Structure

1. There are several ways to build according to the type and location. How to build depends on the technological level of the community that builds and the needs they manifest. In any case, the
construction system uses by a community reflects part of his building
From the Lion Gate at Mycenae in Greece to Falling Water by Frank Lloyd Wright in the mid twentieth century, ARCHITECTURE has served
humanity's needs for beauty and shelter.
Post-and-lintelconstructionisanarchitecturalconstructionmethodthatreliesontheeffectofgravityandspanningashortdistancebetween
twouprightsupports.
Post Lintel
Post
Lintel

2. Content :
 Introduction
 Definition
 History
 Post
 Lintel
 Classification of beam
 Edge Beam
 Waffle Slab
 Structural system
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Example (Foreign)
 Example (Local)
 Modern use of post lintel
 Conclusion
Post
Lintel

3. Introduction :
There are several ways to build according to the type and location. How to build depends on the
technological level of the community that builds and the needs they manifest.
In any case, the construction system uses by a community reflects part of his personality as the
building is a way to transform the environment adapted to the human needs. Ever since man left the
shelter that provided the cave.
How human/generation changed their life style or technologies for their own needs.
Post
Lintel

4. Definition :
Two upright members, the posts, hold up a third member, the beam, laid
horizontally across their top surfaces. In Britain it is called post-and-lintel system, but
in the U.S. “lintel” is usually reserved for a short beam that spans a window or
door opening. The post and beam formed the basis of architecture from prehistoric
to Roman times, and is illustrated by such ancient structures as Stonehenge. All
structural openings evolved from this system, which is seen in pure form only in
colonnades and in framed structures, the posts of doors, windows, ceilings, and
roofs usually being hidden in walls. The beam must bear loads that rest on it as
well as its own load without deforming or breaking. Post-and-beam construction has
largely been supplanted by the modern steel frame.
Post
Lintel

5. History :
From the Lion Gate at Mycenae in Greece to Falling Water by Frank Lloyd Wright in
the mid twentieth century, ARCHITECTURE has served humanity's needs for beauty
and shelter. This most public of the arts disciplines begins with an understanding of
the METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION and an understanding of TENSILE STRENGTH
of materials. The Lion Gate (seen at the left-up) is located in Mycenae, the home
of the famous hero Agamemnon - of Trojan War Fame. This structure illustrates the
post and lintel structural system. The huge stones were shaped to fit by stone
masons, who might also have created the sculptural relief above the lintel. This
post and lintel structural system can also been seen in Western Europe, for
example at Stonehenge.
As time progressed in the Greek world, architects and builders ornamented the
basic structural method, creating "Orders of Architecture": the Doric, Ionic, and
Corinthian columns (and a few more) forming the basic column types that defined
these orders: respectively Archaic (with the Doric column), Classical (with the Ionic
column), and Hellenistic (with the Corinthian column). The proportions of the columns
to the lintels and the spaces between varied to create more visual grace or
strength, depending on the tastes of the builders.
Lion Gate at Mycenae in Greece
Stonehenge
Post
Lintel

6. Post :
1. The job of the post is to support the lintel weight and the load above it
without crushing or bulking.
2. Failure occurs for excessive weakness or length
3. The material must be specially strong in compression.
4. The posts or columns are made of stone, steel, concrete or reinforced
concrete.
5. Masonry posts, including those of bricks, may be highly efficient
COMPRESSION FORCES
Post
Post
Lintel

7. Lintel :
1. It is a horizontal beam used in the construction of buildings.
2. It is a major architectural contribution of ancient Greece.
3. The job of the lintel is to bear the loads that rest on it, (as its own load) without deforming or
breaking.
4. Failure occurs when the material is too weak or the lintel is too long.
5. May be made of wood, stone, steel or reinforced or pre tensioned concrete.
load
BEAM or LINTEL
DEFORMATION
Lintel
Post
Lintel

8. Classification of Beam:
Continuous Beam
Continuously supported beams are supported by
three or more support points. They deflect less
than simple beams of the same span because
the positive and negative bending cancel each
other out. Generally a continuous span is 20%
more efficient than a simple span as it is able
to span longer distances.
Over Hanging Beam
A beam which is freely supported at two points
and having one or both the ends extending
beyond these supports is known as overhanging
beam.
Fixed Beam
A beam that is supported at both free ends and is restrained
against rotation and vertical movement.
Cantilever Beam
A cantilever beam its a beam that is anchored
only at one end. Cantilever beams overhang their
supports. The cantilever section of the beam
cannot support the same loads as the back
span which is the section of beam between the
supports. A typical allowance for the amount of
cantilever in a beam is 20-25%.
Simply Supported Beam
Simply supported beams are supported at each
end only. A diagram of a simple beam supported
at each end is shown. If downwards pressure is
applied bending would occur at the middle of the
beam.
Post
Lintel

