6. Direct power lost (%) due to misalignment (angle i )
i
Lost = 1 -
cos(i)
i hours Lost
0° 0% 15° 1 3.40%
1° 0.02% 30° 2 13.40%
3° 0.14% 45° 3 30%
8° 1% 60° 4 >50%
23.4° 8.30% 75° 5 >75%
7. *
*Microcontroller (AT89S51) is used to set the timings of
the street lighting panels.
*Solar tracker is constructed using pair of Light
Dependent Resistors (LDR) and permanent magnet dc
motor (PMDC).
*By implementing above proposed system, we can
increase power efficiency and quality of the lighting
level at considerably reduced cost.
9. *
[1] REVIEW
Fuel wise energy generation during the year 2011-12, their percent
share in the overall generation and growth rate
Coal 584.6 BU (66.7% ); Growth
9.2%
Lignite 28.1 BU (3.2% ); Growth
6.35%
Natural Gas 92.3 BU (10.5% );
Growth -5.64%
Liquid fuel 1.1 BU (0.1% );
Growth -57.57%
Diesel 2.5 BU (0.3% ); Growth -
17.85%
Nuclear 32.3 BU (3.7% ); Growth
22.86%
Hydro 130.4 BU (14.9% );
Growth 14.15%
Bhutan Import 5.3 BU (0.6% );
Growth -5.82%
10. MONTHLY COAL STATEMENT OF THERMAL POWER STATIONS FOR JUNE-2011
QUANTITY IN MT
Sr. No. Name of
Thermal power
plant
Coal
requirement
(MT)
Actual Coal
Consumption
(MT)
1. Bhusawal TPS 225 200
2. Chandrapur STPS 1170 1006
3. Khaparkheda
TPS- II
468 416
4. Koradi TPS 416 253
5 Nashik TPS 407 358
6 Parli TPS 500 311
7. Paras TPS 225 202
8. Dahanu TPS 276 229
9. Wardha Warora
TPP
199 200
10. JSW Ratnagiri
TPP
200 242
11. Trombay TPS 250 244
12. • Solar panel: A solar panel consists of solar cells that convert
energy of light directly into electricity by photovoltaic
effect.
• Battery: Acts as a storage unit for energy from solar panels,
and a power unit for LED lighting panels.
• Solar tracker: Keeps a track of the trajectory of sun in east-
west direction, increasing the economics of solar panels.
• Power supply: A regulated power supply is used to power
microcontroller, solar tracker and LCD module.
• Microcontroller: Forms the CPU of the system, controlling
solar tracker, timings of lighting panels and LCD module.
13. • Relay based voltage switching: A relay circuit used to
switch microcontroller’s low power signal to drive lighting
panels.
• LED based lighting panels: An efficient, low power
consuming lighting solution arranged in 3-phases to
increase efficient and effective street lighting.
• LCD module: Displays real time switching of lighting
panels and solar tracker’s sensor data.
15. • Sensors: A pair of LDR sensors track the real time position of
the sun in east-west direction.
• Analog-Digital converter: Converts analog sensor data into
digital equivalent for implementation by microcontroller.
• Microcontroller: It implements the solar tracking algorithm
to maximize the gain of the solar panels.
• Relay based motor driver: A relay circuit switches
microcontroller’s tracking signals , to drive the motor on
tracker.
• Motor: A permanent magnet D.C. reduction gear motor, to
keep the solar panels in track with position of the sun.
16.
17. • Solar panels: It is a 36 crystalline silicon cells in series rated
at 17.1V, 300mA, and power rating of 5W.
• Battery: Lead acid battery capable of providing 12V, with
rating of 10.5V, 350mA.
• Microcontroller AT89S51: Low power, high performance
CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4KB of in-system program
memory and 128 bytes RAM.
• ADC0808: Data acquisition component, with 8-bit ,8-channel
multiplexed analog-digital converter based on successive
approximation conversion technique & compatible with
microprocessor logic.
18. • LCD module: A 16×2 alphanumeric LCD unit with 5×8 dots
display.
• Motor: A permanent magnet D.C. series, reduction gear
motor rated at 12V, 200mA, capable of producing high torque
of orders of 78.4 mNm stall torque and rated 24.5 mNm
torque.
• LDR sensors: A pair of 10KΩ light dependant resistors
configured in potential divider bias with 10KΩ potentiometer.
• Power supply: A 230V A.C. mains is stepped down to 12V
D.C. and regulated to 5V D.C. using LM78L05.
19. *
LED LIGHTS
•LED exceeds
mercury vapor by 31
lm/W
•More Lux Per Watt -
more than double
that of a mercury
vapor street light
•Longer lifetime
SOLAR TRACKER
•Solar trackers
generate more
electricity due to an
increased direct
exposure to solar
rays.
•Single-axis solar
trackers can
typically lead to an
increase in
electricity
generation of 20-35%
SOLAR ENERGY
•Practically
inexhaustible source
of energy
•Non-polluting
•Accessibility of solar
power in remote
location
•Long lasting solar
cells and easy
installation
20. *
COST
•When the power consumption of
street lamps is 60 Watt, it needs
150 - 170 Watt solar panel and 2
units 80 Ah batteries. The cost is
near USD 1, 000. If the power
consumption is higher, such as 150
Watt, the cost will be a little
amazing. However, as traditional
HPS street lights, the power
consumption is usually 60W, 80W,
150W, 250W or 400W. So, the cost
is high in most of cases. Many
countries can not accept the cost.
LOCATION
•Areas which remains mostly cloudy
and foggy will produce electricity but
at a reduced rate and may require
more panels to generate enough
electricity .
21. *Use of ZIGBEE for wireless
communication with the system.
*An entire street lighting system
is retrofitted with a power
conditioning unit, a dimming
mechanism, and supervisory
control and data acquisition
(SCADA) systems.
*Implementing digitally
addressable dimming system
based on CAN bus protocol.
*
22. *Dimming and/or telemanagement functions utilized at
dawn, dusk, during fullmoons, provide an additional
savings of 5-10% or more depending on other conditions.
*By implementing above proposed system, we can
increase power efficiency and quality of the lighting level
at considerably reduced cost.
*Conservatively, at a cost of 4 Rs/kWh, these savings
equal around 4,500 Cr or US$900 million annually and
4.5 million tons CO2. The value of the savings is likely
much higher.
*
23. *GOI (Government of India) and Ministry of Power, “National awards
on energy conservation for industries, office and BPO buildings, hotels
and hospitals, municipalities, state designed agencies, thermal power
stations, zonal railways, and manufacturers of BEE star labeld
appliances/equipment- 2011.” 14-Dec-2011.
*GOI (Government of India) and Central Electricity Authority, All India
Electricity Statistics (2010-2011), General Review. 2012.
*USAID and B. of E. E. GOI, “Energy Efficient Street Lighting
Guidelines.” Jun-2010.
*GOI (Government of India) and Central Electricity Authority, All India
Electricity Statistics (2004-2005), General Review. 2006.
*GOI (Government of India) and Central Electricity Authority, All India
Electricity Statistics (2008-2009), General Review. 2010 .
*
