We call innovation pioneers the experts in a scientific or technical domain in the early stages of its development. Advances in information technologies allow networks of organizations and individuals to exchange ideas and knowledge. Not differently from what has happened in communities of consumers with the emergence of the so called prosumers, ICT can support communities of innovation pioneers. However, the role of IT in this domain has not been studied extensively in the management literature. Understanding the dynamics of communities of innovation pioneers, instead, can provide companies with precious knowledge on future breakthrough innovations. This paper means to deepen our understanding of communities of innovation pioneers and the role of IT in supporting them. To achieve this goal, we investigate the case of Musigen, a new web platform with the purpose to support knowledge sharing in the generative music field.

1. Open communities of innovation pioneers: the Musigen case study
Author: GIUSEPPE NACCARATO - Email: giuseppe.naccarato@unical.it
Track: 25. ICT enabling Collaboration, Innovation and Knowledge Sharing: emerging “open” phenomena,
organizational models and technological tools
Co-author(s): Vincenzo Corvello (University of Calabria)
/ Eleonora Pantano (University of Calabria)
Access to this paper is restricted to registered delegates of the EURAM 2010
(European Academy of Management) Conference 'Back To The Future'.

2. Open communities of innovation pioneers: the Musigen case study
Abstract
We call innovation pioneers the experts in a scientific or technical domain in the early stages
of its development. Advances in information technologies allow networks of organizations
and individuals to exchange ideas and knowledge. Not differently from what has happened in
communities of consumers with the emergence of the so called prosumers, ICT can support
communities of innovation pioneers.
However, the role of IT in this domain has not been studied extensively in the management
literature. Understanding the dynamics of communities of innovation pioneers, instead, can
provide companies with precious knowledge on future breakthrough innovations.
This paper means to deepen our understanding of communities of innovation pioneers and the
role of IT in supporting them.
To achieve this goal, we investigate the case of Musigen, a new web platform with the
purpose to support knowledge sharing in the generative music field.
Keywords: virtual communities, prosumer, open innovation, lead users innovation, innovation
pioneers, generative music.
1

3. 1. Introduction
The new advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) developed new
powerful tools for exchanging ideas and knowledge. Both scholars and practitioners
frequently point out the importance of knowledge sharing technologies as a mean to share
individuals’ contributions in an efficient and effective way (Bertacchini, 2008, Febbraro et al.,
2008; Sippings, 2007; van den Hooff & Huysman, 2009).
In fact, the process of information exchanges among users on internet grew fast due to the
success of virtual spaces which facilitate the process itself. In particular, internet facilitates the
creation and the development of specialized knowledge through virtual communities (de
Valck et al., 2009). Hence, if compared to the offline groups, the virtual communities
represent a high specialized knowledge tool, available to a large number of people according
to his/her own preferences (ibid., 2009). Furthermore, these spaces attract users increasingly,
due to its main characteristics: the voluntary participation, and their consequent intentional
social action (Bagozzi & Dholakia, 2002; Dholakia et al., 2004), the goal-oriented knowledge
sharing (Koh et al., 2004), the flexible structure of the group, the users contributions toward a
common scope.
In particular, companies can tap into the creativity of crowds to generate new ideas, solve
problems, develop new products. They can source innovation from other companies or from
the users of their products. These open innovation processes involve knowledge domains
characterized by a wide diffusion of the underlying knowledge. The phenomenon is part of
the broader shift in innovation practices usually called Open innovation (Cheesbrough 2003).
There are domains, however, in which the involved communities are smaller and the
knowledge required to understand the studied problems is deeper: these are domains related to
scientific or technical fields in the early stages of their development.
2