9. Edge Beam:
Type of beam at the edge of a shell or plate
structure whose stiffness may greatly increase
the load-bearing capacity of the structure.
 It is mostly used in high rise office building
for internal solution like a/c duct or ceiling.
 It is also used in tall flat slab building for
join columns to increase strengthens in
earthquake.
Post
Lintel
Edge Beam Slab Plan
Edge Beam Slab Section

10. Waffle Slab:
Post
Lintel A reinforced-concrete floor and roof
construction employing a square grid
of deep ribs with coffers in the
interstices. Span up to 14 m and
live load up to 7.5 kN/m2
Advantages:
 Carries heavy loads
 Attractive exposed ceilings
 Sound and Heat Insulator
 Maximum used in auditorium and
double height entry
 Giving added strength in both directions.
Disadvantages:
Formwork with panels is expensive

11. Structural System:
BENDING STRESSES
An internal tensile or compressive longitudinal stress
developed in a beam in response to curvature induced by
an external load.
BENDING FAILURE
A bending moment exists in a structural
element when a moment is applied to the
element so that the element bends
TORSION
The stress or deformation caused when one
end of an object is twisted in one direction
and the other end is held motionless or
twisted in the opposite direction.
a. The act of twisting or turning.
VERTICAL SHEAR STRESS FAILURE
Shear forces, or shear stresses, are caused
by forces applied parallel to a material,
potentially causing deformation of that
material. Beam shear can be caused by
horizontal or vertical stresses, as well as by
bending
Post
Lintel

12. Structural System:
Here has some simple detail of column and beam joining and dimension which is variable in
various design.
Post
Lintel
Here has some picture of
making column and beams.

13. Advantages:
 Post-and-lintel is the simplest of structural
systems.
 This is a strong support when the structure
is level and gravity pulls down evenly on the
structure.
 It is also a great way for constructing an
opening.
 It’s renovation system is easy and safe.
 It is a strong structure for earthquake.
 It has a big advantage that It gives sign
before collapse.
 Homes constructed with a post and lintel
construction method can usually be assembled
quicker that other types of construction.
 This construction method is considered more
energy efficient than houses constructed using
alternative methods because it is easier to
insulate the home.
 Post and lintel system is less expensive then
other.
Post
Lintel

14. Disadvantages:
 The biggest disadvantages to this type of
construction is the limited weight that can
be held up, and the small distances
required between the posts.
 This structure can not use in High rise
project because that’s time it will be
expensive and High rise weight will be
much more which is not good.
 Failure occurs when the material is to weak
or the span is to long to support the load.
This makes the beam bend or break. This
aspect combined with others can cause
many structural accidents, destroying the
structure like a house of cards.
Post
Lintel

15. Example: Stonehenge
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in
Wiltshire, England. It is the famous ancient post
lintel structure.
 Some paired with a lintel over the top
 The circular is about 100 feet in diameter
 Inside the circle are 5 more paired and
linteled stones
 Weights of each stone is about 50-60 tones
 The tallest stone is 16 feet tall
 It is still unknown that who built the
Stonehenge and why!
 Most of the people believe that it was
constructed as a holy place for religious
rituals and ceremonies.
Post
Lintel

16. Example: Parthenon
1.Most important and characteristic
monument of Greek Civilization.
2.Built between 447-438 BC in classical
period.
3.Completely made out of pentelite
marble
4.Surrounded by free standing columns
5.8x17 columns
6.Double cella
7.Smaller west cella had 4 interior
columns
8.East cella was a U-shaped collonade
of 9 cocolumns
9.Eastern cella dedicated by ATHENA
POLIAS
10.Western cella dedicated by ATHENA
PERTHENONS
11.Destroyed in 480/479 BC
12.It was converted into a cristian
church in Ca.500 BC
13.In 1687,a small mosque was built in
the cella.
Post
Lintel

17. Example: Parthenon
Post
LintelThe upper
portion of column
is quite thin
then lower
portion and it
has capital to
support stone
lintels.

18. Example: Erechtheion
Type: Greek Temple
Architectural style:Ionic
Location : Athens,Greece
Architect :May have been Mnesicles
The temple as seen today was built
between 421 and 406 BC. On the north
side, there is another large porch with six
Ionic columns, and on the south, the
famous "Porch of the Maidens", with six
draped female figures (caryatids) as
supporting columns. The porch was built
to conceal the giant 15-ft beam needed to
support the southwest corner over the
metropolis, after the building was drastically
reduced in size and budget following the
onset of the Peloponnesian war.
Post
Lintel

19. Example: Erechtheion
Post
Lintel
Here they decorate the columns with human figures and on the
head has a capital like parthenon.

