Laboratory tests check a sample of your blood, urine, or body tissues. A technician or your doctor analyzes the test samples to see if your results fall within the normal range. The tests use a range because what is normal differs from person to person. Many factors affect test results. These include Your sex, age and race What you eat and drink Medicines you take How well you followed pre-test instructions Your doctor may also compare your results to results from previous tests. Laboratory tests are often part of a routine checkup to look for changes in your health. They also help doctors diagnose medical conditions, plan or evaluate treatments, and monitor diseases.

1. BLOOD TESTS
(Normal value and its importance )
Gopal Khodve(M.S.Pharmacology & Toxicology)

2. COMPLETE BLOOD
COUNT
NAME DEFINATION NORMAL RANGE
Hb or Hbg
(hemoglobin)
This is the protein in your blood
that holds the oxygen.
men -14 to 17 gm/dl
women - 12 to 15 gm/dL
White blood cells
(WBCs)
also called leukocytes or
leucocytes, are the cells of the
immune system
4,500 to 10,000 cells per
microliter (cells/mcL).
RBC (red blood
cell count)
they carry oxygen through your
body. They also help filter carbon
dioxide
Men- 14 to 17 gm/dL
women - 12 to 15 gm/dL.
Hct (hematocrit). is the volume % percentage of
red
blood cell.
It is normally 40% for men
and 31% for women.
MCV (mean
corpuscular
volume).
This is the average size of your
red
blood cells.
MCV score - 80 to 95.
Platelets. also called thrombocytes are a
component of blood whose
function is to stop bleeding by
140,000 to 450,000 cells/mcL

3. NAME DEFINATION NORMAL RANGE
ESR (Westegren) 1hr An ESR test can help
determine if you have
a condition that
causes inflammation.
If your ESR is high, it may
be related to an
inflammatory condition
Male - 1-10mm
Female - 5-15mm

4. Liver Function Tests (LFT)
Bilirubin Total
Bilirubin is a reddish yellow pigment made during the
normal breakdown of red blood cells.
0-1 mg/dl
Conjugated
(D.Bilirubin)
Direct bilirubin is the more soluble, less toxic and
conjugated with glucuronic acid.
0-0.35 mg/dl
Unconjugated
(I.D.Bilirubin)
Bilirubin that is bound to a certain protein (albumin) in
the blood
0.2-0.65
mg/dl
SGOT (AST)
Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, an
enzyme
that is normally present in liver and heart cells.
10-40 iu/l
SGPT (ALT)
Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, an enzyme
that is
normally present in liver and heart cells
10-40 iu/l
Alkaline
Phosphatase
Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found
throughout the body. However, it tends to be most
concentrated in the liver, the bile ducts, bones and
placenta.
40-112 u/l
Total Protein
is a biochemical test for measuring the total
amount of protein in serum. Protein in the serum is
made up of albumin and globulin.
6-8.5 gm/l
Albumin
is produced in the liver and forms a large proportion
of
3.5-5 gm/l

5. KIDNEY FUNCTION
TEST
Test Name Defination Normal value
Blood urea Urea is the terminal product of protein
metabolism, and 1g of protein can produce
about 0.3g of urea
10-50 mg/dl
Serum Creatinine Creatinine is a chemical waste product in
the blood that passes through the kidneys
to be filtered and eliminated in urine.
6. –1.1 mg/dl In Women &
7. –1.3 mg/dl In Men.
Serum Uric Acid Uric acid is a product of the metabolic
breakdown of purinenucleotide, and it is a
normal component of urine.
2.4-6.0 mg/dl (female) and
3.4-7.0 mg/dl (male).
Serum Sodium Sodium is key to controlling the amount of
fluid in your body. body needs it for brain and
muscles to work the right way.
135-145 mmol /L.
Serum
Potassium
A potassium test is used to measure the
amount of potassium in your blood.
Potassium is an electrolyte that’s essential
for proper muscle and nerve function..
Adults: 3.5-5.1 mEq/L
or mmol/L
Children: 3.4-4.7 mEq/L or
mmol/L (age dependent)
Chloride Chloride is an electrolyte that helps keep a
proper fluid and acid-base balance in body.
98-106 mmol/L
Total Protein Albumin and globulin are two types of
protein in your body. The total protein test
measures the total amount albumin and
6 -8.3 grams per deciliter
(g/dL).

