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Abbas Rajabifard: ‘3D Cadastres and Beyond’
- 1. 3DCadastresandBeyond 4th InternationalFIG3DCadastreWorkshop2014 AbbasRajabifard CentreforSDIsandLandAdministration DepartmentofInfrastructureEngineering TheUniversityofMelbourne
- 2. Key Drivers • Increasingurbancomplexity; • Needsandopportunitiesinthecontextoffuture citiesandfutureinstitutionalsustainability; • 3Dlandandpropertyinfotosupportfuture planningandmanagementofurbanenvironment (e.g.leveragingBIM,PIM); • Future users vscurrentusers,includingwider FutureCadastreneedstofindnewwaysof representingverticaldevelopments. arrayofstakeholders; • Makingsenseofsmartdataincitieseg.smart utilities,4Ddata.
- 3. EnhancedEvidencebasedDecisionmaking Flood extents Imagery Base data Fundamental location data Detailed evidence base to inform decision making Targeted Government assistance 25 Smith Street = -35.5676, 135.6587 Address 25 Smith Street Purpose Residential Damage 75% Date 10/01/2011 Event Flood Floor Height 0.8 metres Value $210,000 Population 4 Assistance Required
- 4. KeyMassages… • Futurecadastreneedstotakeintoaccountthe expectations ofallstakeholders. • Futurecadastreneedstofindnewwaysof representingverticaldevelopments. • Futurecadastrerequirestheconsiderationof howtheneedsofcurrentusersshouldbe balancedagainstthepotentialneedsoffuture users. • 3Dcadastreoffersnewengagement opportunitiesandisfundamentalforthefuture.
- 5. IncreasingUrbanisation By2050,%70willliveinurbanareas… 70% urban 30% rural 2050 (9.3 billion)
- 8. LandandPropertyManagement AUD$4.7trillion CADASTRE ICSM,2014 definesandlocateslandandproperty rights,restrictionsandresponsibilities This facilitates the operation of property markets, which underpin national economies.
- 9. IncreasingVerticalDevelopment Howcanthecadastreaccuratelyandreadilyidentify all propertyrights,restrictionsandresponsibilities?
- 10. Cadastre2014toCadastre2034 …Cadastre2014providedasimple yeteffective frameworkforsupportingtheevolutionofcadastral systems.Itestablishedasetofuniversalprinciplesthatall countriescouldworktowards. …Cadastre2014emphasisedinformationintegration and shiftsincollaborationdynamicsacrossstakeholders.
- 11. Limitationsof2Dinformation sitesurvey other planning development management community knowledge architectural plans engineering plans documents sketches subdivision plans
- 12. NewTechnologicalOpportunities BIM Digitaldata Digitaleconomy 3Dtrends
- 13. MultiscaleSimulationTool Thisrequiresspatiallyaccuratemapbase and City GIS Precinct BIM+GIS Building BIM cadastre asafoundation.
- 14. FIGWorkingGroupon3DCadastres “Inallcasesfortheestablishmentof suchacadastrelegal,institutional and technical issueshavetobeaddressed.”
- 15. 3DlandandPropertyProject(20102014) Lifttopenthouse (noaccess) Lift (commonproperty) Apartment (privateproperty) Carpark (privateproperty) Multiple pagesof2D plans/info perbuilding 3Dmodelof propertyRRR information
- 17. Scope developer architect surveyor engineer builder localgovt land registry referral authorities VCAT agent civil HVAC env eng… trade trade trade physicalinformation legalinformation COMMUNITY FutureCadastreneedstotakeintoaccountthe expectationsofallthesestakeholders.
- 18. Social Core ProjectFocus Technical Core 3DLand and Property INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES • Regulatory • Social • Cultural TECHNICAL CHALLENGES • Datasource • Datamodel • Data visualisation • BIM
- 19. ProjectOutcomes STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT • Culturalchange • Collaboration • Adoption • Implementation TECHNICAL TOOLS • Datamodel •Webbased visualisation platform • Specifications Social Core Technical Core 3DLand and Property 4prototypes 2datamodels 26publications 10newexpertresources intothemarket
- 20. ProjectOutcomes
- 21. 3DCadastralDataModel Organising3Dphysicalandlegalinformation WearealigningwithBIM(IFC)torepresentvertical 4submodels(modules) 6submodels(modules) 1submodel(module) The3DCDMmodelhas11submodels(modules). Aien,2013 developments.
