05/12/15 QA Lab: тестирование программного обеспечения. Upcoming events: goo.gl/I2gJ4H Степан раскроет суть техник тест дизайна, расскажет для чего они нужны и как правильно их использовать и комбинировать

1. Stepan Maksimchuk,
Manual QC Analyst, Edgar-Online

2. Test Design techniques
Testing
Static
Static
Analysis
Review
Dynamic
Black-box
Functional
Non-
Functional
White-box
Experience-
based
Defect-
based
Dynamic
Analysis

3. Black-box techniques
 Equivalence Partitioning
 Boundary Value Analysis
 Decision Tables
 Use Cases
 State-based testing
 Pairwise testing

4. Subset
A
Subset
A 1
Subset
A 2
Subset
A 3
Equivalence Partitioning
Set
Subset
A
Subset
B
Test Case 1
Test Case 2
Test Case 3

5. Equivalence Partitioning
X
Equivalence
Partitioning
X1
X2
Y
Equivalence
Partitioning
Y1
Y2
Y3
TC1 TC2 TC3
X1 X2 X1
Y1 Y2 Y3
Selecting Test Cases

6. 4999 50001499 1500499 5000 1
Boundary Value Analysis
EP1 EP2 EP3 EP4 EP5
Boundary Values

7. Conditions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Real Account?
Active Account?
Within Limit?
Location?
Actions
Approve?
Call Cardholder?
Call Vendor?
Conditions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Real Account? Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N N
Active Account? Y Y Y Y N N N N Y Y Y Y N N N N
Within Limit? Y Y N N Y Y N N Y Y N N Y Y N N
Location? Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N
Actions
Approve?
Call Cardholder?
Call Vendor?
Decision Tables
Conditions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Real Account? Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N N
Active Account? Y Y Y Y N N N N Y Y Y Y N N N N
Within Limit? Y Y N N Y Y N N Y Y N N Y Y N N
Location? Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N
Actions
Approve? Y N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
Call Cardholder? N Y Y Y N Y Y Y N N N N N N N N
Call Vendor? N N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

8. Decision Tables - Collapsing
Conditions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Real Account? Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N N
Active Account? Y Y Y Y N N N N Y Y Y Y N N N N
Within Limit? Y Y N N Y Y N N Y Y N N Y Y N N
Location? Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N
Actions
Approve? Y N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
Call Cardholder? N Y Y Y N Y Y Y N N N N N N N N
Call Vendor? N N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Conditions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Real Account? Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N N
Active Account? Y Y Y Y N N N N Y Y Y Y N N N N
Within Limit? Y Y N N Y Y N N Y Y N N Y Y N N
Location? Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N
Actions
Approve? Y N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
Call Cardholder? N Y Y Y N Y Y Y N N N N N N N N
Call Vendor? N N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Conditions 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Real Account? Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N N
Active Account? Y Y Y N N N N Y Y Y Y N N N N
Within Limit? Y Y N Y Y N N Y Y N N Y Y N N
Location? Y N ~ Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N
Actions
Approve? Y N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
Call Cardholder? N Y Y N Y Y Y N N N N N N N N
Call Vendor? N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Conditions 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Real Account? Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N N
Active Account? Y Y Y N N N N Y Y Y Y N N N N
Within Limit? Y Y N Y Y N N Y Y N N Y Y N N
Location? Y N ~ Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N
Actions
Approve? Y N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
Call Cardholder? N Y Y N Y Y Y N N N N N N N N
Call Vendor? N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Conditions 1 2 3 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Real Account? Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N N
Active Account? Y Y Y N N N Y Y Y Y N N N N
Within Limit? Y Y N Y Y N Y Y N N Y Y N N
Location? Y N ~ Y N ~ Y N Y N Y N Y N
Actions
Approve? Y N N N N N N N N N N N N N
Call Cardholder? N Y Y N Y Y N N N N N N N N
Call Vendor? N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Conditions 1 2 3 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Real Account? Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N N
Active Account? Y Y Y N N N Y Y Y Y N N N N
Within Limit? Y Y N Y Y N Y Y N N Y Y N N
Location? Y N ~ Y N ~ Y N Y N Y N Y N
Actions
Approve? Y N N N N N N N N N N N N N
Call Cardholder? N Y Y N Y Y N N N N N N N N
Call Vendor? N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Conditions 1 2 3 5 6 7 9
Real Account? Y Y Y Y Y Y N
Active Account? Y Y Y N N N ~
Within Limit? Y Y N Y Y N ~
Location? Y N ~ Y N ~ ~
Actions
Approve? Y N N N N N N
Call Cardholder? N Y Y N Y Y N
Call Vendor? N N N Y Y Y Y

9. Combining Decision Tables with EP
Conditions 9
Real Account? N
Active Account? ~
Within Limit? ~
Location? ~
EP
Three
mismatch
Number/
Name
Number/
Expiry
Number/
CSC
Two
mismatch
Two
mismatch
Two
mismatch
Result: +7 Test Cases

