An introduction to the motivations that brought to build GEOtop

1. GEOtop: the making of
Henry Rosseau - The dream, 1920
Riccardo Rigon, Stefano Endrizzi, Matteo Dall’Amico, Stephan Gruber
Wednesday, June 29, 2011

2. “Prediction is very difficult,
especially about the future”
Niels Bohr
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3. The GEOtop
Objectives
•To explain what GEOtop is;
•To explain why GEOtop is like it is;
•To enumerate the basic scheme and the basic equations
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4. The GEOtop
Rainfall–Runoff spatial patterns
Problem: We cannot currently predict the spatial pattern of watershed
response to precipitation and cannot quantitatively describe the surface
and subsurface contributions to streamflow with enough accuracy and
consistency to be operationally useful.
Critical issues: Watershed runoff and streamflow are affected by
heterogeneity in soil hydraulic properties, landscape structural properties,
soil moisture profile, surface–subsurface interaction, interception by plants,
snowpack, and storm properties.
Traditional lumped models cannot do it!
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5. The GEOtop
Snowpack evolution and ablation
Problem: We would like to predict the spatial pattern of snow cover,
its volumes and its effects on runoff with enough accuracy and
consistency to be operationally useful.
Critical Issue: Also in this case we know enough of the snow
physics “in a point” but we do not have many tools to understand the
snow cover effects on larger, catchment scales. Soil freezing
substantially alter the hydraulic properties of the soils.
Related problem: snow avalanches triggering
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6. The GEOtop
Landslide and debris flow initiation
Problem: We cannot currently predict the triggering of shallow
landslides which eventually turns into a debris or a mudflow.
Critical Issue: Initial and boundary conditions. Landslide initiation
is affected by heterogeneity in soil hydraulic and geotechnical
properties, landscape structural and geological properties, soil moisture
profile, surface–subsurface interactions.
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7. The GEOtop
Ecohydrology
Problem: Well, I do not want to steal the work to John and Kelly ;-)
Critical Issue: See their lectures
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8. The GEOtop
However, hydrology in winter is usually different
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9. The GEOtop
In spring time plants have vegetative growth
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10. The GEOtop
In summer: land use matter
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11. The GEOtop
And eventually autumn comes
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12. The GEOtop
Committee of hydrological Sciences NRC, 2003:
“Although our understanding of individual
processes is improving, the integration of that body
of knowledge in spatially distributed predictive
models has not been approached systematically”.
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13. Introduction
Every Hydrologist would like to have
THE MODEL of IT all
But in reality everybody wants just to investigate a limited set of
phenomena: for instance the discharge in a river. Or landsliding , or
soil moisture distribution.
Any problems requires its amount of prior information to
be solved: some problems needs more detailed information of others
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14. Introduction
So we use different models
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15. Introduction
So we use different models
GEOtop
Fully distributed
Grid based
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16. Introduction
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Riccardo Rigon
Fully distributed
Grid based GEOtop
Large scale modelling
Hillslope - Stream
Anthropic Infrastructures
NewAge
So we use different models
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17. Introduction
Wednesday, June 29, 2011
Riccardo Rigon
Fully distributed
Grid based GEOtop
Large scale modelling
Hillslope - Stream
Anthropic Infrastructures
NewAge
Fully Coupled
Subsurface- Surface
Grid Based
Boussinesq
So we use different models
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18. Introduction
Wednesday, June 29, 2011
Riccardo Rigon
Fully distributed
Grid based GEOtop
Large scale modelling
Hillslope - Stream
Anthropic Infrastructures
NewAge
Fully Coupled
Subsurface- Surface
Grid Based
Boussinesq
GIUH
So we use different models
Peak floods
PeakFlow
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19. Introduction
Every one of them:
Perform the mass budget (and preserves mass)
Make hypotheses on momentum variations
Simplify the energy conservation (and its dissipation)
to a certain degree
(Implicitly delineates a way to entropy increase)
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20. GEOtop structure
1. Radiation
- distributed model
- sky view factor, self and cast
shadowing, slope, aspect, drainage
2. Water balance 6. vegetation
interaction
- effective rainfall
- surface flow (runoff and channel - multi-layer vegetation
routing) scheme
- evapotranspiration
3. Snow-glaciers
- multilayer snow
scheme 5. soil energy balance
- soil
4. surface energy balance temperature
- freezing soil
- radiation
- boundary-layer interaction
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21. GEOtop structure
All of it starts from a DEM
Horton Overland Flow
Dunne Saturation
Overland Flow
Surface Layer
Unsaturated Layer
Saturated Layer:
Modified from Abbot et al., 1986
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22. parameters → parameters → soil → 1
GEOtop structure
name unit range of value default value
#1 Thickness mm 50
All of it startsGeometry parameters DEM
Table 3.1: Domain from a
Figure 3.1: Soil thickness discretization
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23. GEOtop structure
hapter 10
Layers, at the moment, form a structured grid.
now With variable height.