6. Lipid profile: Lipid profile (Cholesterol and
triglycerides)
Test Name Defination Normal Range
Total Cholesterol Total cholesterol: This is the total
amount of cholesterol in your blood.
<200 mg/dL
Triglycerides Triglycerides, another type of fat that
causes hardening of the
arteries
10 to 150 mg/dL
HDL
Cholester
ol High-
density
lipoprotein
This is referred to as “good”
cholesterol because it helps remove
LDL cholesterol from your blood.
> 40 to 60 mg/dL
LDL
Cholester
ol Low-
density
lipoprotein
This is referred to as “bad”
cholesterol. Too much of it raises
your risk of heart attack, stroke,
and atherosclerosis.
70 to 130 mg/dL
VLDL-
Very Low-
Density
Lipoprotein
VLDL cholesterol is a type of blood
fat. It's considered one of the "bad"
forms of cholesterol, along with LDL
cholesterol and triglycerides.
less than or equal to 2 to 30
mg/dL (0.1 to 1.7 mmol/l).

7. BLOOD SUGER
TEST
Plasma
glucose
test
Definition Normal Prediabetes
Random
A random blood sugar test
checks your blood glucose at a
random time of day.
79–160 mg/dl N/A
Fasting
Fasting, as the name suggests,
means refraining from eating of
drinking any liquids other than
water for eight hours. It is used as
a test for diabetes.
90 to 110mg/dL 110 to 125 mg/dl
2 hour
post-
prandial
postprandiaL blood glucose test
measures blood glucose exactly 2
hours after eating a meal,timed
from the start of the meal.
Below 140 mg/dl 140 to 199 mg/dl
Glucose
tolerance test
A glucose tolerance test measures
how well your body’s cells are able
to absorb glucose(75 gm), or
sugar, after you ingest a given
Fasting 60 to 100 mg/dL
1 hour <200 mg/dL
2 hour <140 mg/dL

8. HbA1c Blood
Test
HbA1c HbA1c is a marker that can determine your average blood
sugar
(glucose) levels over the previous 3-months

9. URINE
TEST
Measurement Reference
range
Color yellow cloudy, dark, or blood-colored.
Appearance Clear Cloudy urine may be caused by crystals, deposits,
white cells, red cells, epithelial cells or fat globules.
Specific gravity
(g/ml)
1.005-
1.030
Increases in specific gravity - dehydration,
diarrhea, emesis, excessive sweating, urinary
tract/bladder infection, glucosuria , renal artery
s tenosis ...
PH 5.0-8.0 A high (alkaline) pH can be caused by severe
vomiting, a kidney disease, some urinary tract
infections, and asthma.
Protein (mg/dl) Negative Protein may be present in the urine because of
acute inflammation or kidney stone disease, or
as a sign of kidney damage.
Glucose (mg/dl) Negative when blood sugar levels rise well above a target
range- which can occur in type 1 and type 2
diabetes-the kidneys often release some of the
excess sugar from the blood into the urine.
Ketones (mg/dl) Negative High ketone levels in urine may indicate diabetic

10. Bilirubin Negative In certain liver diseases, such as biliary obstruction
or hepatitis, excess bilirubin can build up in the
blood and is eliminated in urine.
Blood Negative Painful blood in the urine can be caused by a
number of disorders, including infections and stones
in the urinary tract. Painless blood in the urine can
also be due to many causes, including cancer.
Nitrite Negative This test is commonly used in diagnosing urinary tract
infections (UTI). A positive nitrite test indicates that the
cause of the UTI is a gram negative organism, most
commonly Escherichia coli.
Urobilinogen 0.2-1.0 Too much urobilinogen in urine can indicate a liver
disease
such as hepatitis or cirrhosis.
Leukocyte
esterase
Negative Leukocyte esterase is a screening test used to detect a
substance that suggests there are white blood cells in
the urine. This may mean you have a urinary tract
infection.
WBC/HPF
(WBCs
per high power
field, HPF).
0-4 This test is usually ordered to determine is someone has
a urinary tract infection. ... If both WBC and
leukoesterase are
elevated, it more strongly suggests a UTI.
Squamous 0-4 The presence of squamous epithelial cells may indicate

