INTRUCDUCTION OD APPLIED ECONOMICS

1. DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN
APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCE
GRADE 12
DIASS

2. This subject introduces some Applied Social Sciences,
namely, Counseling, Social Work, and Communication,
which draw their foundation from the theories and
principles of Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, and
other Social Sciences. The course highlights the seamless
interconnectivity of the different applied social science
disciplines while focusing on the processes and
applications of these applied disciplines in critical
development areas.
CONTENTS OF THIS SUBJECT

3. What is Social
Science and Applied
Social Science?

4. • The study of society and the manner in which people
behave and influence in world around us.
• The uttermost goal of social science is to answer
different questions and problems about the society and
human condition on how to improve it.
• It provides vital information of governments and
policymakers, local authorities, nongovernmental
organizations and others.
SOCIAL SCIENCE

5. ● The study that uses the knowledge based
theories, principles, and methods of
interdisciplinary disciplines of basic social
science to understand the society and to help
address or solve a social problem or practical
problem in society.
APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCE

7. COUNSELING

8. Introduction:
The Discipline of Counselling is a
relationship characterized by the
application of one or more psychological
theories and recognized set of communication
skills appropriate to a client’s intimate
concerns, problems, or aspiration (Feltham
Dryden 1993)

9. DISCIPLINE OF COUNSELING
01
DEFINITION
02
GOALS
03
SCOPES
04
CORE VALUES
05
PRINCIPLES

10. DEFINITION OF
COUNSELING
01

11. • As process of guiding a person during a stage of life when
reassessments or decisions have to be made about himself or
herself and his or her life course.
• Is a widely considered the heart of the guidance services in
school.
• Also utilizes appraisal and assessment to aid counselling by
gathering information about clients through the use of
psychological tests and non-psychometric devices.
• Empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to
accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career
goalsIt involves helping people make needed changes in ways
of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
WHAT IS COUNSELING?

12. CONTEXT AND THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF COUNSELLING
Counseling is affected by the
context and the surrounding
factors. They are explored here as
part of the basic concepts of
counseling that are very important
to consider.

13. PRIMARY CONTEXT
a. Peers as Context. Friends’
attitudes, norms and behaviors
have a strong influence on
adolescents. Many issues are
often introduced to the
individual by their peers.
Parents can have much
influence over their
adolescent children. Critical
family issues involve family
roles, both positively and
negatively

14. b. Neighborhood as Context.
The interactions between the
family and its neighborhood as
immediate context are also
important to consider.
A family functions within a
particular neighborhood.
The behavioral problems in this
particular neighborhood require
that families work against crime
and social isolation that may
impact them.

15. c. Culture as Context.
Culture provided meaning and
coherence of life to any
orderly life such as
community or organization.
Various sectors of community
families, peers, and
neighborhoods are all bound
together by a cultural
context that influences them
all as individual members.

16. d. Counseling as
Context.
The National Institute
of Health recognizes
counseling itself as a
context. Regardless of
a therapeutic approach
in use, the counseling
situation in itself is
a context.

17. From the counseling context,
other success factors such as
client factors, counselor
factors, contextual factors, and
process factors should be managed
well so as to contribute toward
the success of the engagement.

18. 1. Client Factors. The client
factors are everything that a
client brings to the counseling
context. He or she is not a
passive object receiving treatment
in the manner of a traditional
doctor-patient situation. Very
often, the expectations and
attitude of the client define the
result of a counseling process and
experience. The success or failure
of the counseling process depends
so much on the client.

19. 2. Counselor Factors. The
personality, skills, and personal
qualities of a counselor can
significantly impact the outcomes
of the counseling relationship.
The counselo’s personal style and
qualities can make the
interventions successful. The
conditions for self-restoration
or experience of self-empowerment
in a client are some qualities
that a counselor usually brings
about.

20. 3. Contextual Factors.
The context in which
counseling takes place can
define the outcomes.
Counselors are therefore
concerned with the
environment and atmosphere
where to conduct the
sessions. There are ideal
context and not ideal ones.

21. 4. Process Factors.
The process factors constitute the
actual counseling undertaking.
Vellemean(2001) presents the
following six stages, which for him
apply to all problem areas in the
process of counseling.

