Objective of animal diet formulation is to provide a palatable ration at minimum cost to meet nutritional and energy requirements of the animal. To achieve this objective, it is important to have knowledge about the requirements of specific nutrient ingredients and the nutrient composition of feeds, which are used to formulate the animal diet.

1. Digital Re-print -
January | February 2013
Use of computer programming in animal diet
formulation
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2. FEATURE
Use of computer programming
in animal diet formulation
by Dr Pratiksha Saxena, assistant professor, Department of Mathematics, Gautam
Buddha University, India
O
bjective of animal diet formulation rated during the process of feed formulation. various functions within the animal that
is to provide a palatable ration at defines the needs of nutrient ingredients.
minimum cost to meet nutrition- Preliminary stages Nutritionists generally use both approaches;
al and energy requirements of the animal. The first step in diet formulation is to the factorial method is dominant due to the
To achieve this objective, it is important to define the objective of diet formulation. need to define requirements under diverse
have knowledge about the requirements Depending on the objective of diet formula- conditions but experiments are used to
of specific nutrient ingredients and the tion (such as reproduction, lactation, live- confirm the accuracy of results.
nutrient composition of feeds, which are stock etc.), requirements for nutrient ingre-
used to formulate the animal diet. dients are established. This step includes Ingredient selection and diet
individual units and overall requirement for formulation
Diet formulation is an important aspect diet ingredients. Once requirements for nutrient ingredi-
to meet production and financial goals in After defining the objective of study and ents are established, the ingredients can be
the most economical way. A diet is called diet formulation, requirements of nutrient selected and nutrient contents calculated.
balanced if it provides energy to meet lacta- intake are defined to achieve that objective. After identifying the nutrient ingredients, diet
tion, production and specific level of health While defining the requirement, social envi- is formulated by using existing methods and
requirement. Economic as well as nutritional ronment, internal, external and economical different mathematical techniques.
aspects should be considered while optimis- conditions should be taken into considera- There are different methods to formu-
ing nutrient ingredients. tion. late animal diet. Diet formulation includes
These three factors are so intimately Nutrient requirements can be estab- balance mixture of ingredients which are
related to each other that cannot be sepa- lished by the empirical method and facto- economically sustainable and provides nutri-
rial method. ent and energy requirements of a given
The empiri- species for a given response. Different kind
Figure 1: Nutrient levels, the limit of the nutrient ingredients and cal method of conventional methods to formulate the
price of the feed are three important factors for diet formulation. is based on diets include:
experimen- • Trial-and-error method
tal studies • Two by two matrix method
Limit of the whereas • Square method
Price of the
Nutrient Level nutrient the facto- • Simultaneous equation method
ration
ingredients
rial method • Least cost formulation
identifies the • Linear programming method
34 | January - february 2013 Grain &feed millinG technoloGy

4. FIAAP:ad 5/2/13 10:37 Page 1
FEATURE FEATURE
i-
Figure 2:
t.
as
nt
Define Establish Select Formulation of Evaluation of
i-
e
Objective Requirements Ingredients diet diet
8 – 10 April 2014 . Bangkok International Trade & Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand
e
e
d Asia’s foremost exhibition and
nt conferences for the ingredients objective of least cost rationing. To
Initially, feed manufacturers for animal the E, Gelein R. 2005.), potentially affecting
h
c,
and additives used in the hand cal programming have been used. For
feed formulation used the trial and error achieve this, different kinds of mathemati-
method but this included tedious
research outcomes.
n production of animal feeds, example, linear programming, non-linear
calculations Computer-aided feed
us aquafeeds and petfoods programming, stochastic programming, formulation
r Diet analysis and evaluation sensitivity analysis, parametric cost and A study was conducted for animal feed
n After formulation, the diet is evaluated to nutrient ranging, optimum-density formu- formulation based on internet remote and
t. check the efficiency of diet. Chemical analysis lation, multi-blending, and risk analysis. interaction by XiongBen-hai, LuoQing-yao
is done to check whether the diet is mixed Chance constrained programming is used and PangZhi-hong in 2002. This program
o correctly or not. These five steps of diet to formulate commercial feeds for animals is based on linear programming, with SQL
e formulation are shown in Figure 2. (Britt, J. S; Thomas, R. C; Speer, N. C; Hall, Server 2000 database and ASP Web-page
e By employing the correct formulation M. B., 2003). The linear programming model language Windows 2000 Advanced Server.
h skills and techniques, animal performance can be solved for a complicated set of nutri- The most important feature of this system
d can be improved. These are two important ent requirements to give a relatively well-
FIAAP Asia 2014 is the only dedicated trade show and conference organised specifically for feed ingredients,
is that it has set up one whole calculating
d additivesaspects, which the dynamica huge impactSouth and South East Asia.
and formulation within make and growing region of on the balanced ration (VandeHaar and Black, M. platform to design all kinds formulas based
l- overall profitability. Whether diet is formu- J., 1991). Alteration in the diet formulation on web technique, which can share informa-
New for 2014 Supported by
e Now including the first feed milers or integrators, maximi-
lated for The Thailand Convention can change undefined nutrient or dietary tion of feed science and animal nutrition to
ASEAN Feed Summit
n sation of animal production is and Exhibitionhuman components, such as fatty acids (Sabbatini
Products no longer intended for important. Bureau
Feed Materials Assurance Scheme (FEMAS) help directly designing feed-formulas.
sis. Over recent years HACCP has become a
Specialist conferences Co-located with
e The exhibition will be the end of the 1960s, destined for
By supported
consumption, which may beVICTAM Asia 2014 widespread ME, 2006), phytoestrogensfeeds are NM,
standard ensuring that all (Brown fully centralcomputer program called feed safety
A requirement of food and APOLLO
by its own specialist conferences. www.victam.com
n- use of linearfeeding, must be kept separate Setchell DR. 2001), to supply giving both
farm animal programming had been start- traceable from source (Thigpen JE 2009),
They will include: was developed by A. Ahmadi, J. R. Dunbar
legislation.
The FIAAP Conference 2014 Contact details
n ed fortransport,diet formulation. To take (Thigpen JE 2004)service and products. PJD.
during animal storage and dispatch to and quality controlled phytosterols (Bouic The
Petfood Forum Asia 2014
For visitor, exhibition stand and H. A. Johnson for formulation and
space and conference
i- from a supermarket returns depot nutrient 1999.), is based on Hazard Analysis Critical
Aquafeed Horizons Asia 2014 the complexityinformationor food
into account and please visit: scheme nitrosamines (Kaput J, Rodriguez The logistics – from food
analysis of ration for swine. It was based
The Thai Feed Conference 2014 www.fiaap.com
i- variability, different kinds of mathematical RL. 2004.), (Rao GN, Knapka JJ. 1987), and
manufacturing plant. Control Point (HACCP) principles, an inter- production to the feed industry
on the National Research Council Bulletin,
r- programming05/02/2013fully accredited towith methylmercury (Weiss B, Stern hazard analy-
Our services are into the picture the nationally recognised system of S, Cernichiari
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13

