Notebook Readings Graphic Organizers

1. Pre-1890 Early Western European
Settlements
1865-1914 Eastern Immigration and
Urbanization
1865-1914 The Triumph of Industry
1890-1920 The Progressive Era
1890-1917 An Emerging World Power
1914-1920 World War I and Beyond
1919-1929 The Twenties
1928-1932 The Great Depression
1932-1941 The New Deal
1931-1942 The Coming War
1941-1945 World War II
1945-1960 The Cold War
1945-1960 Postwar Confidence and
Anxiety
1945-1975 The Civil Rights Movement
1960-1968 The Kennedy and Johnson
Years
1954-1975 The Vietnam Era
Chapter 8: 1890-1920 The Progressive Era
Section 1: “The Drive for Reform”
Reporting Standard: Historical Knowledge
Priority Standard: Analyze ideas critical to the understanding of
history, including, but not limited to…progressivism…
Learning Target(s) – I can…
 analyze the role journalists played in the Progressive Movement
and explain what Progressives achieved through political
reform.
 evaluate the tactics women used to force passage of the Nineteen
Amendment.
Reporting Standard: Social Science Analysis
Priority Standard: Examine and evaluate the origins of fundamental
political debates and how conflict, compromise, and cooperation have
shaped national unity and diversity in world, U.S., and Oregon history.
Learning Target(s) – I can…
 examine the strategies used by members of other minority
groups to defend their rights.
 analyze how President Theodore Roosevelt changed the
government’s role in the economy and compare and contrast his

2. 1. What did citizens involved in this new social movement
called Progressivism believe?
5. What was the Social Gospel and what did Protestant
followers push the federal government to do?
2. What groups comprised or made up the Progressive
Movement which emerged in the 1890s?
6. Who was John Dewey and why was he critical of
American schools?
3. What were Political Machines and why did Progressive
target them specifically to get rid of them?
7. What was the ultimate success of the progressive
cause as a result of the horrible tragic events of the
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire?
4. Who coined the term Muckraker. Where did he get the
term? And what does muckraker as a Progressive term
signify?
8. Why do you think that the progressives, specifically the
muckrakers, were so effective in bringing about reform?
CHAPTER 8: Section 1 – “The Drive to Reform”
Progressives believed that new ideas and
honest, efficient government could bring
about social justice.
The Progressives were made up of political parties,
social classes, ethnic groups, and religions. They
came mostly from the middle class but were joined
by industrial workers; also, a few wealthy
Americans joined for the good of society.
Political Machines were corrupt
organizations ran by city officials of
Bosses, that used bribery and violence to
influence voters. They kept public money
for themselves.
Theodore Roosevelt used the term to
describe people that liked to see the
ugliest side of things all the time. It is a
tool used to clean animal stable. The
progressive Muckrakers were investigative
journalists and writers that exposed social
problems, corrupt government…
The Social Gospel is a blend of German
Socialism and American Progressivism that
relies on Christianity. They wanted to end
child labor and shorten the work week.
John Dewey was one of
America’s foremost educators and education
philosophers. He felt that American schools
focused too much on memorization and less
creativity. He wanted new subjects in schools:
history, geography, cooking and carpentry.
The government forced businesses to establish
worker’s compensation laws.
The Progressive were so effective in bringing
about social, political and economic reform,
especially the muckrakers, because they were
able to distribute their message through the use
of sensational journalism and hundreds of
millions of Americans were able to read and hear
about their stories in newspapers, books and
magazines.

