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Introduction to GIT
by
Henok L. (Bsc, Msc in Adult Health
Nursing)
7/15/2022 1
Henok L.
Outline
• Introduction to gastrointestinal system
– Overview of anatomy and physiology
– Overview of assessment & diagnostic methods
7/15/2022 2
Henok L.
Introduction
▪ The digestive system is made up of:
• The alimentary canal (food passageway)
• The accessory organs of digestion
– Help to prepare food for absorption and utilization
7/15/2022 Henok L. 3
Introduction…
▪ The alimentary canal is approximately 9.3m (28
feet) long in the adult and extends from the lips to
the anus
▪ It is composed of the organs listed below;
– Mouth (and associated glands)
– Pharynx
– Esophagus
– Stomach
– Small intestine (and associated glands)
– Large intestine
– Rectum
– Anal canal and anus
7/15/2022 Henok L. 4
Introduction…
❑The accessory organs located inside the GIT are:
– Teeth
– Tongue
– Salivary glands (parotid, sublingual &
submandibular)
– Pancreas
– Liver
– Gall bladder
– The appendix
7/15/2022 Henok L. 5
Organs of the GI system and associated structures…
7/15/2022 6
Henok L.
Function of the Digestive system
▪ To breakdown food particles in to the molecular
form for digestion
▪ To absorb the small molecules in to the blood
stream
▪ To eliminate undigested and unabsorbed food
stuffs and other waste products from the body
➢ In General secretion, digestion, absorption,
motility and elimination
7/15/2022 Henok L. 7
Mouth or Oral Cavity
7/15/2022 Henok L. 8
• Is the beginning of the digestive tract
• Food broken into small particles and mixed with
saliva to be swallowed
• Defense against invading microorganisms
– Contains specific antimicrobial proteins
• Mucus covers food and follows it to colon
– It can attach to mucosal surfaces and forms protective barrier
Teeth
▪ According to the location and function, they are
divided into:
– Incisors(8), Canine(4), Premolars(8) and
Molars(12)
▪ There are 32 permanent teeth in the normal adult
• The primary function of the teeth:-
– Is to chew or masticate food
– The teeth also help modify sound produced by the
larynx to form words
7/15/2022 Henok L. 9
Teeth…
7/15/2022 10
Henok L.
Teeth…
7/15/2022 Henok L. 11
Salivary Glands
• The first accessory organs of digestion
• They are the main source of the secretion in the
mouth
• There are three pairs of salivary glands:
1. Parotid glands:- secrete serous saliva (watery fluid)
such as digestive enzyme- Amylase
2. Submandibular glands:- secrete mucous saliva
3. Sublingual glands:- secrete mixed type of saliva
7/15/2022 Henok L. 12
Salivary glands…
7/15/2022 Henok L. 13
The Tongue
• Is a muscular organ
• It is utilized for speech, taste, mastication,
salivation and swallowing
• Taste Buds: are sensitive to
– Sweet, Sour, Bitter and Salty
7/15/2022 Henok L. 14
The Tongue…
7/15/2022 Henok L. 15
Pharynx
▪ Is a musculo membranous passage that leads from
the nose and mouth to the esophagus
▪ The passage of food from the pharynx into the
esophagus is the second stage of swallowing
▪ The larynx is closed off from pharynx while
swallowing
7/15/2022 Henok L. 16
Esophagus
7/15/2022 Henok L. 17
▪ Is a musculomembranous passage about 23-25 cm (10
inches) long, lined with a mucous membrane
▪ It leads from the pharynx through the chest to the
upper end of the stomach
▪ It passes through the diaphragm at an opening called
the diaphragmatic hiatus
▪ There are sphincters:
– Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)
– Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
Esophagus…
▪ Its function is to complete the act of swallowing
▪ The involuntary movement of material down the
esophagus is carried out by the process peristalsis
7/15/2022 Henok L. 18
Stomach
▪ Is an elongated pouch-like structure lying just
below the diaphragm, with most of it to the left of
the midline
▪ Capacity: about 1500ml
▪ It has three divisions:
– The Fundus, The Body and The Pylorus
▪ Circular sphincter muscles: Cardiac and Pyloric sphincters
7/15/2022 Henok L. 19
Stomach…
7/15/2022 Henok L. 20
Stomach…
▪ In important functions of the stomach are:-
– It acts as a storehouse for food, receiving fairly
large amounts,
– Churning(roiling) it, and breaking it down
further for mixing with digestive juices.