11. CARDIAC BLOOD
TESTS
Test Definition Norm
al
Range
Creatine
phosphokinase -
MB (CPK-MB)
CPK-MB test is a cardiac marker
used to assist diagnoses of an
acute myocardial infarction.
5 to 25 IU/L.
Troponin A troponin test measures the
levels troponin T or troponin I
proteins in the blood. These
proteins are released when the
heart muscle has been damaged,
such as occurs with a heart attack.
less than
0.01 ng/mL
C-Reactive
Protein and
Heart Disease
Risk
CRP seems to predict the chance of
having cardiovascular problems at
least as well as cholesterol levels.
Test Result Risk
Less than 1.0
mg
Low
1.0-2.9 mg Intermediate

12. THYROID FUNCTION
TEST
HORMONES DEFINATION NORMAL
RANGE
TRIIODOTHYRONIN
E
(T3)
Abnormally high levels most
commonly indicate a condition
called Grave’s disease.This is
an autoimmune disorder
associated with
hyperthyroidism.
75 -200 ng/dL
THYROXINE (T4) A high level of T4 indicates an
overactive thyroid
(hyperthyroidism). Symptoms
include anxiety, unplanned
weight loss, tremors, and
diarrhea.
4.5 -11.5 ug/dL
THYROID-
STIMULATING
HORMONE
(TSH)
is a pituitary hormone that
stimulates the thyroid gland to
produce (T4), and then (T3)
which stimulates the
metabolism of almost every
tissue in the body.
0.3 - 5.0 U/mL

13. Blood Tests for
Infertility
It helps control a 5-20 IU/L (THIRD DAY OF
FSH woman’s menstrual
cycle
MENSTRUAL PERIOD)
Follicle-
stimulating
and the production of
hormone eggs.
LH In women, luteinizing 5 – 20 mIU/ ml
25 – 40 mIU/ml (24 – 36
hours before ovulation)
Luteinizing
Hormone Level
hormone (LH) is linked
to
ovarian hormone
production and egg
maturation.
Prolactin In women, a prolactin Non pregnant females: 2
to 29 ng /mL.
Pregnant females: 10 to 209
ng/mL.
test is done to find out
why they are not
menstruating, or why
they are having infertility
problems or abnormal
nipple discharge
Ovarian
Reserve
The level of AMH in a
woman's blood is High (often PCOS)
Normal
Over 4.0 ng/ml
1.5-4.0 ng/ml

14. Blood Tests for
Infertility
Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a
water- soluble vitamin that has a key role in
the normal functioning of the brain and
nervous system via the synthesis of myelin
(myelinogenesis), and the formation of red
blood cells.
300-900 pg/ml
Vitamin D Vitamin D is a nutrient essential for proper
growth and formation of teeth and bones. A
vitamin D test measures the level of 25-
hydroxyvitamin D and/or 1,25-
dihydroxyvitamin D in the blood to detect a
deficiency or excess.
20 nanograms/milliliter
to 50 ng/mL
Serum
Calcium
All cells need calcium in order to
work. Calcium helps build strong bones and
teeth. It is important for heart function, and
helps with muscle contraction, nerve
signaling, and blood clotting
8.5-10.2 mg/dL
Bone
density
test
A bone density test is the only test that can
diagnose osteoporosis before a broken bone
occurs. This test helps to estimate the
density of your bones and your chance of
A T-score -1.0 or above
is normal bone density.
A T-score of -2.5 or
below is a diagnosis

15. SEMAN
ANALYSIS
Volume
The average volume of semen
produced at Ejaculation.
1.5 – 5 mL
Concentration
(sperm count)
sperm per milliliter 50 to 150 million
Motility How many moving sperm are present.
Low motility can also indicate
hormonal problems or a varicocele.
50 – 60%
Morphology What percentage of sperm are normally
shaped?
more than 50 percent
Liquefaction
While semen is initially thick, its ability to
liquefy, or turn to a watery consistency,
helps sperm to move. If semen does not
liquefy in 15 to 30 minutes, fertility could
be affected
It should take 15 to
30 minutes before
semen liquefies.
pH level A pH level higher than 8.0 could indicatethe
donor has an infection
between 7.2 - 7.8