- 22. 3DDataSourcing Externalattributes Facade Roof Texture Internalattributes indoormapping buildingexits utilities 3Dbuilding reconstruction Jazayerietal,2014
- 23. 3DDataSourcing Generating 3Dobjectsfrom2Dplans Integration of: Close-Range Photogrammetry Aerial imagery LiDAR 3D ground plans Jazayerietal,2014
- 24. VisualisationChallengesandPrototype 3DCadastralVisualisation Requirements 24 RequiredData Elements UserInterface andSystem Requirements Technical Requirements Analytical Requirements Visualisation Requirements Physical Data Legal Data Administrative Information Represent PDF Plans Import/Export 3D Models XML View Keyboard Shortcuts Print Layer Control Objects Control Configurable View Tooltip Manipulation Options Support Various Datums User Profiling Select Objects Identify Features Screen Capture View controls Scenario Modelling Interactivity and Smoothness Accessibility Availability Performance Concurrency Scalability and Flexibility Quality of Visualization Reliability Consistency Handling Massive Data Support Databases Support Data Services Support Various Formats Support for Technical Diversity Support Semantic System Interoperability and Integration Usability Platform Independence Mobile Capability Web-enabled Dissemination Security Open Source Support Open Standards Various Views Labels Examine Spatial Validity Various Search Methods Spatial Measurement Tools Non-Spatial Query Edit Volumes 3D Buffer Cross-section View Shadow Analysis Animation Creation Line of Sight and Visibility Analysis Skyline Creation Sliding Vertical Exaggeration Visual Representation Special Effects Street View Mark a location from annotation Visualization of Result of Functions Self Evaluation Underground View Light and Illumination Modelling Augmented Reality 60Cadastral Visualisation Requirements
- 25. VisualisationChallengesandPrototype ValidationofRequirements Over160responsesfrom37countries (supportedbyFIG) Argentina Brazil CostaRica Denmark Germany Indonesia Korea,Republicof Mexico NewZealand Romania Slovenia Switzerland Iran,Islamic Australia Canada Croatia Ethiopia Greece Republicof Latvia Nepal Poland Serbia Spain Turkey United States Austria China Czech Republic France India Ireland Malaysia Netherlands Portugal Singapore Sweden Ukraine
- 26. BIMModel BIMandcadastralinformation PhysicalInformation • interiorwalls • exteriorwalls • slidingdoors • singleflushdoors • awningwindows • fixedwindows • stairs • slabs LegalInformation • ownershipinformation • commonproperties • easements
- 29. OnePlan,manyPurposes “certification”,“coreinformation”,“not granularenough” Subdivision Plans “registry”,“guarantee”, “authoritative” LandRegistry Surveyors “measurement”, “accuracy”,“licensed” StrataManagers “management”, “managingpeople”, “property” Community “whatdoIown?”,“whatcanI use?” “expediency”,“duediligence” Developers LocalCouncil
- 30. OnePlan,differentPerceptions “certification”,“coreinformation”,“not granularenough” Subdivision Plans • Problematic,inconsistent qualityofplans • Administeringnewownership situations • 2Dgoodforexamination “registry”,“guarantee”, “authoritative” LandRegistry Surveyors “measurement”, “accuracy”,“licensed” • Limitedsupportforengaging withcommunity • Inconsistentrepresentationof RRRs • Nottherightscalefor managingbuiltenvironment StrataManagers “management”, “managingpeople”, “property” Community “whatdoIown?”,“whatcanI use?” “expediency”,“duediligence” Developers LocalCouncil • Lengthy,resourceintensive, rigidandfrustrating • Ongoingroleinclarification • Frustrating,inconsistent, ambiguousandlimited • Daunting,yetisthe“bible” • LimitedreflectionofOCAct
- 31. 2Dto3D:KeyInstitutionalChallenges LongstandingSubdivisionActand registrationprocess Rigorousinformationstandardsdueto licensedsurveyors Regulatory Current2Denvironment basedon… Cultural Normative cognitive Verticalsubdivision lesscommon Processmostly worksbutisgetting harderformore complexbuildings 2Dplanisthe sourceof information Processworksfor horizontal(land) subdivisions Historiccontext andtraditionof2D Developmentvs. management Somebodyelseis theproblem
