Its good to understand what is our future requirement as a secondary fuel

1. Non Renewable Energy Sources
A Presentation on
Hydrogen- A Fuel for the Future
Submitted to – Prof D. S Gandhe
Presented By
MBA-E&E 2017-19
Vivek Gundraniya (17020243009)
Aditya Rajopadhye (17020243010)
Arzaan Dordi (17020243014)
Gaurav Sahay (17020243015)
Neelima Shahi (17020243020)
Date:10th September, 2017
Presented By
MBA-E&E 2017-19
Vivek Gundraniya (17020243009)
Aditya Rajopadhye (17020243010)
Arzaan Dordi (17020243014)
Gaurav Sahay (17020243015)
Neelima Shahi (17020243020)

2. Table of Contents
• Introduction of Hydrogen as a fuel
• History of Hydrogen
• Development of Hydrogen in World
• Development of Hydrogen in India
• Government Policies
• Conclusion
• References
2

3. Hydrogen
• Hydrogen (H2) is available in abundance in the environment. It
is stored in water, hydrocarbons and other organic matter.
• Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier with favourable
characteristics since it does not release any CO2 at the point of
use as a clean fuel or energy source, and can play an important
role in the transition to a clean, low-carbon, energy system.
Hydrogen technologies and products have significantly
progressed over past years and are now being introduced to the
market.
The calorific value of Hydrogen (H2) is 33889 kcal/ kg

4. Comparison of
Hydrogen with other
fuels
Parameter Hydrogen
Natural
Gas
Petrol LPG
Calorific Value (MJ/Kg) 120-142 49-54 41-44 46-50
Density at standard conditions
(Kg/cu.m)
0.08 0.6
720-
780
510
Phase at Standard conditions Gas Gas Liquid Liquid
Auto Ignition tempratures in
degrees
566-582 5.3-15 1.4-7.6 2.2-9.5
Diffusion Coefficient (sq.cm/sec.) 0.61 0.16 0.05 0.11
Comparison of Hydrogen with other fuels

5. Hydrogen Source
Source of Hydrogen % of H2 produced by the
specified method
Natural Gas 48%
Oil 30%
Coal 18%
Water 4%
Hydrogen is available from a variety of sources. The percentage
of hydrogen produced by specific source are given below:
Source: MNRE

6. 6
Hydrogen Sources

7. Methods of producing Hydrogen
• Steam Methane Reforming
• Partial Oxidation
• Auto-Thermal Reforming
• Methanol Reforming
• Pyrolysis, Oxidation and Reduction of Biomass
• Electrolysis of water
• Fermentation of Organic Materials
• Thermochemical Splitting of Water

8. The estimated hydrogen production and consumption in the
country during 2007-08 as per a study undertaken by the
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun
Sector Estimated
Production
during 2007-08
( Million Tonnes
/ Year)
Utilization during
2007-08
( Million Tonnes /
Year)
Fertilizer Industry 1.99 1.99 (Captive Use)
Petroleum
Refineries
1.69 1.462 (Captive use)
Chlor Alkali Industry 0.073 0.064
Total 3.753 3.516
Source: MNRE
Hydrogen Production in India

9. • Hydrogen can be stored physically as either a gas or a liquid.
• Storage of hydrogen as a gas typically requires high-pressure
tanks (350–700 bar tank pressure).
• Storage of hydrogen as a liquid requires cryogenic temperatures
because the boiling point of hydrogen at one atmosphere
pressure is −252.8°C.
• Hydrogen can also be stored on the surfaces of solids (by
adsorption) or within solids (by absorption).
Hydrogen Storage

10. Hydrogen Storage
• High-pressure gas cylinders (up to 800 bar)
• Liquid hydrogen in cryogenic tanks (at 210 K)
• Physi-sorbed hydrogen on materials with a large specific
surface area
• Chemi-sorbed on interstitial sites in host metals and Inter-
metallic
• Chemically bonded in covalent and ionic compounds
• Oxidation of reactive metals such as. Li, Na, Mg, Al, Zn with
water

11. • FCTO conducts research and development activities to
advance hydrogen storage systems technology and develop
novel hydrogen storage materials.
• By 2020, FCTO aims to develop and verify onboard automotive
hydrogen storage systems. Specific system targets include the
following:
• 1.5 kWh/kg system (4.5 wt.% hydrogen)
• 1.0 kWh/L system (0.030 kg hydrogen/L)
• $10/kWh ($333/kg stored hydrogen capacity).