16. Tumor
marker
Tumor marker Associated tumor types
Alpha fetoprotein(AFP) Hepatocellular Carcinoma, germ cell tumor
CA15-3 Breast Cancer
CA27-29 Breast Cancer
CA19-9 Mainly pancreatic cancer, but also colorectal
cancer and other types of gastrointestinal cancer
CA-125 Mainly ovarian cancer, but may also be
elevated in endometrial cancer, fallopian tube
cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and
gastrointestinal cancer, in endometriosis
Calcitonin medullary thyroid carcinoma
Human chorionic
gonadotropin(hCG)
gestational trophoblastic disease, germ cell
tumor, choriocarcinoma

17. Tumor
marker
Associated tumor types
Neuron-specific
enolase (NSE)
It is a substance that has been detected in patients with
certain tumors, namely: neuroblastoma, small cell lung
cancer, medullary thyroid cancer, carcinoid tumors,
endocrine tumors of the pancreas, and melanoma.
CEA:
Carcinoembryo
nic antigen
is a protein found in many types of cells but associated
with tumors and the developing fetus. CEA is tested in
blood. CEA level is the tumor marker most often used
in colorectal cancer.
Prostate-
specific
antigen (PSA)
test
A prostate-specific
antigen (PSA) test
measures the amount
of prostate- specific
antigen in
the blood. PSA is
released
into a man's blood
Age Range (Years) Asian Americans
40 to 49 0 to 2.0 ng/mL
50 to 59 0 to 3.0 ng/mL
60 to 69 0 to 4.0 ng/mL

18. BLOOD TEST FOR
ARTHRITIS
Rheumatoid
factor (RF)
RF are proteins produced by
your immune system that can
attack healthy tissue in your
body.
Less than 15 IU/mL
Antinuclear antibody
(ANA)
It detects antinuclear antibodies
(ANA) in your blood. Your
immune system normally
makes antibodies to help you
fight infection.
Positive or negetive
Anti-cyclic
citrullinated
peptide (anti-CCP)
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide
(anti-CCP) is an antibody
present in most rheumatoid
arthritis patients.
Less than 20 u/ml
HLA-B27 Human leukocyte antigen B27
is a major histocompatibility
complex class 1 molecule that
is strongly associated with the
disease ankylosing spondylitis.
Positive or negetive
C-reactive protein – This test measures body-
wide inflammation. It
measures a substance
Below 3.0 mg/dL

20. WIDAL
TEST

22. Dengue
Serology
• NS1 is a glycoprotein that is common to
all dengue serotypes and can be used to
detect either primary or secondary
infections in the earliest stages.
• Serology testing for dengue virus-
specific antibodies, types IgG and IgM, can be
useful in confirming primary or secondary
diagnosis.

23. Chikungun
ya
• The type of testing performed is typically
dictated by the timing and volume of samples
available.
Blood test is the only reliable way to
identify chikungunya since the symptoms
are similar to much more deadly dengue
fever.
• Common laboratory tests for chikungunya
include for instance RT-PCR and serological
tests.

24. Name Defination
Hepatitis A It is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. The virus is
primarily spread when an uninfected (and unvaccinated) person
ingests food or water that is contaminated with the faeces of an
infected person. The disease is closely associated with unsafe
water or food, inadequate sanitation and poor personal hygiene.
Hepatitis B HBsAg (also known as the Australia antigen) is the surface
antigen of
the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It indicates current hepatitis B
infection.
Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C
virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver.During the initial
infection people often have mild or no symptoms.
Occasionally a fever, dark urine, abdominal pain, and yellow
tinged skin occurs.

25. HIV -1 &
HIV-2
• HIV tests are used to detect the presence of the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS), in serum, saliva, or
urine. Such tests may detect antibodies, antigens, or RNA.
• The CD4 T-cell count is not an HIV test, but rather a procedure
where
the number of CD4 T-cells in the blood is determined.
• A CD4 count does not check for the presence of HIV.
• It is used to monitor immune system function in HIV-positive
people.
• A normal CD4 count can range from 500 cells/mm3
to 1000 cells/mm3.
• In HIV-positive people- CD4 count below 200 cells/μL