4. In this scenario, it is possible to define a new concept of user: the innovation pioneers.
Innovation pioneers are scientist or experts of a scientific domain in the early stages of its
development. Innovation pioneers try to organize in communities, but the dimensions of these
communities are usually smaller and their relations are more loosely coupled. Interactions and
knowledge exchange in this conditions can be more difficult.
ICT can support communities of innovation pioneers and reduce the barriers to their
interaction. However these phenomena have not been widely studied in the literature. Other
streams of literature, however, can be taken into account to generate insight in the
phenomenon of communities of innovation pioneers.
In some sense the innovation pioneer has the characteristics of the prosumer (a concept where
the figure of consumer and producer of a good coalesce in the same person). The idea of
prosumer has been developed since the 80s (Kotler, 1986; Van Raaij, 1993 ), even if it was
linked at beginning to the production and consumption of real goods and, afterwards, to the
digital goods produced and accessed via internet (Bertacchini et al., 2008).
Another concept which is in some features similar to the one considered in this paper is the
concept of lead users as described by Von Hippel (2005). In this case companies exploit the
possibility to intercept knowledge generated within communities of expert users in order to
innovate.
We build on concepts taken from the literature on prosumers and on lead users to study the
concept of communities of scientific pioneers.
Besides we present the Musigen system, a platform which has been developed in order to
facilitate and support knowledge exchanges among users in the generative music field, that is,
the field which studies the creation of melodies based on algorithms played by computers.
3

5. 2. Theoretical background: ICT and knowledge creation in open communities of
innovation pioneers
2.1 The role of Communities in knowledge creation and innovation processes
Communities have a critical role in supporting knowledge exchange. Knowledge management
literature in particular, has extensively studied communities supporting intellectual activities
of individuals. Communities have been studied at different levels and given different specific
names: Communities of Practice (Brown and Duguid, 2000); Occupational communities (Van
Maanen, Barley, 1984), Communities of Knowing (Boland and Tenkasi, 1995), Communities
of Practitioners (Blackler, 1995) and Microcommunity of Knowledge (von Krogh, Ichijo and
Nonaka, 2000). All have been described as an organizational subsets strongly influencing
knowledge creation and knowledge exchange processes. While some of these social entities
are defined as existing within one organization, others transcend organizational boundaries.
Lave and Wenger’s original definition of Community of Practice is “a set of relations among
persons, activities, and world, over time and in relation with other tangential and overlapping
communities of practice” and “the term community imply necessarily co-presence, a well
defined identifiable group, or socially visible boundaries. It does imply participation in an
activity system about which participants share understandings concerning what they are doing
and what that means in their lives and for their communities” (Lave and Wenger, 1991, p. 98
).
Several streams of literature in different fields point out the emergence of communities which
are labeled as “open” since anyone can enter the community or exit it at any time without
being asked particular explicit requirements. Open source software is the most common
example.
4

6. More or less open communities are one of the manifestations of the Open Innovation
phenomenon. Open Innovation has been defined as “a new knowledge landscape”
(Chesbrough 2003) characterized by a growing use of external knowledge in innovation
processes and, at the same time, a tendency towards the external commercialization of a
company’s own technology (OECD 2008; Lichtentahler and Ernst 2008; Carlsson et al.
2009). In particular companies exploit the creativity and the problem solving capabilities of
individuals outside the firm. Web-based intermediaries likee Ninesigma, Innocentive or
Yourencore specialized in providing access to broad networks of scientists, researchers and
professionals which are potentially able to solve new technological problems proposed by
companies (Tapscott & Williams 2007; Chesbrough 2006; Fredberg et al. 2008; Lichtenthaler
& Ernst 2008, OECD 2008). While in the beginning of their activity Innocentive and the other
intermediaries only provided a point of contact between companies and innovators, now they
are all trying to build communities of innovators. This is probably a consequence of the fact
that intermediaries acknowledge the relevance of the community dimension for innovation
processes.
Another stream of literature in which the relevance of communities for innovation processes
is often stressed is the lead user innovation theory (Von Hippel 2005). Von Hippel observed
how users with a strong interest in a product and good technical competences (i.e. lead users)
are able to modify the same product and introduce significant innovations. Such lead users are
not isolated but exchange knowledge within communities. Being recognized as competent by
a community is also one of the strongest incentives to users’ innovations.
Hence, knowledge intensive processes take advantage of the existence of communities
supporting the learning processes of involved actors. The more knowledge intensive the
process the more useful the support of a community. Innovation processes and scientific
research are probably the most knowledge intensive processes. As a consequence both
5