5. FEATURE
Revised Edition, 1988. This program runs on a mathematical model is formulated which because of its easily applicable features. A
IBM PC compatible computers with 512K should be nutritionally adequate at lowest programming technique is developed for
of memory. After feeding the input nutrient cost. When formulating this mathemati- animal diet formulation using non-linear pro-
ingredients, this program formulates the cal model, availability of feedstuffs, physical gramming and C language with the objec-
ration using the linear programming primal palatability, toxicological properties of feed, tive of maximum animal weight gain. The
dual algorithm. This algorithm is efficient in logistics of obtaining feed ingredients and technique presented formulates and solve
time and space because it does not require storage limit should be considered. After a non-linear program with optimum use of
additional columns and rows for artificial creating the mathematical model, computer nutrient ingredients. It explores the use of
variables. The output consists of five parts: programming is to be chosen for this pur- mathematical and computerised program-
cost and performance, ration composition, pose. A number of programming languages ming in the field of animal nutrition and can
price ranges, nutrient analysis of the ration, have been used for this purpose as C, C++, be investigated in future for more variables
and nutrient analysis of feeds in the ration Java and MATLAB. (Saxena Pratiksha et al, 2012).
which, in turn, consists of eight parts.
Using C for feed formulation The advantages of MATLAB
Practical and economic One of the most basic and important MATLAB is another tool for matrix
implications programming languages is referred as ‘C’. manipulations, and interfacing with programs
In the 1980s, the first computer program Dennis Ritchie developed this programing written in other languages, including C and
was presented for animal diet formulation. language at Bell Laboratories in 1972. Many Java. It is a high-level language for numeri-
Since then, a number of computer programs of its principles and ideas were based on the cal computation, visualization, and applica-
have been developed for the purpose of ani- earlier language B and B's earlier ancestors, tion development. Animal feed is formu-
mal diet formulation which discusses specific BCPL and CPL. lated using MATLAB with the objective of
feed formulation techniques in terms of their The main features of this language are its maximum animal weight gain. In the first
practical applications and economic implica- flexibility that provides fast program execu- step, this technique involves formulation of
tions. The use of computer programming tion and the lack of constraints it imposes objective function using non-linear program-
lessened the time and effort required to on the programmer. It allows low level ming. MATLAB is used as a tool for this
provide affordable feed formulations for the access to information and commands while purpose. In the second step, the solution
feed industry. A wide variety of computer still retaining the portability and syntax of of formulation is given and is compared to
programs are available for ration formulation. a high level language. It is useful for both existing techniques. Use of non-linear pro-
Moreover, computer programming for systems programming and general purpose gramming overcomes the drawback of linear
animal diet formulation, is easy, convenient programs. approximation of objective function (Saxena
and saves time. A number of nutrient ingre- Due to this quality of C language, the Pratiksha et al, 2012).
dients and constraints can be added to a diet Unix operating system, which was originally In the present era of technology, it
in easier manner. It is also possible to check written in assembly language, was almost is convenient, time and money saving to
the impact of different nutrient ingredients immediately re-written in C. C includes bit- take benefits of computer programming
on animal production without actually apply- wise operators along with powerful pointer for this purpose. Using this technology,
ing it with the help of a computer program. manipulation capabilities and modularity is animal diet formulation can be simulated and
another important feature of this language. experiments can be done with the help of
The language of programming Sections of code can be stored in libraries computer programs, without hampering the
To initiate the process of computer for re-use in future programs. This language existing system of feeding to the animal and
programming for animal diet formulation, is very useful for animal diet formulation could reach to better results.
36 | January - february 2013 Grain &feed millinG technoloGy

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