3. What areas did Progressives think were in need of greatest reform?

4. 1. How would voting help women change the conditions in
which they lived, worked, and tried to raise their families?
5. What was the significance of the Supreme Court case
Muller v. Oregon (1903)?
2. What were some traditional roles for women, historically,
especially when it comes to their obligations as wives
and mothers.
6. Briefly describe the efforts of Florence Kelley and the
formation of the National Consumers League (NCL).
3. How were women able to achieve their goals of
expanding their roles in the community?
7. Briefly describe the efforts of Florence Kelley and the
Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL).
4. What were some hardships faced by working woman at
the turn-of-the-century?
8. Who was Margaret Sanger and why was she so
controversial as a Progressive thinker?
CHAPTER 8: Section 2 – “Women Make Progress”
Voting would make an incredible difference in the lives of
women. No longer would they be controlled and dominated
by the men in their lives. They could vote for individuals and
for laws that supported their interests and views especially,
social issues involving, working and living conditions.
Traditionally, women raised children, cooked
meals, cleaned homes, and cared for family
members.
Women expanded their roles in the community
mainly through education. Armed with education
and modern ideas they tackled social problems and
through many organizations lead social reform.
Women working outside of the home faced difficult
jobs, long hours, dangerous conditions. They had
to give their wages to their husbands, fathers or
brothers. They had no education, no political rights,
and were cheated and bullied, exploited.
The case capped women working hours to ten
hours in that working longer harmed women and
their families. Ironically, it led to women being paid
less for the same job.
Florence Kelley believed that women were hurt by
unfair prices of goods they had to buy for their
homes. The League gave special labels to goods
and encouraged women to buy them and it
encourage the government to increase inspections.
Florence Kelley used the WTUL to improve the
working conditions of female factory workers. It
was ran by women of both the upper class and the
working class. They pushed the government to set
minimum wage, eight hr. work day, a strike fund.
Sanger believed that women’s lives would improve
if they had fewer children. She was 1 od 11. She
opened the first birth control clinic. Jailed several
times for it.

5. How did women of the Progressive Era make progress and win the right to vote?

6. 1. Early on, what was an inherent contradiction within the
Progressive leadership when it came to treatment of
minorities?
5. Who was Booker T. Washington and what were his
views on responding to discrimination? What
organization was he a main proponent of?
2. How did Americanization of immigrants lead Progressive
towards the policy of temperance and the outlawing of
liquor?
6. Who was W.E.B. Dubois and what were his views on
responding to discrimination? What organization was
he a main proponent of?
3. How did whites use scientific theories against minorities?
What did they stop minorities from doing in the South?
7. What groups would form the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). What
was its purpose?
4. What did the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson
(1896) – page 185 – allow states across the country to
pass?
8. What League formed in 1913 in order to curb and
prohibit physical and verbal attacks, even false attacks
against someone for prejudice or discriminatory
purposes especially for being of a different religious
group or as a member of a different ethnic group?
CHAPTER 8: Section 3 – “The Struggle Against Discrimination”
The Progressives were mainly WASPs. They were
indifferent to minority causes if not hostile to them.
They wanted America to follow white, middle-class
ways of life.
Many Progressives desired to Americanize
immigrants (make them loyal and moral) who had
come from countries with consumption of alcohol
as a norm. Progressives saw this as a moral fault.
Whites used scientific theories that claimed
minorities were less intelligent than whites.
Southern progressives used these theories to
justify laws that kept blacks from voting.
States began to enforce segregation laws keeping
whites and blacks separate in schools,
communities, work, housing,
Washington felt that blacks should avoid
confrontation with whites. He advocated for blacks
to get skilled and earn equality over time.
Dubois believed in confrontation and agitation. He
felt blacks should get an education and demand
equality and employment.
The NAACP formed in 1909 and
was comprised of white and black leaders. It
wanted to reform black causus including education,
employment, civil rights, voting and equality in
general…decent housing and professional careers
The Anti-Defamation League

