :-council for
abortion/
Amniotic fluid restoration
20-32 wks,
shunting, or
surgery
32 wks:- early
labour
26
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
27. FETAL INTERVENTION
Goal :
prevent the sequelae of the
obstructive process
renal maldevelopmentas seen
in renal dysplasia
pulmonary hypoplasia
Limitation
Improve perinatal survival but
complication rate to the
mother and fetus ≥ 40%
Need for renal replacement in
future
27
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
29. Situations that warrant antenatal intervention for a genitourinary
abnormality are exceedingly low and may include:
Cases of oligohydramnios
Suspected favorable renal function
Absence of life threatening congenital abnormalities.
In cases with normal amniotic fluid antenatal interventionis not
recommendedregardless of the detected abnormality.
29
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
31. Complications:(50%)
Shunt blockage or migration,
preterm labor,(12%)
urinary ascitis,
Chorioamnionitis
Iatrogenic gastroschisis,
intrauterine death
Outcome:
Perinatal survival 47%
Post renal insufficiency 87.5%
31
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
32. Prenatal evaluation and treatment for
fetal lower urinary tract obstruction
The long term outcomes for shunts in fetal bladder outlet obstruction:
Etiology:
Posterior urethral valves 39%
Urethral atresia 22%
Prune Belly Syndrome 39%.
Outcome:
More than 45% had a GFR of >70ml/min
22% had renal insufficiency
33% were ultimatelyon dialysis
33% had a transplant
32
Society for Fetal Urology 35th Biannual Meeting 2005
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
33. US guided
1.3mm fetoscope
Cannula through maternal then fetal abdomen then fetal bladder
Nd:YAG LASER to ablate the valve in an antegrade manner
33
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
34. IMPROVE DRAINAGE AND TO
RESTORE NORMAL CYCLING OF THE BLADDER
Quintero et al. 34
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
35. RUANO R, SANANESN, SANGI-HAGHPEYKARH, ET AL: FETAL INTERVENTIONFOR
SEVERELOWER URINARYTRACT OBSTRUCTION: A MULTICENTERCASE-CONTROL
STUDY COMPARINGFETAL CYSTOSCOPYWITH VESICOAMNIOTICSHUNTING,
ULTRASOUNDOBSTETGYNECOL 45(4):452–458, 2015.
CONCLUSION:
Both VAS placement and FCA demonstrated a clear survival advantage
FCA demonstrated an improvementin both 6-month survival (ARR
4.10; 95% CI, 1.75 to 9.62; P < 0.01) and renal function in PUV
35
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
39. Ultrasonography should be done
after 48 hr of birth
o In neonates with suspected
posterior urethral valves,
oligohydramnios
severe bilateral hydronephrosis,
Neonatal kidneys normally range from
4 to 6 cm in length,
2 to 3 cm in width,
1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter
39
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
40. VOIDING CYSTOURETHROGRAPHY
Follow ALARA principal
ONLY if risk for UTI/LUTO
1.Females
2.Uncircumcised males
3.Patients with high-grade kidney/ ureteral dilation
4. Suspected BOO: thick-walled bladder (≥0.5 cm), distended urinary
bladder, and bilateral hydroureteronephrosis
use of a nonballoon catheter and cycling of the study
increases reliability of the study
40
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
41. ISOTOPE RENOGRAM
Assess renal perfusion
Glomerularfunction of each kidney
Structural anomalies
Drainage of the collecting system
surgical intervention may include decreased differential
function (<40%),T1/2 greater than 20 minutes, and significant
retention on delayed upright imaging
41
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
42. MAGNETIC RESONANCE UROGRAM
Not clearly defined
Require when there is need for anatomical detail and/or renal
function to aid in operative planning
42
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
47. SFU 1-2
90-95% resolve within 24-48 months followup
47
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
48. VU reflux
up to 31% of patientsscreened with prenatalUTD
M:F = 5:1
Grade of prenatalUTD correlatespoorly with the severity of VUR
An. Diag – potential for spontaneous resolving than presenting clinically
48
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
50. Elder etal study
78% - Grade 1 – 3
36% - Grade 4 – 5, resolve spontaneously
When breakthrough urinary infection needs early interventionauthor
prefers cutaneous vesicostomy & proceed with ureteral reimplantation
50
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
51. VUR is common in patients with a history of prenatal UTD
Upto 80% of grade 1 and 2 will resolve but only 50% of grade 3 over a 2
year period, but this rises to 92% over 5 years
SCREENING for risk of UTI to decrease progression
females with high grade UTD or males with intact foreskin, BBD are at
high risk for UTI.
51
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
52. MEGAURETER/URETEROVESICAL
JUNCTION OBSTRUCTION
British Association of Pediatric Urologists Consensus Statement:
1. Evaluation: postnatal renal ultrasonography, initiation of PA, VCUG in
all patients and renal scintigraphy to assess function and obstruction at
the level of the ureterovesicaljunction (UVJ).
2. Surgical Intervention: for decreased renal function (<40%), fUTI, or
pain. Ideally, the procedure should be deferred until 1 year of age
3. Follow-up: follow-up into adulthood because of the risk for late
asymptomatic deterioration
52
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
53. URETEROPELVIC JUNCTION OBSTRUCTION
Incidence 1 in 1,000
two-thirds are boys,
60%,the obstruction is on the left side
30% to 50% of children with UPJ obstruction are diagnosed
prenatally
15% of neonates with a UPJ obstruction present with an
abdominal mass
53
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
54. postnatal ultrasound scan in P2 or P3 UTD
Prophylactic antibiotics for (P3/SFU 4)
VCUG to exclude VUR and assure normalcy of the posterior urethra in
males
Use of renal scintigraphy is left on physician and should be used for
persistent P3 UTD (at 1 month for severe disease as base line)
A prompt VCUG and diuretic renogram should be done
severe hydronephrosis with marked parenchymal thinning
bilateral hydronephrosis
54
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
56. SFU Grade 3 and 4 or APRPD ≥15 mm 14.6% vs. 28.9%
Recommended in
APD >10mm
SFU >3,4
VUR
Amoxiclillin50 mg po / cephalexin 50 mg po is usually given
(10mg/kg/day) – first 3 mts
cotrimoxazole (1-2 mg/kg/d) or nitrofurantoin (1 mg/kg/d) after 3 mts.
56
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
57. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SURGERY
Include increased APD and urinary tract dilation on serial
ultrasonography
Decreased differential function (<40%) and/or a delayed drainage
curve
Increased retention of radiotracer on delayed upright imaging on MAG3
renal scan
ideal age for surgery is above 2 yr but can be performed above 6
month
57
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
58. LOWER URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION
(POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVE, PRUNE BELLY
SYNDROME, URETHRAL STENOSIS/ATRESIA)
abdominal mass (48%),
failure to thrive (10%),
urosepsis (8%),
urinary ascites (7%)
Perirenal urinoma
58
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
61. Most diagnoses made based on a finding of prenatalhydronephrosis can be
handled conservatively.
The role of prophylactic antibioticsinitiatedat birth is controversial.
The need to further investigatemild postnatalhydronephrosis (SFU 0–2) with a
VCUG is controversial,and depends on the physician’s attitude toward
diagnosing asymptomaticVUR.
Indications for surgical intervention include reduced differential
function (<40%), greater than 5% decrease in baseline differential
function, progressive increase in hydronephrosis, febrile infection or
poor parental compliance.
61
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.