10. Combining Decision Tables with EP and BVA
Conditions 1 2 3 5 6 7
Real Account? Y Y Y Y Y Y
Active Account? Y Y Y N N N
Within Limit? Y Y N Y Y N
Location? Y N ~ Y N ~
BVA
EP
EP
Zero
before
limit
Normal
after
transaction
At limit
after
transaction
Just over
limit after
transaction
At limit
before
transaction
Max after
transaction
Result: +1 Test Case
0 limit limit + 0.01 max

11. Use Cases
 E-commerce purchase: Normal Workflow
1. Customer places one or more Items in shopping cart
2. Customer selects checkout
3. System gathers address, payment, and shipping information from Customer
4. System displays all information for confirmation
5. User confirms order to System for delivery
Exceptions:
 Customer attempts to checkout with empty shopping cart; System gives error
message
 Customer provides invalid address, payment, or shipping information; System
gives error messages as appropriate
 Customer abandons transaction before or during checkout; System logs
Customer out after 10 minutes of inactivity

12. Use Cases – creating test case for normal workflow
# Test Step Expected Result
1 Place 1 item in cart Item in cart
2 Click checkout Checkout screen
3 Input valid US address, valid payment using
American Express, and valid shipping method
information
Each screen displays
correctly and valid inputs
are accepted
4 Verify order information Shown as entered
5 Confirm order Order in system
6 Repeat steps 1-5, but place 2 items in cart, and pay
with Visa, and ship international
As shown in 1-5
7 Repeat steps 1-5, but place the maximum number of
items in cart, and pay with Mastercard
As shown in 1-5
8 Repeat steps 1-5, but pay with PayPal As shown in 1-5

13. Use Cases – creating test case for exceptions
# Test Step Expected Result
1 Do not place any items in cart Cart empty
2 Click checkout Error message
3 Place item in cart, click checkout, enter invalid
address, then invalid payment, then invalid shipping
address
Error messages, can’t
proceed to next screen
until resolved
4 Verify order information Shown as entered
5 Confirm order Order in system
6 Repeat steps 1-3, but stop activity and abandon
transaction after placing item in cart
User logged out exactly 10
minutes after last activity
7 Repeat steps 1-3, but stop activity and abandon
transaction on each screen
As shown in 6
8 Repeat steps 1-4; do not confirm order As shown in 6

14. State-Based testing
0-switch
A1 A2 A9
B10 B8 B3
C14 C11 C4
D13 D12 D5
F6 F7
1-switch0-switch
A1 A2 A9
B10 B8 B3
C14 C11 C4
D13 D12 D5
F6 F7
1-switch
A1A1 A1A2 A1A9
0-switch
A1 A2 A9
B10 B8 B3
C14 C11 C4
D13 D12 D5
F6 F7
1-switch
A1A1 A1A2 A1A9
0-switch
A1 A2 A9
B10 B8 B3
C14 C11 C4
D13 D12 D5
F6 F7
1-switch
A1A1 A1A2 A1A9 A9B10 A9B8 A9B3
0-switch
A1 A2 A9
B10 B8 B3
C14 C11 C4
D13 D12 D5
F6 F7
1-switch
A1A1 A1A2 A1A9 A9B10 A9B8 A9B3
B10C14 B10C11 B10C4 B8A1 B8A2 B8A9
C14C14 C14C11 C14C4 C11D13 C11D12 C11D5
D13D13 D13D12 D13D5 D12F6 D12F7
F7A1 F7A2 F7A9
Test Case 1: A1A1A2
1-switch
A1A1 A1A2 A1A9 A9B10 A9B8 A9B3
B10C14 B10C11 B10C4 B8A1 B8A2 B8A9
C14C14 C14C11 C14C4 C11D13 C11D12 C11D5
D13D13 D13D12 D13D5 D12F6 D12F7
F7A1 F7A2 F7A9
Test Case 2: A9B8A1A9B8A2
1-switch
A1A1 A1A2 A1A9 A9B10 A9B8 A9B3
B10C14 B10C11 B10C4 B8A1 B8A2 B8A9
C14C14 C14C11 C14C4 C11D13 C11D12 C11D5
D13D13 D13D12 D13D5 D12F6 D12F7
F7A1 F7A2 F7A9
Test Case 3: A9B10C14C14C4
1-switch
A1A1 A1A2 A1A9 A9B10 A9B8 A9B3
B10C14 B10C11 B10C4 B8A1 B8A2 B8A9
C14C14 C14C11 C14C4 C11D13 C11D12 C11D5
D13D13 D13D12 D13D5 D12F6 D12F7
F7A1 F7A2 F7A9
Test Case 4: A9B10C11D13D13D5
1-switch
A1A1 A1A2 A1A9 A9B10 A9B8 A9B3
B10C14 B10C11 B10C4 B8A1 B8A2 B8A9
C14C14 C14C11 C14C4 C11D13 C11D12 C11D5
D13D13 D13D12 D13D5 D12F6 D12F7
F7A1 F7A2 F7A9
Test Case 5: A9B10C11D12F7A2
1-switch
A1A1 A1A2 A1A9 A9B10 A9B8 A9B3
B10C14 B10C11 B10C4 B8A1 B8A2 B8A9
C14C14 C14C11 C14C4 C11D13 C11D12 C11D5
D13D13 D13D12 D13D5 D12F6 D12F7
F7A1 F7A2 F7A9
Test Case 6: A9B10C11D12F7A1A9B10C11D12F7A9B3
1-switch
A1A1 A1A2 A1A9 A9B10 A9B8 A9B3
B10C14 B10C11 B10C4 B8A1 B8A2 B8A9
C14C14 C14C11 C14C4 C11D13 C11D12 C11D5
D13D13 D13D12 D13D5 D12F6 D12F7
F7A1 F7A2 F7A9
Test Case 7: A9B8A9B10C4
1-switch
A1A1 A1A2 A1A9 A9B10 A9B8 A9B3
B10C14 B10C11 B10C4 B8A1 B8A2 B8A9
C14C14 C14C11 C14C4 C11D13 C11D12 C11D5
D13D13 D13D12 D13D5 D12F6 D12F7
F7A1 F7A2 F7A9
Test Case 8: A9B10C14C11D5
1-switch
A1A1 A1A2 A1A9 A9B10 A9B8 A9B3
B10C14 B10C11 B10C4 B8A1 B8A2 B8A9
C14C14 C14C11 C14C4 C11D13 C11D12 C11D5
D13D13 D13D12 D13D5 D12F6 D12F7
F7A1 F7A2 F7A9
Test Case 9: A9B10C11D13D12F6
1-switch
A1A1 A1A2 A1A9 A9B10 A9B8 A9B3
B10C14 B10C11 B10C4 B8A1 B8A2 B8A9
C14C14 C14C11 C14C4 C11D13 C11D12 C11D5
D13D13 D13D12 D13D5 D12F6 D12F7
F7A1 F7A2 F7A9