7. innovators and scientist are often involved in communities of individuals sharing their
interests.
2.2 Open communities of innovation pioneers
All the examples cited so far involve knowledge domains characterized by the diffusion of
knowledge among large communities. Both in the case of open innovation intermediaries and
in the case of lead users innovation, companies exploit the possibility to tap into knowledge
generated within large communities of interest.
There are domains, instead, in which the involved communities are smaller and the
knowledge required to understand the studied problems is deeper. We call these groups
“communities of innovation pioneers”. This is the situation characterizing the work of
scientists and experts in scientific or technical fields in the early stages of their development.
Cybernetics in the forties, Complexity theory in the seventies, Grid computing twenty years
ago are examples of scientific domains showing these features. For several years computer
networks were understood and used by few individuals with deep technical competences.
All these disciplines or technical domains have deep influence on our lives from a technical,
economical and/or cultural point of view. The small communities which studied these topic in
the early stages of their development strongly contributed to their success. Understanding
how communities of innovation pioneers work and how they can be supported can speed up
innovation processes, influencing positively the economic and technical progress of
companies and societies.
Supporting communities in these fields, however, is probably more complex than in others for
several reasons:
6

8. − First, the underlying knowledge is complex; as a consequence it is more difficult to
transfer knowledge from an individual to another. Also the interactions among individuals
are made more difficult by the complexity of the discussed topics;
− Second, the knowledge is new and needs validation; each involved individual, as a
consequence, experiences a strong need for support from his/her colleagues;
− Third the communities are small and geographically dispersed. As a consequence bringing
the members together is more difficult than in other cases.
− Fourth, usually these communities are characterized by loose relations and, at the same
time, a high degree of closeness; that is members are not linked by strong ties but it is not
easy to join the community.
Researchers meet and communicate with each other seldom. Communities usually gather at
scientific conferences. These meetings have a critical role in allowing cooperation between
distant individuals. However they are held periodically, usually once a year, and this strongly
limits the interaction among innovators. As a consequence researchers mainly work alone and
exchange results only with a small co-located community, sharing their results with distant
colleagues only seldom. The overall result is that the relations among individuals and the
exchange of knowledge are not intense.
Besides communities of innovation pioneers are often not much visible. They specialize in
fields which are not likely to generate economic returns soon, so they suffer a lack of funds
for promotion.
As a consequence these communities are rather closed. New members are included seldom.
Since the knowledge required to participate in the community is complex, frequent contacts
with newcomers would be needed in order to involve them in the knowledge creation
processes.
7

9. Communities of innovation pioneers would strongly benefit from the possibility to become
more “open”, that is, the possibility to become more visible, to involve more easily new
members and to have more frequent interactions among members.
ICT and in particular the internet now offer the possibility to make communities of innovation
pioneers more open.
2.3 ICT to support open communities of innovation pioneers
The potential usefulness of new ICTs for communities of innovation pioneers is evident. ICT
allows to increase the visibility of these communities, makes remote interactions more
frequent and richer (Daft and Lengel, 1986), makes knowledge diffusion easier.
There are several modes to support open communities of innovation pioneers through ICT:
1. Accelerate knowledge transfer through easier and richer interactions: this is the most
intuitive form of support ICT can provide to communities. The internet can be the agora
for scientific and technical discussions among members. There is a fairly broad literature
on tools supporting the creation of knowledge bases and on knowledge transfer. In fact
these two aspects can be considered the central functions of a KMS (e.g. Robey et al.
2000). Building searchable databases or preparing documents and tutorials (in other words
“packaging” the related knowledge) can support the members of a community;
2. Create a common knowledge base: communities can use ICT tools to collect, organize and
package knowledge related to each specific domain to be provided to the in order to speed
up the development of a common, domain-specific knowledge base. Collaborative tools as
document sharing, forums, blogs and wikis can also be used in order to create a common
knowledge base, in particular with respect to more unstructured issues. Web 2.0
technologies, in particular, provide possibilities to cooperate and exchange knowledge
(McAfee, 2006);
8

