On Cooking: A Textbook of Culinary
Fundamentals
Sixth Edition
Chapter 8
Dairy Products
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Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to
8.1 Identify, store and cook with a variety of milk and milk-
based products
8.2 Describe basic cheese-making processes
8.3 Classify the characteristics of the five categories of fine
cheeses: fresh or unripened, soft, semisoft, firm and hard
8.4 Describe the characteristics of goat’s-milk cheeses
8.5 Identify, store and serve fine cheeses

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Milk and Milk Products
• Provides texture, flavor, color and nutritional value for
cooked or baked items
• Whole milk contains
– 88% water
– 3.5% milk fat
– 8.5% milk solids
• Whole milk is graded A, B or C

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Milk-Processing Techniques (1 of 2)
• Pasteurization
– Process of heating milk to a sufficiently high
temperature for a sufficient length of time to destroy
pathogenic bacteria
• Ultra-pasteurization
– Process by which milk is heated to a very high
temperature for a very short time

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Milk-Processing Techniques (2 of 2)
• Ultra-high-temperature processing (UHT)
– Process by which milk is heated to a very high
temperature for a short period of time and is then
packaged in sterile packages under sterile conditions
• Homogenization
– Process in which the fat globules in whole milk are
reduced in size and permanently dispersed
throughout the liquid

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Milk Fat Removal
Whole milk can be processed in a centrifuge to remove fat.
• Reduced-fat
– 2%
• Low-fat
– 1%
• Nonfat
– 0%

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Concentrated Milks
• Whole milk can be processed using a vacuum to remove
some or all of the water.
• Evaporated
– 60% of the water is removed
• Sweetened condensed
– 60% of the water is removed and 40%-45% sugar has
been added
• Dry milk powder
– Virtually all of the water has been removed

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Safety Alert - Milk Storage
• Canned milk, aseptically-packaged milk and dry milk
powder are shelf-stable. They need no refrigeration
• After opening or reconstituting, milk products become (T
CS) foods
– time and temperature controlled for safety
• Refrigerate at or below 41°Fahrenheit

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Cream
• Half and Half
– A mixture of whole milk and cream, contains 10%-
18% milkfat
• Light cream, coffee cream, table cream
– More than 18% but less than 30% milkfat
• Light whipping cream
– Contains between 30% and 36% milkfat
• Heavy whipping cream
– Contains not less than 36% milkfat

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Cultured Dairy Products
• Buttermilk
– Tart milk with a thick texture; fresh milk whole or low-fat with a culture
(Streptococcus lactis) added
• Sour cream
– White, tangy gel used as a condiment; the same culture is added to
pasteurized, homogenized light cream
• Crème fraîche
– Thinner and richer than sour cream; the same culture is added to heavy
cream
• Yogurt
– Thick, tart, custard like product cultured with Lactobacillus bulgaricus
and Streptococcus thermophilus; can be made with whole, low-fat or
skim milks

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Butter
• Salted butter
– Butter with 2.5% salt added
– Salt alters the flavor, extends keeping qualities
• European-style butter
– Contains more butterfat than regular butter, up to
82%-86%; contains very little salt
• Whipped butter
– Made by incorporating air into butter
• Clarified butter
– Butter that has had its water and milk solids removed

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Margarine
• A nondairy product
• Manufactured from animal or vegetable fats
• Flavorings, colorings, emulsifiers, preservatives and
vitamins are added
• Like butter, contains 80% fat and 16% water
• Frequently used as a substitute for butter in baking and
cooking
• Does not equal butter’s flavor

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Natural Cheeses (1 of 2)
• Cheese is one of the oldest and most widely used foods
known to man
• Hundreds of natural cheeses are produced worldwide
• Cheeses are a product of their environment
• Cheese is made from a variety of animal milks
• Milk proteins (casein) coagulated with rennet (enzyme)