The larger the height, the more uncoupled the layers.
1 Introduction are dynamical snow layers
On top there
Figure 10.1: Snow stratigraphy 19
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24. GEOtop structure
Chapter 3
Calculationthe overall
So, domain grid is:
3.1 Domain Geometry
Chapter 10
1. Thickness: is the thickness of the layer; for numeric reasons it is advisable to settle the top layer with a thickness of 0.05,
Snow
and the first following with a thickness of 0.15m. Further layer thickness can be defined as wanted, [mm].
parameters → parameters → soil → 1
10.1 Introduction
name unit range of value default value
#1 Thickness mm 50
Table 3.1: Domain Geometry parameters
Figure 10.1: Snow stratigraphy
10.2 Input
10.2.1 Parameters
Keyword Description M. U. range Default Sca / Str / Num
Value Vec / Opt
ThresSnowSoilRough Threshold on snow depth to change mm 0, 10 sca num
roughness to snow roughness values 1000
with d0 set at 0, for bare soil fraction
ThresSnowVegUp Threshold on snow depth above mm 0, 1000 sca num
which the roughness is snow rough- 20000
ness, for vegetation fraction
ThresSnowVegDown Threshold on snow depth below mm 0, 1000 sca num
which the roughness is vegetation 20000
roughness, for vegetation fraction
RoughElemXUnitArea Number of roughness elements Number 0, inf 0 sca num
(=vegetation) per unit area - used m−2
only for blowing snow subroutines
continued on next page
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Figure 3.1: Soil thickness discretization
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25. GEOtop structure
Chapter 3
Is that the best
Calculation domain we can do ?
3.1 Domain Geometry
Chapter 10
1. Thickness: is the thickness of the layer; for numeric reasons it is advisable to settle the top layer with a thickness of 0.05,
Snow
and the first following with a thickness of 0.15m. Further layer thickness can be defined as wanted, [mm].
parameters → parameters → soil → 1
10.1 Introduction
name unit range of value default value
#1 Thickness mm 50
Table 3.1: Domain Geometry parameters
Figure 10.1: Snow stratigraphy
10.2 Input
10.2.1 Parameters
Keyword Description M. U. range Default Sca / Str / Num
Value Vec / Opt
ThresSnowSoilRough Threshold on snow depth to change mm 0, 10 sca num
roughness to snow roughness values 1000
with d0 set at 0, for bare soil fraction
ThresSnowVegUp Threshold on snow depth above mm 0, 1000 sca num
which the roughness is snow rough- 20000
ness, for vegetation fraction
ThresSnowVegDown Threshold on snow depth below mm 0, 1000 sca num
which the roughness is vegetation 20000
roughness, for vegetation fraction
RoughElemXUnitArea Number of roughness elements Number 0, inf 0 sca num
(=vegetation) per unit area - used m−2
only for blowing snow subroutines
continued on next page
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Figure 3.1: Soil thickness discretization
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26. Chapter 3
Put vegetation
Calculation domain on top !!!
3.1 Domain Geometry
Chapter 10
1. Thickness: is the thickness of the layer; for numeric reasons it is advisable to settle the top layer with a thickness of 0.05,
Snow
and the first following with a thickness of 0.15m. Further layer thickness can be defined as wanted, [mm].
parameters → parameters → soil → 1
10.1 Introduction
name unit range of value default value
#1 Thickness mm 50
Table 3.1: Domain Geometry parameters
Figure 10.1: Snow stratigraphy
10.2 Input
10.2.1 Parameters
Keyword Description M. U. range Default Sca / Str / Num
Value Vec / Opt
ThresSnowSoilRough Threshold on snow depth to change mm 0, 10 sca num
roughness to snow roughness values 1000
with d0 set at 0, for bare soil fraction
ThresSnowVegUp Threshold on snow depth above mm 0, 1000 sca num
which the roughness is snow rough- 20000
ness, for vegetation fraction
ThresSnowVegDown Threshold on snow depth below mm 0, 1000 sca num
which the roughness is vegetation 20000
roughness, for vegetation fraction
RoughElemXUnitArea Number of roughness elements Number 0, inf 0 sca num
(=vegetation) per unit area - used m−2
only for blowing snow subroutines
continued on next page
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Figure 3.1: Soil thickness discretization
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27. GEOtop structure
Places where John goes skiing!
Arabba
Pordoi
Ornella
Saviner
Pescul
Caprile
Malga Ciapela
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28. GEOtop structure
Vegetation
What do we put above the grid ?