12. • Collaborating to make Fuel Cells and Hydrogen an everyday
reality- Belgium
• Change in Japan’s energy policy and prospects of hydrogen
energy in Japan
• Advances and Progress in the US DOE Hydrogen and Fuel
Cells Program
• Renewable hydrogen: Decarbonising solution for the transport
and fuel sectors -Belgium
• Concentrated Solar Radiation – An option for large scale
renewable hydrogen production-Germany
• Fuel cell buses in Europe: Latest developments and
commercialisation pathway
Development of Hydrogen in World

13. • Converting the UK gas distribution network from natural gas to
100% hydrogen – H21 Leeds City Gate
• The cryo-compressed hydrogen storage designed and built for
automotive applications-Germany
• Multigas field analyser directly measures pollutants at HRS for
ISO 14687-2-France
• Dynamic simulation software for prediction of hydrogen
temperature and pressure during refueling process-Japan
• Hydrogen refuelling station network and route optimisation of
trucked-in hydrogen in Germany
• Efficient hydrogen production for industry and electricity storage
via high-temperature electrolysis-Germany

15. United States
• Largest hydrogen fuelling market (>50 FCV Stations. >40%)
• Large share of forklift, bus and automotive fuelling market. (>60
dispenser, >25 Stations)
• Newest bus fuelling station supports up to 12 FC buses in Ohio
Locations
Europe
• Automotive stations primarily in the UK and Germany
• Bus fueling in London and Cologne
• Material handling demonstration with Daimler in Germany
• Submarine fueling in 5 countries via unique Dual Phase Trailer

16. • Air Products is involved in EU funded engineering study
NEWBUSFUEL in Hamburg and London. Dual Phase Trailer
(including CHC+ Vaporizer)
Asia
• Current focus is on Japan, Korea, China and India.
• Recently started up first FCV station in Japan for JX Nippon Oil
- AP collaborates with Nippon Steel and Suzuki Shokan in Japan

17. ICEF 2016-Hydrogen Energy

18. ICEF 2016-Hydrogen Energy

19. ICEF 2016-Hydrogen Energy

20. • The Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources has supported
demonstration projects through Indian Oil Corporation and Society
of Indian Automobile Manufacturers. The first demonstration project
was for setting up a hydrogen dispensing station by the Indian Oil
Corporation at their own petrol pump at Dwarka, New Delhi.
• The dispensing station has been commissioned during 2008-09
and has an electrolysers with 5 Nm3/hr hydrogen production
capacity (about 11 kg/day). Hydrogen produced from the eletrolyser
is being blended with CNG for use in demonstration and test
vehicles.
• The project is expected to help in acquiring working experience in
handling hydrogen for use in vehicles and also provide field
performance feed back on hydrogen-CNG blends as a fuel in
automobiles.
Initiatives by India

21. • The second demonstration project is being implemented by the
Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) in
association with five automobile manufacturers (Tata Motors,
Ashok Leyland, Eicher Motors, Mahindra and Mahindra and
Bajaj Auto) and Indian Oil Corporation would demonstrate use
of hydrogen (up to 30%) blend with CNG in automobiles.
• Three buses, two cars and two three wheelers are part of the
project and would be used for field trials based on 18%
hydrogen (by volume) blended with CNG. The project involves
modifications in engine and fuel injection system.
• Existing hydrogen-CNG dispensing station set up by India Oil
Corporation at Faridabad is being used for filling hydrogen-CNG
blends in the test vehicles. The project would help in
optimization of engine performance and blend ratio of hydrogen
with CNG. The criteria for optimization would be the best
efficiency and lowest NOx
Initiatives by India

22. Development of Hydrogen Energy in India
• Hydrogen energy is at present only at the Research,
Development and Demonstration (RD&D) stage.
• The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is supporting a
broad based RD&D projects on different aspects of hydrogen
energy technologies including hydrogen production, its storage
and utilization for stationary, motive and portable power
generation applications using internal combustion engines and
fuel cell technologies.
• The focus of RD&D efforts in this area is directed towards
development of new materials, processes, components, sub-
systems and systems.

