Urban deprivation is a major problem in cities in LEDCs, as up to 50% of residents live in substandard housing or shantytowns. Many governments have attempted solutions with varying degrees of success, such as clearing shantytowns and building high-rise apartments, upgrading existing slums to provide basic services, and constructing new "site and services" housing schemes on the outskirts of cities. However, the most successful projects have involved self-help upgrading schemes that improve conditions while allowing residents to remain in their communities.

1. Urban deprivation in LEDCs By Peter

4. Proportion living in shantytowns, squatters settlements and slums in selected cities. 50 Maraccuto, Venezuela 35 Caracus, Venezuela 36 Lima, Peru 46 Mexico City, Mexico 25 Santiago, Chile 27 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil 25 Jakarta, Indonesia 33 Calcutta, India Shantytown proportion (%of city) Location