2. DEFINITION
Inability of the heart to maintain the cardiac
output as per the metabolic demands of the body
i) Systolic failure: inability to push the
blood into the aorta
ii) Diastolic failure: inadequate filling of the
ventricle
4. EPIDEMIOLOgy
In children, the causes of heart failure are
significantly different from adults.
Many cases are due to congenital malformations
which usually result in high output cardiac failure.
Some children suffer from low output cardiac
failure such as cardiomyopathy.
Congenital heart disease(CHD) occurs in around
8/1000 live births.
Heart failure associated with CHD occurs in
approximately 20% of all patients.
Many of the children with CHD receive early
surgical intervention and it has been estimated
that the yearly incidence of heart failure as a
result of congenital defects is between 1 and 2
per 1000 live births
11. Clinical Manifestation
-Infants: Poor feeding, Failure to thrive, Tachypnoea,
Diaphoresis with feeding
-Older children: Dyspnea, orthopnea, easy fatigability,
dependent edema, abdominal pain, ascites
-Physical examination findings depend on whether
pulmonary venous congestion, systemic venous
congestion or both are present.
-Tachycardia, a gallop rhythm and thready pulses may be
present with either cause.
15. MANAGEMENT
Treatment of heart failure is actually
management of the neurohumoral mechanism
that cause the presenting signs and
symptoms.
Initial treatment directed at improving
myocardial function and optimizing preload
and afterload.
Other aim of treatment is reducing cardiac
work and definitive treatment of the cause.
Apart from drugs, low-sodium diet, calorie
dense feeds and correction of anaemia helps
manage children with congestive cardiac
failure.
16. 1) General care
Rest
Oxygen
Sodium,fluid restrictions
2) Diuretics
Furosemide
Combination of distal tubule and loop diuretics
Spironolactone
17. 5) Other measures
Mechanical counterpulsation
Transplantation
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Carvedilol
6) Newer drugs
Niseritide
Levosimendan
(offers mixed results based on cause of failure)
19. Cardiac transplantation is the mainstay with use of
ventricular assist devices as a bridge to the same.
The two main devices used in patients with heart failure
are the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).
In recent years, the outcome of pediatric transplantation
has continued to improve.
The most recent data from the The International Society
of Heart and Lung Transplantation demonstrate that the
median survival is :
i)19.7 years for infants,
ii)16.8 years for children ages 1–5 years,
iii)14.5 years for children ages 6–10 years, and
iv)12.4 years for children 11–17 years of age at the time of
transplantation
20. -Various innovations in management such as:
Stem-cell/myocyte transplant
Robotic procedures
Genetic procedures
-However are in experimental stages
22. PROGNOSIS
Morbidity and mortality for all grades of
symptomatic chronic heart failure are high.
20-30% one year mortality in mild to
moderate heart failure.
Greater than 50% one year mortality in
severe heart failure.
These prognostic data refer to patients
with systolic heart failure, as the natural
course of diastolic dysfunction is less well
defined
23. Some predictors of poor outcome in chronic
heart failure
High NYHA functional class
Reduced left ventricular ejection fraction
Low peak oxygen consumption with maximal
exercise (% predicted value)
Third heart sound
Increased pulmonary artery capillary wedge
pressure
Reduced cardiac index
Diabetes mellitus
Reduced sodium concentration
Raised plasma catecholamine and natriuretic
peptide concentrations