kinetic stability trans-effect square planar complexes substitution reactions thermodynamic stability activation energy pi-bonding theory polarization theory theories of trans effect kurnakov test synthesis of metal complexes applications of trans-effect effect of solvent charge on metal complex steric effect of non-leaving g nature of leaving group nature of entering ligand factors direct path mechanism solvent path associative mechanism resonance effect surrounding conditions dipole moment macrocyclic effect steric hindrance chelate effect concentration basic nature size size of metal ion charge on metal ion nature of the central metal io stability inert complex labile complex metal complexes stability constatnt overall stability constant stepwise stability constant formation constatnt phosphine as tertiary ligand phosphite spectator ligand phosphane phosphine molecular orbital diagram of dinitrogen dinitrogen complexes dinitrogen as ligand dioxygen as ligand mo of dioxygen dioxygen complex applications of hsab theories of hsab electronegativity and hardness hsab principle soft bases hard bases soft acide hard acids biochemistry ion channels ionophores active transport passive transport classification of elements ion transport sodium potssium pump myoglobin hemoglobin metalloproteins metal ions in biological systems bioinorganic chemistry
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