Presented at the 15th European Congress of Work and Organisational psychology (EAWOP), May 25-28, 2011, Maastricht, The Netherlands

1. Consequences of workaholism and work engagement for Spanish entrepreneurs Juan A. Moriano. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Spain. MarjanJ. Gorgievski Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 15th conference of the EAWOP, Maastricht, 27 May 2011

2. Introduction What predicts good entrepreneurial performance? Personality (e.g., Rauch & Frese, 2007; Zhao & Seibert, 2006)? Competencies (e.g. Markman, 2007)? Selfish passion for work (e.g., Shane, Locke & Collins, 2003)?

3. Selfishpassionforwork Work engagement (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2003) Vigor Dedication Absorption Workaholism (Schaufeli, Taris & Bakker, 2006) Excessive working Compulsive working

4. In-Role Working Performance excessively .44 .32 .78 .63 -.47 Extra - Role .33 .25 Working Performance Compulsively .18 .05 .53 -.40 Work Innovativeness Engagement .24 Passion and Performance Gorgievski, Bakker & Schaufeli, 2010

5. Dual pathway Work engaged people work from a positive motivation, related to positive affect, broader scope of attention, better performance (Frederickson, 2001) and beter well being Workaholics work from a negative motivation, related to negative affect, narrower scope of attention. Performance may be good at the cost of poorer well-being through resource (energy) depletion (Gorgievski, Bakker & Schaufeli, 2010; Gorgievski & Bakker, 2010)

6. Method Sample 226 Spanish entrepreneurs. 59.1% men and 40.9% women A mean age of 42 years (SD = 10.25). Measures Work Engagement: 9-item UWES (Schaufeli, Bakker, & Salanova, 2006) Workaholism: 20-item DUWAS (Schaufeli& Taris, 2004) Affective state: 20-item PANAS (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) Innovative behavior: 9-item scale of individual innovative behavior (Janssen, 2001) Work Overload: 7-item scale (VBBA; Veldhoven & Meijman) Business performance: 3-item self-reported business performance scale (Dej, 2011). Entrepreneurial satisfaction: 5-item self-reported satisfaction scale (adapted version of the satisfaction of life scale by Diener).

7. Method: Data Analysis Data were analyzed using SmartPLS(Ringle et al. 2005). Standardized data were used in the analysis missing data (n = 9) were excluded listwise Significance was evaluated using bootstrapping of 500 samples of 177 cases, which led to a critical t-value of 1.96 for p < .05.

8. ResultsforWorkengagement Subjective business Performance Innovative behavior .24 .58 .27 -.19 .50 Positive affect Work engagement .63 -.23 Negative affect .19 .30 Entrepreneurial satisfaction Work overload -.19

9. ResultsforWorkaholism Subjective business Performance Innovative behavior .24 .27 .56 -.19 Positive affect Workaholism .62 .58 -.29 Negative affect .19 .53 Entrepreneurial satisfaction Work overload -.18

10. Conclusions and Discussion Results are in line with the dual path model Workaholismis negative for entrepreneurs’ well being (i.e. affective state and satisfaction). However, in terms of self-reported business performance, workaholism seems to lead entrepreneurs to innovation by spending a lot of time trying to solve problems and not give up. Work engagementis related strongly to entrepreneurs’ innovative behavior and positive affective state. However, work engagement increases work overload, which is turn, decreases work satisfaction.