– Produce gastric juices (which contain enzymes)
and hydrochloric acid.
7/15/2022 Henok L. 21
GIT secretions in Stomach…
7/15/2022 22
Henok L.
Small Intestine
• Is the longest segment of the GI tract for about 2/3
of the total length. [22 feet (7.3m) long]
▪ Is divided into three continuous parts:
– Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum
• Receives digestive juices from:- Pancreas, Liver and
Gallbladder
• Most of the absorption of food takes place in the
small intestine (the capillaries of the villi)
7/15/2022 Henok L. 23
Small Intestine…
7/15/2022 Henok L. 24
Large Intestine
• Is about 5 feet long
• Consists of:- Ascending colon, Transverse colon,
Descending colon and Sigmoid colon
Main functions:
▪ Absorption of water and electrolytes from
undigested food
▪ Removal of undigested and waste materials
7/15/2022 Henok L. 25
Large Intestine…
7/15/2022 26
Henok L.
Motility of GIT
1 ~ 5 cm
and cutting
Segmentation movements
7/15/2022 27
Henok L.
Orad caudad
Peristalsis
Motility of GIT…
7/15/2022 28
Henok L.
Assessment & diagnostic methods
• History
• P/E
• Diagnostic tests
– Stool exam
– Breath test (hydrogen, urea…)
– Peritonial fluid analysis
– Radiological exam (Plain, contrast x-rays)
– Endoscopy (upper endoscopy, Colonoscopy,
Sigmoidoscopy, Proctoscopy)
– Organ function tests
7/15/2022 29
Henok L.
Assessment & diagnostic methods…
7/15/2022 30
Henok L.
Common sites of referred abdominal pain
7/15/2022 31
Henok L.
END
7/15/2022 32
Henok L.

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3 GI intro.pdf

  • 1. Introduction to GIT by Henok L. (Bsc, Msc in Adult Health Nursing) 7/15/2022 1 Henok L.
  • 2. Outline • Introduction to gastrointestinal system – Overview of anatomy and physiology – Overview of assessment & diagnostic methods 7/15/2022 2 Henok L.
  • 3. Introduction ▪ The digestive system is made up of: • The alimentary canal (food passageway) • The accessory organs of digestion – Help to prepare food for absorption and utilization 7/15/2022 Henok L. 3
  • 4. Introduction… ▪ The alimentary canal is approximately 9.3m (28 feet) long in the adult and extends from the lips to the anus ▪ It is composed of the organs listed below; – Mouth (and associated glands) – Pharynx – Esophagus – Stomach – Small intestine (and associated glands) – Large intestine – Rectum – Anal canal and anus 7/15/2022 Henok L. 4
  • 5. Introduction… ❑The accessory organs located inside the GIT are: – Teeth – Tongue – Salivary glands (parotid, sublingual & submandibular) – Pancreas – Liver – Gall bladder – The appendix 7/15/2022 Henok L. 5
  • 6. Organs of the GI system and associated structures… 7/15/2022 6 Henok L.