- 32. 2Dto3D:KeyInstitutionalChallenges LongstandingSubdivisionActand registrationprocess Rigorousinformationstandardsdueto licensedsurveyors Regulatory Cultural Normative cognitive Verticalsubdivision lesscommon Processmostly worksbutisgetting harderformore complexbuildings 2Dplanisthe sourceof information Processworksfor horizontal(land) subdivisions PerceptionthatlawMUSTfirst change WhoOWNStheproblem? Perceiveddifficultyof buildinganargument forchange; Lackofawareness Developmentprocess highlyroutinised Buildingsubdivisions asaunilateralissue
- 34. FrameworkforChange:2Dto3D CULTIVATE LEGITIMACY (3D as necessary) SOCIETAL DEMANDS AND EXPECTATIONS Align with macro-level societal demands and expectations to cultivate legitimacy around 3D-enabled foster legitimacy land administration as ‘appropriate’ focus legitimacy First principle: Focus broader legitimacy through strategic leadership. Develop strategies to operationalise 3D-enabled land administration Second principle: STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP Third principle: SUPPORT CHANGE AND ACTION Support cultural change: normalisaton and internalisation of new 3D-enabled practices and processes (3D as industry norm) Digital economy Maintain short/longer-term relevance and appropriateness of strategies/actions Fourth principle: PERIODIC REVIEW Urbanisation 3D tech/info (Other drivers) (CONFORMITY) 3D-ENABLED URBAN LAND ADMINISTRATION INSTITUTIONAL PRESSURE
- 35. PotentialStrategies Conceptsdevelopedfor‘land’notnecessarilyappropriatefor buildings subdivisionparadigm LAND BUILDINGS • Morestaticentity– notmuchchanges afterregistration • Typicallyonlydevelopment,not necessarilymanagement • Discrete,separateinstitutional arrangements • Conceptofownership • Continuallychanginge.g.continuous resubdivision/amalgamation, swappinglots,etc. • Requiresacollaborativeapproachto bothdevelopmentandmanagement • Requiresintegratedinstitutional arrangements • Largernumberofstakeholdersper developmentprocess Separateprocessesforlandandbuildings.
- 36. PotentialStrategies Bycreatingseparateprocesses: Cadastre subdivisionparadigm LAND BUILDINGS • Parcel asunitofanalysis • ContinuetopursueePlan/LandXML • Property (lot)asunitofanalysis • Investin3Dtechnologyappropriatefor representingbuildinginformatione.g. IndustryFoundationClasses(data modelbehindBIM),gbXML(Green BuildingXMLschema) • Leverageothervisualisation/web technologies DCDB •Structuralchangesinindustry(education,training, rolesandresponsibilities) •Legislativeandprocessreview •Developnewterminology
- 37. PotentialStrategies Supportinginstitutionalchanges • Developmentandmanagementofbuildings aresupportedbydifferentlegislation, organisations,processes,etc • Movetowardsabuildinglifecycleapproach: productivityandsustainabilityargumentsfor change Surveying Engineering Architecture Planning Institutionalstructureandorganisationalculture needstochangetosupportgreatercollaboration e.g.governmentslegislatingtheuseofBIMtoforceculturalshift
- 38. FundamentalRoleofCadastres • Futurecadastresneedtodealwithincreasingurban complexityandidentifytheRRRs existingwithinthe community. • Futureusersvs currentusers.Needsandopportunitiesinthe contextoffuturecitiesandfutureinstitutional sustainability. • Integratedlandandpropertyinformation. 3Dinfotosupport urbanmanagement (e.g.leveragingBIM).Makingsenseof smartdata incitieseg.smartutilities,4Ddata. • Newconnections betweenlandadmin/landregistries,the widersociety,acrossdisciplines,andwithasupportingfocus ofcadastre’sroleindeliveringothernationalvisions,digital economy,foundationdataset,smartcities.
- 39. FutureCadastres :NewConnections Community Cadastre 2034 Industry Government Aus Private sector DB apps States 3D Data VA Collaborate.Leverage.Communityfocused. International Location/ Spatial Strategies
- 40. IntegratedKnowledgeSystems 3Dcadastres andsmartfuturecities The wealthofmultidimensionalinformationthatwillbe generatedinthefuturethroughurbanplanningandland developmentprocessesmustbeintegratedwithexisting statutorylandadministrationsystems(eg landregistry)to providethebroad,accurate andaccessible integrated knowledgebase necessarytosupportmultifaceteddecision making.