2. Leadership is the ability to inspire confidence
and support among the people who are
needed to achieve organizational goals.
Leadership, as a process, shapes the goals of
a group or organization, motivates behavior
toward the achievement of those goals, and
helps define group or organizational culture.
It is primarily a process of influence
2
3. Managers Leaders
A manager administers
A manager maintains
A manager focuses on
systems and structures
A manager relies on
control
A manager keeps an
eye on the bottom line
A manager does things
right
But a leader innovates
While a leader develops
Whereas a leader’s
focus is on people
But a leader inspires
trust
While a leader has an
eye on the horizon
A leader does the right
thing
3
4. POWER – The ability or
potential to influence
decisions and control
resources.
AUTHORITY – The
formal right to get
people to do things or
the formal right to
control resources.
4
5. 1. Leading by example
2. Leading by values
3. Assertiveness
4. Rationality
5. Ingratiation
6. Exchange
7. Coalition
8. Joking and Kidding
6
6. Empowerment is a way for leaders to share
power, also referred to as shared leadership.
When leaders share power, employees
experience a greater sense of personal
effectiveness and job ownership.
A key component of empowerment is the
leader acceptance of the employee as a
partner in decision making.
7
7. For Empowerment to work well, people must
exercise self-leadership, the process of
influencing oneself.
Self-leadership is possible because most
people have the capacity to lead themselves,
particularly when faced with difficult yet
important tasks.
8
8. Empowerment as a leadership technique
works better in some cultures than in others
To the extent that cultural values support the
manager sharing power with group members,
the more likely it is that empowerment will
lead to higher productivity and morale.
9
10. 11
Is Adaptable to the
situation
Establishes a
direction for and
demands high
standards
Is Visible and
maintains a social
presence
Provides emotional
Support to a group
members
Gives frequent
feedback and
accepts feedback
Plays the role of
servant leader
12. MENTOR- A more experienced a protege’s
abilities through tutoring, coaching guidance,
and emotional support.
SHADOWING- Directly observing the work
activities of the mentor by following the
manager around for a period of time, such as
one day per month.
13
13. An important role of leaders and managers is to
help the group deal with adversity and crisis.
Included here are the:
1. Make tough decision quickly
2. Be a model of resilience
3. Present a plan for the adversity or crisis
4. Appear confident and trustworthy
5. Focus on the future
6. Communicate widely about the problem
7. Change to meet changing circumstances
8. Divide problem into chunks
9. Lead with compassion
14
14. To be effective leader, a manager must
possess a wide variety of skills, many of
which are described into this chapter. Among
these diverse skills are:
1. Exerting influence
2. Motivating others
3. Solving Problems Creatively
15
15. 16
•“Even in this downturn, we intend to
be the most aggressive we’ve ever
been”
•“You never waste a good crisis” ,
Chamber’s says with a smile, as he
publicly predicted an average 12% to
17% annual growth over the course of
the next five years whatever happen to
the economy in the short term.
•Chambers had this optimistic attitude
about everything
Foe example: an office manager who is an effective leader helps keep the company running smoothly by motivating and encouraging the office workers to perform at their best.
Power Example – a powerful executive might influence an executive from another company to do business with his company.
Leading by example- model. A manager who leads by example shows consistency between actions and words.
Leading by values – the leader influences people by articulating and demonstrating values that guide the behaviours of others. The ideal values of a leaders to pursue mutual respect, trust, honesty, fairness, kindness, and doing good.
Assertiveness-being forthright in your demands. It involves expressing what you want done and how you feel about it. Ex. A supervisor said “ this break room is a mess. It nauseates me, and i want cleaned up by tomorrow morning at 8:30.”
Rationality- Means appealing to reason and logic. Strong leaders use this tactic frequently. Ex. A manager might tell to a supervisor, “if our department goes over budget this year, we are likely to be cut further next year.” knowing this information, the supervisor will probably become cost conscious.
Ingratiation- to getting somebody else to like you, often through the use of political skill. A typical tactic would be to act in a friendly manner just before making a demand.
Exchange- is a method of influencing others by offering to reciprocate if they meet your demands.
Coalition formation- is a way of gaining both power and influence. For example, a manager might band with several other managers to gain support for a major initiative such as merging with other company.
Joking and Kidding- are widely used to influence others on the job. Good natured ribbing especially effective when a straight forward statement might be interpreted in harsh criticism. Ex. In an effort to get an employee to stop Internet surfing so much during the work day, the supervisor said, “ i know that you have 7,000 friends on facebook, but please stay in touch with only your business contacts during the day.
Sharing Power with group members enables them to feel better about themselves and become better motivated. The extra motivation stems from a feeling of being in-charge. An important use of empowerment is to enhance customer service. As employees acquire more authority to take care of customer problems, these problems can be handled promptly, sometimes right on the spot.