22. a. Developing
trust.
This involves
providing warmth,
genuiness, and
empathy.

23. b. Exploring problem
areas.
This involves
providing a clear and
deep analysis of what
the problem is, where
it comes from , its
triggers, and why it
may have developed.

24. c. Helping to set goal.
This involves setting
and managing goal-
directed interventions.
d. Empowering into
action. This means
fostering action to
achieve set goals.

25. e. Helping to maintain change.
This means providing support
and other techniques to enable
the client to maintain changes.
f. Agreeing when to end the
helping relationship. This
implies that assurances are
there that guarantee the
process is being directed by
the client and toward
independence.

26. GOALS AND COPE
OF COUNSELING
02-03

27. The general goal is to lead an
individual client or group to self-
emancipation in relation to a felt
problem. At some stage in the process,
the client should attain insight and
understanding of oneself, achieve
better self-awareness and look at
oneself with increase self-empowerment.
GOALS AND SCOPE

28. Can be found in the basic process of
counseling since they govern each and
every step: developing trust; exploring
problems areas; helping to set goals;
empowering into actions; helping to
maintain change; and agreeing when to
end .
PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING

29. *Advice.
Counseling may involve
advice giving as one of
the several functions
that counselors
perform. When this is
done, the requirement
is that a counselor
makes judgements about
a counselee’s problems
and lays out options
for a course of action.

30. *Reassurance.
Counseling involves
providing clients
with reassurance,
which is a way of
giving them courage
to face a problem or
confidence that they
are pursuing a
suitable course of
action.

31. *Release of
emotional
tension.
Counseling
provides clients
the opportunity
to get emotional
release from
their pent-up
frustrations and
other personal
issues.

32. Clarified
Thinking.
Tends to take
place while the
counselor and
counselee are
talking an
therefore becomes
a logical
emotional
release.

33. Reorientation
Involves a
change in the
client’s
emotional self
through a
change in basic
goals and
aspirations.

34. Listening skills.
Listening attentively to
clients is the counselor’s
attempt to understand both
the content of the
client’s level of
aspiration to bring it
more in line with actual
and realistic attainment.
*Respect. In all
circumstances, clients
must be treated with
respect, no matter how
peculiar, strange,
disturbed, weird, or
utterly different from the
counselor.

35. *Empathy and positive regard. Carl Rogers
combined empathy and positive regard as two
principles that should go along with respect and
effective listening skills. Empathy requires the
counselor to listen and understand the feelings
and perspective of the client and positive regard
is an aspect of respect.
*Clarification, confrontation, and
interpretation. Clarification is an attempt by
the counselor to restate what the client is
either saying or feeling, so the client may learn
something or understand the issue better.
Confrontation and interpretation are other more
advanced principles used by counselors in their
interventions.

36. CORE VALUES OF
COUNSELING
04

37. Certain values are considered core to
counseling and are reflected and expressed in
the practice of counseling. All counselors are
expected to embrace these and similar set of
core values as essential and integral to their
work. These values are:
1. Respect for human
dignity.
This means that the
counselor most provide
a client uncomditional
positive regrad,
compassion, non-
judgemental attitude,
empathy and trust.

38. 2. Partnership.
A counselor has to
foster partnerships
with the various
disciplines that come
together to support an
integrated healing that
encompasses various
aspects such as the
physical, emotional,
spiritual, and
intellectual.

39. 3. Autonomy.
This entails
respect for
confidentiality and
trust in a
relationship of
counseling and
ensuring a safe
environment that is
needed for healing.
It also means that
healing or any
advice cannot be
imposed on a
client.

40. 4. Responsible
caring.
This primarily
means respecting
the potential of
every human being
to change and to
continue learning
throughout his/her
life, and
especially in the
environment of
counseling.

41. 5. Personal
integrity.
Counselors
must reflect
repsonal
integrity,
honesty, and
truthfulness
with clients.

42. 6. Social justice.
This means accepting and
respecting the diversity
of the clients, the
diversity of
individuals, their
cultures, languages,
lifestyles, identities,
ideologies, intellectual
capacity, personalities,
and capabilities
regardless of the
presented issues.