10. 3. Provide innovation toolkits: as noted by Von Hippel (2005), more and more often
companies provide customers with tools to modify and innovate their products. Adopting
this strategy is easier when the product is intangible and, as a consequence, the tools can
be transferred via the internet. Similarly, communities of innovation pioneers can provide
their members with tools to experiment with concepts and simulate situations;
4. Increase visibility and making access easier: a website or participation in other web-based
communities can make communities more visible. One of the main consequences of the
increased visibility is the possibility to bring together a larger number of members
previously not aware of each other;
5. Maintaining identity: communities are not just groups with a practical purpose. They are
social entities which share an identity. ICT can support identity formation and
maintenance by providing a milieu for relational exchanges among members.
There are still few examples of web-based tools aimed at supporting open communities of
innovation pioneers. The discussion of a web-portal created with this purpose is the aim of the
next section.
3. The Musigen case study
Generative music is a new topic in the scientific community, strictly linked to the use of
chaotic systems to generate music (Bilotta et al., 2007; Rizzuti et al., 2009). Generative
music, in fact, is based on an algorithm for the generation of numerical sequences and a
process for codifying these sequences in music patterns (ibid., 2007).
Generative Music aims to explore the use of acoustic representation for the study of
evolutionary systems, in order to gain further information on their behaviour. In this
perspective, the purpose of the research is to develop new acoustic representative method of
9

11. the time series, emerged from the evolutionary chaotic systems, which can be integrated with
the 3D visualization or traditional techniques of analysis.
Secondly, Generative Music aims to investigate the way of use of dynamic systems emerging
from researches on complexity and chaos in art and music context.
It is a topic which requires specialist knowledge in mathematics and music and
complementary knowledge in informatics. Furthermore, as a scientific field, it is characterized
by a small community of dispersed experts. To achieve this task, the Musigen system has
been developed in order to facilitate and support the knowledge among users in the generative
music field.
3.1 The Musigen architecture and functioning
Musigen has been realized by using the open source software Joomla!. The system is based
on the Linux operative system, Apache web server, MySQL database server and the language
of programming PHP.
To date, Musigen (Figure 1) consists of a collection of information, documents, digital
materials and tools related the topic of generative music. The tools for creation of this kind of
music has been realized by ESG (University of Calabria) and are available for users, who can
use and support their development for creation of music.
10

12. Figure 1: Musigen home page.
The layout is organized on 3 columns: on the left and on the right for the access to the main
functionalities, the central one shows the contents.
On the right 3 menu are available: the principal menu, the didactics module and the resources.
The first one consists of an informative part accessible to each users, related to the project,
news, FAQ, etc., based on a section with texts and images and an interactive one for
registered users.
The didactics module provides information related generative music, mathematical
symmetries in music and physics, new musical instruments, 3D immersive environments,
generative art.
Furthermore, users can upload their contributions and their evaluation and comments about
the contents available.
In addition, there is a module dedicated to the survey, capable to provide a constant feedback
with the users, about software or initiatives proposed on the community.
11

13. The right column consists of 4 modules: (1) users login, (2) web TV, (3) mp3 player for
reproduction of the best music produced by users, (4) management of statistics and research
in the web site.
Concerning the research of contents, a new component has been ad hoc realized, capable to
manage the information retrieval process, which supports the management of texts and their
automatic index, as well as the efficient ranking tools, useful for the presentations of results
on the basis of their importance related the users’ requests.
3.2 Community interaction characteristics
According to de Valck et al. (2009), we assume that the members of this community display
different interaction profiles on the basis of their own interest versus the topic of the
community. Furthermore, we can suppose that most of these members have some experiences
with the generative music. In particular, they joined to the community with the aim to
increase their knowledge in the topic. They, therefore, can be academics or hobbyists.
In particular, there are 3 different level of access to the site: (1) administrator, (2) registered
user, (3) general user.
(1) Administrator. This kind of user can access to all section of the site, even if the ones for
back-end for the managing of the Content Management System.
(2) Registered user. He/she can access to the function on the front-end.
(3) General user. He/she can access to public contents and to the functionalities which doesn’t
need an identification of user for the access (insert username and password).
Furthermore, the users can interact with the systems by the following main actions:
- upload texts (news, articles, didactical contents) related to the topic of the community. Each
contribution will be evaluated by a scientific committee;
12

