Comparison of behavioral, cognitive & social cognitive approaches to learning

2. 1. What is learning?
2. Behaviorism & behavioral approaches
3. Constructivism & constructive approaches
4. Cognitive approaches
5. Social cognitive approach
6. Comparison of social cognitive approaches with
various approaches to learning
7. Critique on social cognitive approach by other
theorists
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3. What is Learning?
• Learning is a relatively permanent change in
behavior, knowledge, and thinking skills that
occurs through experience
• Learning is not involved in inborn, or innate,
behaviors, such as blinking or swallowing
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4.  Behaviourism is the view that behaviour should be
explained by observable experiences, not by mental
processes
 Behaviour is everything that we do, both verbal and
nonverbal, that can be directly seen or heard
Behavioural Approaches
Emphasis on experiences, especially reinforcement
& punishment as determinant of behaviour
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
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5. Constructivism
Constructivism is the idea that
students actively construct their
knowledge from their personal
experiences with others and the
environment
This idea has also been called
distributed cognition, which is the
distribution of learning across many
minds with the goal of drawing on
multiple knowledge bases and ideas
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6. Constructive Approaches
Cognitive
/Individual
Constructivism
Social
Constructivism
Approach
A type of constructivism
that focuses on how
individuals construct
knowledge in their minds
Piaget’s cognitive
constructivism
Learning methods &
strategies; intuition,
reflective practices,
graphic organisers,
guided discovery method,
inquiry based learning
A type of constructivism
where learners share
individual perspectives with
others to construct
understandings together
that would not be possible
to construct individually
Vygotsky’s social
constructivism
Learning methods &
strategies; cooperative
learning, group discussions,
think pair-share, jigsaw, fish
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7. Social Cognitive Approaches
Socio-cognitive theories define
learning as the relatively enduring
change in the mental structures
of a learner that create the
potential to demonstrate
different behaviours
Socio-cognitive theories state that
learning can occur even when
there is no direct interaction with
the environment (i.e., learning by
observation)
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8. Social Cognitive Approaches
Albert Bandura is the main
architect of social cognitive theory.
He proposed a Reciprocal Causation
Model.
 The person (cognitive) factor given the most emphasis by Bandura
in recent years is self-efficacy
 self-efficacy is the belief that one can master a situation and
produce positive outcomes
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10. Comparison of Behavioral, Cognitive & Social Cognitive Approaches to Learning 10

11. Successful
schools need
professional
heads
Leaders are
not born
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12. Comparison of Behavioral, Cognitive & Social Cognitive Approaches to Learning 12

13. • point out that the approaches still focus too much on
overt behaviour and external factors and not enough on
the details of how cognitive processes such as thinking,
memory, and problem solving actually take place
Cognitive
Theorists
• criticize them for being nondevelopmental, in the
sense that they don’t specify age-related,
sequential changes in learningDevelopmentalists
• fault social cognitive theorists for not placing enough
attention on self-esteem and caring, supportive
relationships
Humanistic
Theorists
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14. • Behavioral, constructivist, cognitive and social cognitive
approaches have their own significance in classroom learning
• Behavioral approaches leads us to the classroom
management and teaching discipline to learners to use them
in their practical life
• Cognitive approaches uncover the individual potential,
creativity and perfection
• It enhances self regulatory , reflective and critical thinking
practices in learners
• Social cognitive approaches are the need of the time, being
the combination of different learning approaches it is
advantageous to use in classroom / teaching learning process
Summary
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16. Q & A
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17. References
• Moreno, R. (2010). Educational Psychology. United States
of America: John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
• Santrock, J.W. (2011). Educational Psychology. McGraw Hill
International Publishers.
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