20. Example:
Fire House for engine company and ladder
company
Brooklyn ,New York
Structure:Steel Frame
Architect: Peter_Eisenman
The Building’s design responds to its urban
Site,where an elevated rail line marks a shift in
grid patterns,by in corporating these two grids
within the structure .This two story firehouse
contains fire-fighting equipment,battalion chief’s
offices, company offices and sleeping
accomodation.The structural roof beam members
of the superimposed grid contain red laser lights
symbolically illuminate the structure at night.In
addition,a beacon of red light shines out when the
fire engines are on-call.
Post
Lintel

21. Example:
Post
Lintel Fire House for engine company and ladder
company
North Elevation
South Elevation
First Level Plan

22. Example: Hospital
Post
Lintel ARCHITECT; NICKL AND PARTNER
LOCATION;GERMANY
AREA;7,100SQM
The primary design concept for the renovation of
hospital is backbone .It’s a beam column project. The
façade are composed of full length ceramic elements
with timber frame and aluminum windows.

23. Example: Hospital
Post
Lintel

24. Example:
Post
Lintel Gulshan Pride Apartment Complex
Architect: Bashirul Haque
The Gulshan Pride apartment complex is a developer
built project. The scope of work for this project involved
efficient planning, structural system and use of
materials in order to make the project financially viable
and generating profit for the developer.
Project is inspired by climate quality and harshness of
light, critical consciousness of the place and the
universal civilization.
Structural system:
The structural system of the complex is column, beam
and reinforced concrete for apartment and duplex
building.The buildings, supported by columns and
beams, have cavity wall on the periphery and the out
side wall is of machine made exposed brick.

25. Example: Gulshan Pride Apartment Complex
Post
Lintel
Section AA’

26. Example: Hand-Made School
Post
Lintel Location: Rudrapur, Bangladesh
Architect: Anna Heringer, Eike Roswag
Client: Dipshikha Society for Village Development
Built Area: 325 m²
Cost: US$ 22’835
This village school adapts the traditional materials of earth and
bamboo to make them more durable. In terms of the earth
construction, the most important technical advances were
introducing a damp-proof course, adding a brick foundation and
mixing straw into the loam. The potential of bamboo construction
is demonstrated by the ceiling (a layering of bamboo sticks,
bamboo boards and earth) and the first-floor walls and roof (a
frame construction consisting of beams - four layers of joined
bamboo sticks – and vertical and diagonal poles).

27. Example: Hand-Made School
Post
Lintel
Three layers of bamboo post are bound together for the floor beams
and anchored at both ends into the mud wall with a one metre by
one metre mud mass as a balustrade. The infills to the lightweight
bamboo frames are window frames with slats that allow light and air
to
penetrate.

28. Example: Hand-Made School
Post
Lintel
Ground Floor Plan

29. Example: Chhayanat
Post
Lintel Architect: Bashirul Haque
The Chhayanat Sangeet Vidyatan (Bengali: ছাযানট) is
one of leading institutions of Bengali culture in the
world. Founded in 1961 in Dhaka, Chhayanat
remains one of the most influential cultural groups in
the country As in the case of many similar
organizations, it was established during the
Pakistani rule in Bangladesh to promote and nurture
the cultural and musical heritage of Bengal. Every
year, Chhayanat arranges the biggest program in
order to celebrate the Pahela Boishakh, the first day
of Bengali new year

30. Example: Chhayanat
Post
Lintel

31. Modern Use of Post Lintel
Post
Lintel Even now modern buildings use a basic post And lintel system
idea. The engineers had combined these two elements to create
a mushroom columns. This is column that has a slab at the end
making it a column with support function it can become the
ceiling of a structure.

32. Modern Use of Post Lintel
Post
LintelMexican architects SLOT
Design the Mexico Pavillion for
Shanghai World Expo 2010
Frank Lloyd Wright
Johnson Wax Headquarters

33. Conclusion:
Post
Lintel Post-and-lintel construction is an architectural
construction method that relies on the effect
of gravity and spanning a short distance
between two upright supports. From
prehistoric times, the post and lintel System
has been used for all kinds of
structures.Since the Roman and Egiptian
temples to the evolution of frames and archs,
the post and lintel system has remained as
the basic idea.
Prepared By:
046-05361 046-05369 046-05377 046-05381 046-05383 046-05384 045-05328
Asif Iqbal Urmi Sarif Monir Mazhar Rafat