7. What steps did minorities take to combat social problems and discrimination?

8. 1. In general, how did Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt change
the Presidency of the United States?
5. What impact did Roosevelt’s actions have on the
government’s role in regulating the Food and Drug
Industries? What was the significance the Meat
Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act (FDA)?
2. How was Theodore Roosevelt chosen to be President
William McKinley’s running-mate as vice-president?
6. Who was John Muir and what were his views on the
environment? Compare and contrast Muir’s views with
Gifford Pinchot?
3. What did Roosevelt want his Square Deal program to
achieve?
7. What Law did Congress pass in 1902 to establish
governmental right to decide where and how water
would be distributed? What did the government
determine to build and maintain to enforce such
control over the nation’s water supply?
4. How did President Roosevelt intervene in the Coal Mine
Strike of 1902? What was the result?
8. How did William Howard Taft’s policies compare with
Theodore Roosevelt’s? Why did Roosevelt and Taft
part ways?
CHAPTER 8: Section 4 – “Roosevelt’s Square Deal”
As a charismatic figure, Teddy was a real Progressive
that wanted to change America and make it more
equal for everyone. He took on big business and
corruption. He strengthened the presidency and
ushered the office into the modern era.
TR was chosen by Republican leaders and big
business interests to get him out of New York and
the Governor’s office there because his
Progressive Reforms were hurting their business.
Teddy Roosevelt wanted his Square Deal program
to achieve a lot of things mainly to keep wealthy
and powerful businessmen and corporations from
taking advantage and ruining the small business
owners and the poor.
Teddy threatened the owners with federal troops to
run the mines. He forced the owners to come to the
table and ultimately give in to the worker’s
demands with a small pay raise and a nine-hour
work day.
Both acts led to the formation of the Food and
Drug administration that allows the government
to monitor and regulate the production and
distribution of food and drugs into American
society and make them safe.
John Muir believed that wild areas should be
totally preserved, untouched. Pinchot believed in
“rational use” and that the government should
maintain wild reserves for public use to the
benefit for all citizens.
The National Reclamation Act… to build dams and
create reservoirs, to generate power and direct
water flow.
The Taft Administration busted
many more trusts, including Standard Oil. But
Taft began to give up on Teddy’s
conservationist policy that angered Teddy
greatly.

9. What did President Roosevelt think government should do for citizens?

10. 1. How did Democratic candidate, Woodrow Wilson,
effectively win the Presidency in the Election of 1912?
5. Briefly describe the events of the Ludlow Massacre
1913-1914.
2. What was the name of the Wilson’s Administrative policy
that would put more strict governmental control on
American businesses and corporations?
6. What three Progressive ideas, converted to law, allowed
for more voter participation, and voters’ influence, at a
local level?
3. What kinds of regulations did the Wilson Administration
focus on? How did the Sixteenth Amendment, the Federal
Reserve Act and finally the Federal Trade Commission
(FTC) impact America?
7. Who was the last Progressive President during the
Progressive Era?
4. How did the Clayton Antitrust Act differ from any other
labor law in the United States?
8. What are some problems that still plague American
society that were attacked by the Progressives for
which they attempted to solve and fix for future
generations but call for our active participation, even
vigilance, today?
CHAPTER 8: Section 5 – “Wilson’s New Freedom”
Wilson became President in 1912 because of a
major split in the Republican Party between Teddy
Roosevelt and William Howard Taft.
New Freedom
They all regulated the American economy and the U.
S. financial and banking system.
The Clayton Antitrust Act made it clear that labor
unions were not trusts and allowed for Workman’s
Compensation laws.
The miners in Colorado wanted to form a union for
safer conditions, and higher pay. The owners
evicted the workers from their homes (a company
town) when they settled in a tent community the
National Guard was called in and fired on them,
killing 26 men, women and children. FAILED UNION
The initiative, the referendum, and the recall
Woodrow Wilson
Corrupt governmental officials, dishonest sellers
(fraudulent businesses), unfair employment
practices, problems in schools, cities, the
environment, public health – through the people,
government can take action and help fix these
problems and more!

11. What steps did Wilson take to increase the government’s role in the economy?

12. Living conditions Working conditions children
 Immigrants gain access to
child care and English
classes
 Municipal governments are
pressured to improve
sanitation and tenement
safety
 Minority groups organize to
fight discrimination
 Immigrants Americanize
 Laws regulate safety of foods
and medicine
 City and state laws improve
workplace safety
 Worker’s Compensation Laws
provide a safety net to workers
injured at the workplace
 Laws limit workday hours (for
women)
 Adoption of minimum wage laws
 Strike funds form to help
workers demand safe working
conditions
 Minority job seekers gain access
to more and more jobs – equal
hiring practices
 State and Federal laws
ban child labor,
Supreme Court
overturns ban (child
labor does not end until
the Great Depression of
the 1930s)
 Compulsory-education
laws require children to
attend school
 Poor children gain
access to nursery
schools and
kindergartens
What were some lasting effects of Social Progressivism?