15. State-Based testing – test cases
Test Case 1: A1A1A2
Test Case 2: A9B8A1A9B8A2
Test Case 3: A9B10C14C14C4
Test Case 4: A9B10C11D13D13D5
Test Case 5: A9B10C11D12F7A2
Test Case 6: A9B10C11D12F7A1A9B10C11D12F7A9B3
Test Case 7: A9B8A9B10C4
Test Case 8: A9B10C14C11D5
Test Case 9: A9B10C11D13D12F6

16. Pairwise testing – orthogonal array
Factors
Test A B
1 0 0
2 0 1
3 1 0
4 1 1
Factors
Test A B C
1 0 0 0
2 0 1 1
3 1 0 1
4 1 1 0
AB: 00, 01, 10, 11
Factors
Test A B C
1 0 0 0
2 0 1 1
3 1 0 1
4 1 1 0
Factors
Test A B C
1 0 0 0
2 0 1 1
3 1 0 1
4 1 1 0
Factors
Test A B C
1 0 0 0
2 0 1 1
3 1 0 1
4 1 1 0
AC: 00, 01, 11, 10 BC: 00, 11, 01, 10

17. Pairwise testing – orthogonal array
 Rules for choosing orthogonal array:
 There must be at lease as many column as factors (drop any
extra columns).
 There must be at least enough numbers in the columns to
hold the option for each factor (spare numbers change to
‘~’ which is referred as “tester’s choice”).
 There must be at least as many rows as the product of the
two largest numbers of options (scrutinize all rows, two at a
time, to see if they could be compressed using “tester’s
choice”).

18. Pairwise testing – orthogonal array
 Rules for applying orthogonal array:
 Drop any extra columns.
 Map factors to the columns by adding columns headings.
 Select one column at a time and map the options for that
factor onto the numbers.
 If you have to many rows:
 Drop any extra rows with no interesting single options or
pairs of options and compress rows.
 Fill the tildes with any option that you like or leave it for
tester to decide during execution.

19. Pairwise testing - example
 Factors:
 Connections speed: Dial-Up and Broadband
 Operating System: Mac, Linux, Windows 7 and 8
 Security: Native OS, Symantec, Trend, McAfee
 Browser: Firefox, IE, Opera

20. Pairwise testing - example
Factor
Test Speed OS Security Browser
1 Dial-Up Mac OS Firefox
2 Dial-Up Linux Symantec IE
3 Dial-Up Win7 Trend Opera
4 Dial-Up Win8 McAfee ~
5 Broadband Mac Symantec Opera
6 Broadband Linux OS ~
7 Broadband Win7 McAfee Firefox
8 Broadband Win8 Trend IE

21. Pairwise testing - example
Factor
Test Speed OS Security Browser
9 ~ Mac Trend ~
10 ~ Linux McAfee Opera
11 ~ Win7 OS IE
12 ~ Win8 Symantec Firefox
13 ~ Mac McAfee IE
14 ~ Linux Trend Firefox
15 ~ Win7 Symantec ~
16 ~ Win8 OS Opera

22. Thank you 