11.1 Vegetation
Figure 11.1: Precipitation
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11.2 Input
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29. GEOtop structure
What do we put above the grid ?
Figure 12.1: Water fluxes 25
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30. GEOtop structure
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Figure 12.2: Radiation
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31. GEOtop structure
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32. GEOtop structure
reflectivity
reflectivity
Figure 11.2: Vegetation parameters
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33. GEOtop structure
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Figure 12.3: Energy Budget
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34. Differentianl and other equations
Chapter 3 does
What the model do actually ?
Blue are parametrizations
Calculation domain Black are equations
3.1 Domain Geometry
Chapter 10
1. Thickness: is the thickness of the layer; for numeric reasons it is advisable to settle the top layer with a thickness of 0.05,
Snow
and the first following with a thickness of 0.15m. Further layer thickness can be defined as wanted, [mm].
parameters → parameters → soil → 1
Parametrizations of 10.1 Introduction
name unit range of value default value
radiation and turbulence #1 Thickness mm 50
Table 3.1: Domain Geometry parameters
Dynamic snow or
Boundary conditions Dynamic runoff
Figure 10.1: Snow stratigraphy
10.2 Input
10.2.1 Parameters
Keyword Description M. U. range Default Sca / Str / Num
Value Vec / Opt
Dynamic energy and
ThresSnowSoilRough Threshold on snow depth to change mm 0, 10 sca num
roughness to snow roughness values 1000
with d0 set at 0, for bare soil fraction
ThresSnowVegUp Threshold on snow depth above mm 0, 1000 sca num
which the roughness is snow rough- 20000
ness, for vegetation fraction
mass budget
ThresSnowVegDown Threshold on snow depth below mm 0, 1000 sca num
which the roughness is vegetation 20000
roughness, for vegetation fraction
RoughElemXUnitArea Number of roughness elements Number 0, inf 0 sca num
(=vegetation) per unit area - used m−2
only for blowing snow subroutines
continued on next page
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Boundary conditions
Figure 3.1: Soil thickness discretization
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35. GEOtop structure
Chapter 3
What doesdomain
Calculation the model do actually ?
3.1 Domain Geometry
Chapter 10
1. Thickness: is the thickness of the layer; for numeric reasons it is advisable to settle the top layer with a thickness of 0.05,
Snow
and the first following with a thickness of 0.15m. Further layer thickness can be defined as wanted, [mm].
parameters → parameters → soil → 1
Parametrizations of 10.1 Introduction
name unit range of value default value
radiation and turbulence #1 Thickness mm 50
Table 3.1: Domain Geometry parameters Dynamic snow or
Dynamic runoff
Figure 10.1: Snow stratigraphy
Dynamic Boundary conditions 10.2 Input
10.2.1 Parameters
Keyword Description M. U. range Default Sca / Str / Num
Value Vec / Opt
Dynamic energy and
ThresSnowSoilRough Threshold on snow depth to change mm 0, 10 sca num
roughness to snow roughness values 1000
with d0 set at 0, for bare soil fraction
ThresSnowVegUp Threshold on snow depth above mm 0, 1000 sca num
which the roughness is snow rough- 20000
ness, for vegetation fraction
mass budget
ThresSnowVegDown Threshold on snow depth below mm 0, 1000 sca num
which the roughness is vegetation 20000
roughness, for vegetation fraction
RoughElemXUnitArea Number of roughness elements Number 0, inf 0 sca num
(=vegetation) per unit area - used m−2
only for blowing snow subroutines
continued on next page
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Boundary conditions
Figure 3.1: Soil thickness discretization
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36. GEOtop structure
Chapter 3
What doesdomain
Calculation the model do actually ?
3.1 Domain Geometry
Chapter 10
1. Thickness: is the thickness of the layer; for numeric reasons it is advisable to settle the top layer with a thickness of 0.05,
Snow
and the first following with a thickness of 0.15m. Further layer thickness can be defined as wanted, [mm].
parameters → parameters → soil → 1
Parametrizations of 10.1 Introduction
name unit range of value default value
radiation and turbulence #1 Thickness mm 50
Table 3.1: Domain Geometry parameters
Dynamic Boundary conditions Dynamic runoff
Figure 10.1: Snow stratigraphy
10.2 Input
10.2.1 Parameters
Keyword Description M. U. range Default Sca / Str / Num
Value Vec / Opt
ThresSnowSoilRough
ThresSnowVegUp
Threshold on snow depth to change mm
roughness to snow roughness values
with d0 set at 0, for bare soil fraction
Threshold on snow depth above mm
0,
1000
0,
10
1000
sca
sca
num
num
Dynamic energy and
which the roughness is snow rough- 20000
mass budget
ness, for vegetation fraction
ThresSnowVegDown Threshold on snow depth below mm 0, 1000 sca num
which the roughness is vegetation 20000
roughness, for vegetation fraction
RoughElemXUnitArea Number of roughness elements Number 0, inf 0 sca num
(=vegetation) per unit area - used m−2
only for blowing snow subroutines
continued on next page
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Boundary conditions
Figure 3.1: Soil thickness discretization
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37. GEOtop structure
Dynamic vegetation
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38. NOT YET BUT UPCOMING !