23. • As a result of RD&D efforts made in the area of hydrogen
energy, laboratory level prototypes of hydrogen fueled
motorcycles, three wheelers, engine-generator sets, and
water/methanol electrolysers for hydrogen production have been
developed.
• About 15 hydrogen fueled motorcycles are being demonstrated
in the campus of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. Hydrogen
catalytic combustion cookers have been developed. Facilities for
dispensing hydrogen blended compressed natural gas fuel have
been set up in Faridabad and Delhi.
• The Ministry of Science and Technology, CSIR Laboratories,
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Defense Research &
Development Organizations, Indian Space Research
Organization, Oil & Gas companies, Department of Atomic
Energy and private sector automobile companies are also
involved in the research, development and demonstration
programme related to hydrogen

24. Ongoing Projects
• A Novel process for production of hydrogen from renewable and
fossil fuel based liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons by non-
thermal plasma reformation technique (CIMFR, Dhanbad)
• Development and Demonstration of hydrogen fuelled three
wheelers (BHU, Varanasi)
• Development and Demonstration of Diesel Hydrogen Dual Fuel
SUV (Mahindra & Mahindra, Chengalpattu)
• Mission Mode Project on Hydrogen Production through
Biological Routes (IIT Kharagpur)
• Mission Mode Project on Hydrogen Storage Materials
(Hydrides) : R&D (BHU, Varanasi)
• Mission Mode Project on Hydrogen Storage in Carbon Materials
(IIT Madras, Chennai)

25. • Mission Mode Project on Development and Demonstration of
hydrogen fuelled internal combustion engines for vehicles (IIT
Delhi)
• Investigation on bio-hydrogen production by thermo-chemical
method in fluidized bed gasifier under catalytic support and its
utilisation (NIT, Calicut)
• Bio-inspired catalysts for the reversible conversion H+ + e- → ½
H2 (IACS, Kolkata)
• Development of hydrogen refuelling facility for demonstration of
fuel cell vehicles (R&D Centre, IOCL, Faridabad)
• Design & application of carbon based hetero atom modified
nano-porous materials for hydrogen storage (IIT Guwahati)
• Development of efficient hydrogen supply system through liquid
organic hydrides (National Environmental Engineering
Research Institute, Nagpur)

26. Government Policies
• In 2006, India constituted a National Hydrogen Energy Board and
readied a National Hydrogen Energy Road Map (NHERM) to
accelerate the development of the hydrogen energy sector.
• The NHERM covered all aspects of hydrogen energy use such as
its production, storage, transport, delivery, application, codes and
standards, public awareness and capacity building, and formed the
basis of India’s hydrogen energy programme.
• India has set up the target of one million vehicles based on
hydrogen energy and 1000 MW of power generating capacity based
on hydrogen energy by 2020.
• A budget allocation of Rs.2,765 crore in total till 2022 for adoption of
hydrogen as fuel.

27. Government’s Plan for Hydrogen Energy

28. Benefits of using Hydrogen as Fuel
• Hydrogen can be used as fuel in automobile
• When burnt, hydrogen produces water as a by-product. It is,
therefore, not only an efficient energy carrier but a clean and
environmentally benign fuel as well.
• Hydrogen can substitute petrol and diesel can and therefore,
reduce our dependence on imports.
• Hydrogen is used as a fuel in aeronautical industry (rockets)

29. Drawbacks of hydrogen as fuel
• Electrolysis and steam reforming, the two main processes of
hydrogen extraction are extremely expensive.
• Hydrogen needs to be stored under very high pressure
(350-700 psi).
• Compared to gas, hydrogen lacks smell, which makes any leak
detection almost impossible.
• Hydrogen also presents challenges when considering moving it
in large quantities, which is why it’s mostly only transported in
small batches.

30. Drawbacks of hydrogen as fuel
• Hydrogen is an energy carrier rather than an energy source.
While hydrogen always exists in conjunction with other
elements, such as in water, it must be separated from these
elements and is therefore considered an energy carrier, as
opposed to an energy source.
• Existing infrastructure has not been built to accommodate
hydrogen fuel

31. Applications of hydrogen
• Petroleum refining
• Glass purification
• Semiconductor manufacturing
• Aerospace applications
• Fertilizer production
• New markets are emerging for industrial trucks (e.g., forklifts) and
passenger cars powered by hydrogen fuel cells.
• Aerospace applications
• Fertilizer production
• Welding, annealing and heat-treating metals
• Pharmaceuticals
• For hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oil

32. • As discussed, Hydrogen is a fuel having a high heat value and
benefits of being a green fuel. Also with increased focus by
countries across the world in R&D of extracting hydrogen, it is
certain that Hydrogen would be the fuel of the future.
• Hydrogen storage is still the major issue of concern, and lot of
work is still expected on this sector
• Considering Indian economy, switching to hydrogen will surely
decrease the oil imports of nation and dependency on other
nations for energy resource supply.
Conclusion

33. • http://www.mnre.gov.in
• http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/abridged-nherm.pdf
• http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/hydrogen/tech.html
• https://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/hydrogen.html
• http://mnre.gov.in/schemes/new-technologies/hydrogen-energy/
References

34. Thank You!