14. - download and upload of documents, audio (new tacks realized by using the software of the
community), textbooks and software;
- recommend links to be added to the system;
- participation to the forum, where share opinions and open new discussions in a new way and
through a user-friendly interface;
- watch web TV, and in particular, the videos provided by the other members of the
community or by the scientific committee. Furthermore, in the same section it is possible to
participate to the chat and, as consequence, share instant messages with multi-user modality
directly on the web TV virtual screen.
Figure 2 summarizes users’ interaction characteristics with the system
4. Discussion
Current advances in technologies offer new tools for share knowledge in a global perspective,
as well as to create new communities of experts and hobbyists. In particular, two aspects of
the studied system are relevant from a theoretical standpoint: (1) supporting of knowledge
sharing among experts and (2) the promotion of niche researches in a global perspective.
(1) Supporting knowledge sharing among experts.
Figure2: Users’ interaction characteristics.
13

15. The community offers several tools useful for users in order to share knowledge related to the
topic. In fact, users can download/upload software, papers, digital contents, as well as discuss
in the forum or comment the texts, watch videos and listen to audio related to the generative
music.
In this way, experts participate to the creation and diffusion of knowledge in the field, adding
their personal contributions, as well as general users interested in generative music can be
informed on the news on the topic and provide their opinion. In particular, users (both experts
and hobbiests) can exploit the digital space to meet each other and change opinions,
comments, links and chat, as well as to suggest new elements important for a deeper
understanding of the topic.
Therefore, users can exploit the scientific research products uploaded on the web site,
download, modify and upload the new product, in order to create new knowledge on the topic.
These information can support experts in production and promotion of new knowledge on the
generative music field. These can consists of an improving of scientific publications, creation
of networks for international projects and so on.
(2) Promotion of niche researches in a global perspective.
The topic of generative music is an interesting topic for scientific community, but the experts
are geographically dispersed. The proposed community can support them to bring them
together in an easy and fast way. In fact, it supports the cooperation between distant subjects,
as well as support the exchange of results with the other members of the community in a
global perspective, due to the possibility to share knowledge with distant colleagues very
frequently. In this way the exchange of knowledge can become very intense and promote the
diffusion of the research on the topic.
14

16. Indeed, this kind of community benefits of the voluntary participation of experts from all over
the world and from the possibility to involve more persons. In this way, every individual,
from all over the world, with an interest in the topic can become a member and participate to
the building of new knowledge Hence, the community becomes more visible, and can have
more frequent interactions among members. In fact, the community become an international
network which involves participants from all over the words and offers a common virtual
space where interact and collaborate, by overcoming the boundaries of time and space.
6. Conclusions
Communities of innovation pioneers are one of the less studied manifestation of open
innovation phenomena. The reason for this lack of attention lies in several features of these
social groups. Two are particularly important:
1. They are small in number and loosely coupled. As a consequence they are not much
visible;
2. It is not clear whether a community is going to produce economic returns and, even when
this happens, the returns are expected only in the long term.
Nonetheless these communities can be a source of breakthrough innovation. Societies and
companies able to understand their processes and to absorb the knowledge they are able to
generate could, in the future, obtain a strong competitive advantage. Since the capacity to
absorb knowledge, in fact, is linked to the knowledge already possessed in a specific domain
(Cohen and Levinthal, 1990), it is clear that being able to understand communities of
innovation pioneers can help economic actors to be ahead of their competitors of several
years.
ICT can play a critical role in this process. ICT based tools can support the communities,
allowing innovation pioneers to interact effectively and to involve more participants. Besides
15

17. the same tools can represent a window for external actors to tap into the knowledge generated
bi innovation pioneers.
Musigen is a first attempt at creating this kind of systems. The system is still in its early
stages but its creators expect it to grow rapidly and become a prototype for communities
scientists and experts at the leading edge. The same principles applied in this case to the field
of generative musc could be applied to several other fields.
3. Limitation and future works
The results of this study can affect also the edutainment sector, due to the analysis of several
entertaining tools for the diffusion of educational contents.
Although this study offers important issues, there are limitations that should be taken into
account.
In fact, studies involved only the experts/hobbiests of a specific topic. Moreover, in other
similar sites devoted to the diffusion of other scientific topics the characteristics of users’
interaction can be different.
Furthermore, it is possible to investigate the influence of web-site similar to musigen on the
learning process, and if it is more efficient for particular topics.
Moreover, new entertaining tools will be added to musigen. These will be related to music
production and software development. In fact, the software available on the site will be
accessed by new plug-in which allow “far” users to play music together in a common 3D
interactive environments. In fact, new software will be developed to give users the possibility
to interact in real-time by exploiting different modules.
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