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39. • Windows platform.
GEOtop structure
1.1 Compile GEOtop through a makefile
Downloading
The GEOtop source code can be downloaded through a terminal (or command prompt if you are using W
dows) by typing, as shown in Figure 1.1:
”svn co https://dev.fsc.bz.it/repos/geotop/trunk/0.9375KMacKenzie”
Figure 1.1: Download GEOtop source code through a terminal
The downloaded folder contains the folders:
• Debug: which contains the object file created during the compilation and the makefile
• geotop: which contains the code
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• Libraries:
Riccardo Rigon which contains the support libraries
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40. 1.2
GEOtop structure
How to Run GEOtop
1.2.1 From Terminal
Open a terminal, go into the folder Debug by typing: Running
$ cd Debug
Write:
$ ./GEOtop1.2
Leave one space and type now the path to the folder where the simulation files are:
$./GEOtop_1.2 /Users/matteo/Duron/
Remember to put a“/” (slash) at the end and the type Return. The simulation should start.
Figure 1.2: SVN
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41. GEOtop structure
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42. GEOtop structure
Figure 6.1
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43. GEOtop structure Table 10.1: Keywords of surface characteristics affecting surface energy fluxes
Parameters: an excerpt from the dry manual
Keyword Description M. U. range Default Sca / Str / Num
Value Vec / Opt
NumLandCoverTypes Number of Classes of land cover. - 1, inf 1 sca num
Each land cover type corresponds to a
particular land-cover state, described
by a specific set of values of the pa-
rameters listed below. Each set of
land cover parameters will be dis-
tributively assigned according to the
land cover map, which relates each
pixel with a land cover type num-
ber. This number corresponds to the
number of component in the numeri-
cal vector that is assigned to any land
cover parameters listed below.
SoilAlbVisDry Ground surface albedo without snow - 0, 1 0.2 sca num
in the visible - dry
SoilAlbNIRDry Ground surface albedo without snow - 0, 1 0.2 sca num
in the near infrared - dry
SoilAlbVisWet Ground surface albedo without snow - 0, 1 0.2 sca num
in the visible - saturated
SoilAlbNIRWet Ground surface albedo without snow - 0, 1 0.2 sca num
in the near infrared - saturated
SoilEmissiv Ground surface emissivity - 0, 1 0.96 sca num
Table 10.2: Keywords of land cover characteristics affecting surface energy fluxes 39
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44. GEOtop- structure
raster maps
- time series (discharge, air temperature, evaporation, latent heat fluxes, etc.....) at specific points (Figure 14.10).
Forcings where made spatial
The output raster maps (Figure 14.9) have to be specified by the user through appropriate keywords in the parameter file (see Table
14.9), in addition, their output frequency has to be assigned through the OutputXXXMaps parameter.
Figure 14.9: One of the many distributed output, the mean air temperature
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45. GEOtop structure
35
30
25
20
T [°C]
15
10
5
Surface Temperature
Air Temperature
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Days
Figure 14.10: Two day-time series of mean air temperature output for a specified point
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46. Simulating
Simulating is NOT the same as understanding
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47. Simulating
But understanding without modeling is difficult
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48. Simulating
In general before doing a simulation.
Plan:
•Space and Time Resolutions
•Address subgrid variability
•Computational Burden
•Non calibrated parameters
•Calibration Strategy
•Model initialization
•To carefully analyze the spatial characters of soil properties
•To carefully analyze the spatial time series of meteorological
data
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49. Simulating
In general before doing a simulation.
•Plan a validation strategy
•Make some null hypothesis
•Check the statistical structure of forcings and their correlation
In general after simulation.
•Always check mass and energy conservation
•Assess physical realism with quantitative objective tools in selected
points or transects.
•Compare spatial distributions of quantities, correlations, and patterns
(numbers of cluster of points above a threshold, size of above thresholds
islands, etc. )
http://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/search/label/Initial%20Conditions 45
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50. The Dream
An example of fantastic realism (Dietrich et al. 200). Components
are realistic. The ecosystem is not. This is a methaphor of
inaccurate modeling.
Henry Rosseau - The dream, 1920
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51. Thanks, Thanks, Thanks
Thank you for your attention.
G.Ulrici - 2000 ?
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