  • 7. Function of the Digestive system ▪ To breakdown food particles in to the molecular form for digestion ▪ To absorb the small molecules in to the blood stream ▪ To eliminate undigested and unabsorbed food stuffs and other waste products from the body ➢ In General secretion, digestion, absorption, motility and elimination 7/15/2022 Henok L. 7
  • 8. Mouth or Oral Cavity 7/15/2022 Henok L. 8 • Is the beginning of the digestive tract • Food broken into small particles and mixed with saliva to be swallowed • Defense against invading microorganisms – Contains specific antimicrobial proteins • Mucus covers food and follows it to colon – It can attach to mucosal surfaces and forms protective barrier
  • 9. Teeth ▪ According to the location and function, they are divided into: – Incisors(8), Canine(4), Premolars(8) and Molars(12) ▪ There are 32 permanent teeth in the normal adult • The primary function of the teeth:- – Is to chew or masticate food – The teeth also help modify sound produced by the larynx to form words 7/15/2022 Henok L. 9
  • 12. Salivary Glands • The first accessory organs of digestion • They are the main source of the secretion in the mouth • There are three pairs of salivary glands: 1. Parotid glands:- secrete serous saliva (watery fluid) such as digestive enzyme- Amylase 2. Submandibular glands:- secrete mucous saliva 3. Sublingual glands:- secrete mixed type of saliva 7/15/2022 Henok L. 12
  • 14. The Tongue • Is a muscular organ • It is utilized for speech, taste, mastication, salivation and swallowing • Taste Buds: are sensitive to – Sweet, Sour, Bitter and Salty 7/15/2022 Henok L. 14
  • 16. Pharynx ▪ Is a musculo membranous passage that leads from the nose and mouth to the esophagus ▪ The passage of food from the pharynx into the esophagus is the second stage of swallowing ▪ The larynx is closed off from pharynx while swallowing 7/15/2022 Henok L. 16
  • 17. Esophagus 7/15/2022 Henok L. 17 ▪ Is a musculomembranous passage about 23-25 cm (10 inches) long, lined with a mucous membrane ▪ It leads from the pharynx through the chest to the upper end of the stomach ▪ It passes through the diaphragm at an opening called the diaphragmatic hiatus ▪ There are sphincters: – Upper esophageal sphincter (UES) – Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
  • 18. Esophagus… ▪ Its function is to complete the act of swallowing ▪ The involuntary movement of material down the esophagus is carried out by the process peristalsis 7/15/2022 Henok L. 18
  • 19. Stomach ▪ Is an elongated pouch-like structure lying just below the diaphragm, with most of it to the left of the midline ▪ Capacity: about 1500ml ▪ It has three divisions: – The Fundus, The Body and The Pylorus ▪ Circular sphincter muscles: Cardiac and Pyloric sphincters 7/15/2022 Henok L. 19
  • 21. Stomach… ▪ In important functions of the stomach are:- – It acts as a storehouse for food, receiving fairly large amounts, – Churning(roiling) it, and breaking it down further for mixing with digestive juices. – Produce gastric juices (which contain enzymes) and hydrochloric acid. 7/15/2022 Henok L. 21
  • 22. GIT secretions in Stomach… 7/15/2022 22 Henok L.
  • 23. Small Intestine • Is the longest segment of the GI tract for about 2/3 of the total length. [22 feet (7.3m) long] ▪ Is divided into three continuous parts: – Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum • Receives digestive juices from:- Pancreas, Liver and Gallbladder • Most of the absorption of food takes place in the small intestine (the capillaries of the villi) 7/15/2022 Henok L. 23
  • 25. Large Intestine • Is about 5 feet long • Consists of:- Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending colon and Sigmoid colon Main functions: ▪ Absorption of water and electrolytes from undigested food ▪ Removal of undigested and waste materials 7/15/2022 Henok L. 25
  • 27. Motility of GIT 1 ~ 5 cm and cutting Segmentation movements 7/15/2022 27 Henok L.
  • 28. Orad caudad Peristalsis Motility of GIT… 7/15/2022 28 Henok L.
  • 29. Assessment & diagnostic methods • History • P/E • Diagnostic tests – Stool exam – Breath test (hydrogen, urea…) – Peritonial fluid analysis – Radiological exam (Plain, contrast x-rays) – Endoscopy (upper endoscopy, Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy, Proctoscopy) – Organ function tests 7/15/2022 29 Henok L.
  • 30. Assessment & diagnostic methods… 7/15/2022 30 Henok L.
  • 31. Common sites of referred abdominal pain 7/15/2022 31 Henok L.