At the same-time people are motivated to perform well when they are engage in the challenging tasks, as in job enrichment. A manager could give the group an opportunity to practice self-leadership with an assignment.
Drive and Passion – Leaders are noted for the effort they invest in their work and passion they have for work and work associates. Carol Barts, the CEO of yahoo, observes “ if your not excited, how can you get others excited?”!
Power Motive- a strong desire to control others and resources and get them to do things on your behalf. A leader with a strong power need enjoys exercising power and using influence tactics.
Self-confidence combined with humility- A self-confident leaders project an image that encourages subordinates to have faith on them. When a dose of humility is combined with self-confidence, the leader is more likely to be influential.
Trustworthiness and honesty – Trust is one of the major leadership attributes. Effective leaders know that they must build strong employee trust. They can gain this through their behaviour. Practice what you preach and set the example. Allowing member to participate in decisions is another trust builder. Closely related to this Trustworthiness and honesty is being open with employees about the financial operatios and other sensitive infrmation about the company. In sn open-book company every employee is trained empowered, and motivated to understand and pursue the companys bussiness goal
Good intellectual ability, knowledge and technical competence – Effective leaders are good problem solvers and knowledgeable about the business or technology for which they are responsible.
Sense of humor- An effective sense of humor is an important part of a leader’s job. In the work place, humor relieves tension and boredom, defuses hostility, and helps build relationship with group members.
Emotional intelligence- Effective leaders demonstrate good emotional intelligence, the ability to manage themselves and their relationships effectively.
Leadership Efficacy – A good way of concluding how personal characteristics contribute to leadership effectiveness is the comprehensive trait of leadership Efficacy. This refers to a specific form of feeling effective associated with the level of confidence in the knowledge, skills and abilities associated with leading others.
1.Is Adaptable to the situation- adaptability reflects the contingency view point. A tactic is chosen based on the unique circumstances on hand: Important aspect of adaptability is a leader ability to function effectively in different situations.
2.Establishes a direction for and demands high standards- Is to point the group in the right direction or work with them to figure out what the group should be doing. The direction becomes a clear vision of the future. After setting directions, effective leaders consistently hold groups to high standards of performance, which raises productivity.
3.Is Visible and maintains a social presence – Leaders are often to stay on their own work area performing analytical work or dealing with e-mail. Being visible allows for spontaneous communication with the group members and creates a relaxed atmosphere in which to hear about the problems.
4.Provides emotional Support to a group members- Supportive behavior toward subordinates usually increase leadership effectiveness. A supportive leader frequently give encouragement and praise.
5.Gives frequent feedback and accepts feedback. Feedback helps in two ways. First, it informs employees of how well they are doing, so they can take corrective action if needed. Second, positive feedback encourages subordinates to keep up the good work.
6.Plays the role of servant leader- Some effective leaders believe that their primary mission is to serve the needs of their constituents, including employees, customers and communities. They measure their effectiveness is terms of their ability to help others.
Participative Leadership Style -Participative leadership style that invites input from employees on all or most company decisions. The staff is given pertinent information regarding company issues, and a majority vote determines the course of action the company will take.
b. Autocratic Leadership Style -Autocratic leadership, also known as authoritarian leadership, is a leadership style characterized by individual control over all decisions and little input from group members. Autocratic leaders typically make choices based on their ideas and judgments and rarely accept advice from followers.
c. Leadership Grid Leadership Styles- Focus on two major dimensions of leadership: tasks and relationships. Task behavior is more related to performance; relationship behaviors are more closely related to satisfactions.
d. Situational Leadership-Situational leadership refers to when the leader or manager of an organization must adjust his style to fit the development level of the followers he is trying to influence. With situational leadership, it is up to the leader to change his style, not the follower to adapt to the leader's style.
e. Entrepreneurial Leadership Style-Entrepreneurial leadership involves organizing and motivating a group of people to achieve a common objective through innovation, risk optimization, taking advantage of opportunities, and managing the dynamic organizational environment.
John T. Chambers, in full John Thomas Chambers, (born August 23, 1949, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.), American business executive who, as CEO (1995–2015) of Cisco Systems, Inc., elevated the technology company into one of the largest corporations in the world in the early 21st century.
The crash had hit Silicon Valley as hard as any where else. The only consolation was that this time, atleast, it didn’t start here. But while other firms were hunkering down and trying to survive, networking giant Cisco Systems continue to strive forward.
The Cisco was known for building the switching systems (routers) that find the most efficient path for information.
The story about the successful executive in the internet equipment field illustrates how the right type of leader an direct others through good times and bad times. The story also explains that successful leaders can overcome personal adversity.
