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Tools for Extractive Industry to Mitigate Zoonotic Disease Transmission
1. Tools for Extractive Industry
to Mitigate Zoonotic Disease
Transmission
Renuka Bery
Global Risk Forum
One Health Conference
February 21, 2012
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2. Background
Nearly 3/4 of emerging infectious diseases
originate from wildlife
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3. Biodiversity and EIDs
• Biodiversity declines increase
the risk of pathogen ―spillover‖
into ―generalist‖ animals
• Leads to more human-animal
contact
• People can be exposed when
– Animals become a nuisance
– Aerosolized particles from
rodent droppings are inhaled
while cleaning
– Domestic animals become
infected by infected wildlife
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4. Extractive Industry Activities
Effect on environment / biodiversity
• Land use change can exacerbate zoonotic
disease transmission
– Clearing land/deforestation/habitat fragmentation
– Constructing roads/corridors
– Constructing worker camps
• Biodiversity declines
EPT PROGRAM: PREDICT PREVENT RESPOND
5. Extractive Industry Activities
Increase human populations
–Increase potential
contact between
people, wildlife, and
livestock
–Create potential for any
infectious disease to
amplify
–Stress existing health
care systems
EPT PROGRAM: PREDICT PREVENT RESPOND
6. Why Should Extractive
Industries Care?
• Illness results in productivity loss
• Quarantine requirements could close
a facility for some time and could
involve costly and lengthy facility
cleaning
• Employees or community members
could die causing
— systems breakdown
— premature end of project
EPT PROGRAM: PREDICT PREVENT RESPOND
7. What Can Extractive
Industries Do?
• Identify ways to decrease the risk of zoonotic
disease transmission
• Take many different measures to address
potential exposure points:
– Biodiversity conservation
– Waste management
– Worker health
– General public health
– Community health
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8. Risk Reduction Framework
Routes of transmission and the ones blocked by different
personal (pink) and institutional (blue) mitigation interventions
Practice good hygiene
Wash cuts and scratches with soap
Avoid eating bitten fruit
Provide rabies vaccination
Avoid animals found dead
•Cook wild animal meat to 56 C
•Prohibit hunting on concessions
•Wash fruit before eating
• Provide alternate protein sources
•Limit road building
•Protect animal habitat
Treat drinking water
Protect water sources
Keep livestock in Provide food storage
biosecure enclosures
•Construct housing to
exclude bats and rodents Cover mouth and nose while cleaning
•Manage waste
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9. Best Management Practices
• Manage for biodiversity
conservation
• Use good housekeeping
measures at facilities/camps
• Monitor employee health
• Participate in protecting the
local community’s health
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10. Value of One Health
Approach
• This effort addresses interactions
between humans, animals and the
environment
• Projects can identify activities increasing
zoonotic disease transmission risk during
Environmental &Social Impact
Assessment and adopt mitigation
measures
• Industries can examine environmental,
social, and public health management
plans and adapt them
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11. Tools in Development
For Industry
• Education Briefs
• Assessment Tool/
Mitigation Checklist
• ESIA Component
For Government
• Regional Planning Tool
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12. THANK YOU !
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Hinweis der Redaktion
Principally three different types of animals: Bats (the Corona virus, responsible for SARS, and the Nipah virus), probably the reservoir for EbolaRodents (Lassa, Hanta, Monkey Pox and Lyme Disease viruses) and Non-human primates (HIV and Simian Foamy Virus) and a source for Ebola.
Decreased biodiversity favors generalist species…those species that move into disturbed areas and can thrive in many different environments, particularly changing ones. Most animals that carry diseases known to be transmissible to people are considered generalist species Generalist wildlife species will seek food and shelter in the newly created man-made environments and live close to humans
Clearing land/deforestation/habitat fragmentation – decreases biodiversityConstructing roads/corridors – increases edge effect—where forest ends…corridors provide flyways and areas where rodents can flourishIncreases access to bush meat, increases transportConstructing worker camps – attracts wildlife (food and waste), concentrates people in previously undeveloped areas
large influx of labor/others, strains existing health and other infrastructure,expands agricultural and increases protein demand
When people die this raises the potential for systems breakdown, Damages corporate image, and could even shut down a project prematurely.
USAID and its partner projects are developing tools to help governments and extractive industry i
This framework shows how the transmission routes of various diseases. Blood is the red box, saliva is the green box, and urine/feces is the yellow box. The middle line of boxes in green shows the intermediary transmission sources. So, animal bites will transmit disease through the skin, while contaminated food or water is another avenue for contracting disease. Finally aerosolized particles of urine and feces can contain virus that can be breathed in. Looking at this framework, interventions can take place at different points of the continuum to block disease transmission and progression. The pink boxes represent the behaviors that individuals can practice to reduce transmission risk. They may seem common sense, such as good hygiene or avoiding dead animals, but populations with limited protein sources might not be able to resist taking a dead animal home to eat. These types of interventions must be addressed with behavior change activities.The blue boxes represent practices that companies can take to mitigate disease transmission. Some of these happen to prevent animals from getting infected in the first place such as limiting road building by developing feeder roads rather than a whole new parallel road. Or protecting animal habitat
Manage for biodiversity conservation Limit habitat fragmentation by reducing footprint size and numbers of roads constructedDevelop an inventory of and regularly monitor the local flora and faunaProhibit onsite hunting and take measures to reduce workers’ and communities’ dependence on hunting in nearby areas as a source of proteinUse good housekeeping measures at the facility and any camps and canteensMaintain clean working and living facilitiesUse standard public health measures for sanitation and food handlingDispose of waste regularly and properly to deter vermin or wildlife; discourage waste accumulation Organize food storage in animal-proof containers Monitor employee health Ensure employees are properly vaccinatedConduct surveillance for any unusual diseasesConduct health promotion campaigns about infectious diseasesParticipate in protecting the local community’s health Assist local government to engage in urban planning, especially in designing waste management servicesConduct health promotion campaigns about infectious diseases, bush meat, sanitation, etc.Engage stakeholders in discussions about safe methods to hunt bush meat, community expansion, infrastructure development, etc.Encourage protein alternatives to wild animal meat (e.g., fish farms, biosecure chicken farms).
Important to look at change from a holistic perspective: Land use changes influence how animals and humans interact Humans and animals are interdependent in the environment Activities to mitigate zoonotic disease transmission may already be in placeWhen governments and industry understand the economic and social consequences of their actions to business, the environment, and health, they may be more willing to engage in practices that limit the spread of disease between animals and humans and among human populations.
USAID and its partner programs are currently developing different types of tools to inform extractive industries about the risks of emerging infectious diseases and the need to implement actions to mitigate this risk. Series of education briefs on the subject for different sectorsTool to help companies ascertain whether they are already doing everything possible; including a menu of best management practices for mitigation approachesDevelop component on zoonotic diseases within the Environment, Social Impact Assessment process. We are also looking at some materials for government officials and donors such as development banks to promote increased attention to the issue. This might also include a protocol on zoonotic disease transmission in IFC and other