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Natural Cheeses (2 of 2)
• Cheeses may develop a natural rind
• The higher the moisture content the softer and more
perishable a cheese will be
• Fat content
– Less than 20% (low fat)
– At least 60% (double cream)
– At least 72% (triple cream)
• FDA rules require that raw milk cheeses must be aged
more than 60 days at 35°Fahrenheit

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Fresh or Unripened Cheeses
• Cream Cheese
– Soft cow’s-milk cheese; smooth and mild flavor
• Feta
– Semisoft made from sheep’s or goat’s milk; white
flaky cheese that is stored in brine
• Mascarpone
– Soft cow’s-milk cheese originally from Italy; extremely
smooth and creamy
• Mozzarella
– Firm Italian cheese traditionally made with water
buffalo’s milk; very mild white cheese that is stringy

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Soft Cheeses
• Brie
– Rind-ripened French cheese, creamy and rich;
contains 60% fat
• Camembert
– Rind-ripened French cheese, creamy and rich;
contains 45% fat; milder than brie
• Taleggio
– Orange-colored washed rind cheese made from
cow’s milk; contains 48% fat

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Semisoft Cheeses (1 of 2)
• Cabrales
– Blue-veined cheese, made from a blend of raw cow’s, ewe’s and
goat’s milks
• Fontina
– Has a dark gold, crusty rind; the pale gold, dense interior has
few small holes; nutty and rich
• Gorgonzola
– Italian blue-veined cow’s-milk cheese; creamier than other blues
• Gouda
– Dutch cheese is yellow with few small holes and a mild buttery
flavor

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Semisoft Cheeses (2 of 2)
• Havarti
– Cow’s-milk cheese from Denmark; mild flavor and creamy
texture
• Port du Salut
– French cow’s-milk cheese; smooth, rich and savory
• Roquefort
– Blue-veined sheep’s-milk cheese from France; intensely
pungent with a rich, salty flavor and strong aroma
• Stilton
– Blue-veined cheese of Great Britain; pungent, rich and
tangy; combines the best of blues and cheddars

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Firm Cheeses (1 of 2)
• Cheddars
– Product of North America and Great Britain; flavors range
from mild to very sharp
• Emmenthaler
– The original Swiss cheese; mellow, rich and nutty
• Gruyère
– Cow’s-milk cheese made in the Swiss Alps; moist and
highly flavorful
• Jarlsberg
– Swiss-type cheese from Norway; mild with a delicate
sweet flavor

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Firm Cheeses (2 of 2)
• Manchego
– Spanish sheep's-milk cheese; it has a buttery and slightly
piquant flavor
• Monterey Jack
– A cheddar like cow’s-milk cheese from California; often
flavored with peppers and herbs
• Provolone
– A cow’s-milk cheese of southern Italy; commonly used for
melting and in pizza and pasta dishes
– Provolone dolce; aged 2 months
– Provolone piccante; aged up to six months

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Hard Cheeses
Hard cheeses are most often used for grating
• Asiago
– Sharp and nutty with a cheddar-like flavor; aged 1 year
• Parmigiano-Reggiano
– Made exclusively in the Parma region of Italy; primarily
used for grating, it has a rich, spicy and sharp flavor
• Pecorino Romano
– A goat’s-milk cheese; brittle and sharper than other grating
cheeses, with a “sheepy” tang

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Goat’s-Milk Cheese
• Chèvre
– French for goat, refers to small, soft, creamy cheeses
produced in a variety of shapes
– Often coated with ash, herbs and seasonings

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Processed Cheeses
• Pasteurized processed cheese
– Made from a combination of aged and green cheeses
mixed with emulsifiers and flavorings, pasteurized
and poured into molds
• Processed cheese food
– Contains less natural cheese; often has vegetable oils
and milk solids added
• Imitation cheese
– Manufactured with dairy by-products and soy
products mixed with emulsifiers, coloring and
flavoring agents and enzymes

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Serving Cheese
• Cheese may be served any time of the day
• Best served at room temperature
• Use a variety of shapes and colors for visual appeal
• Use a variety of flavors and textures
• Provide a separate serving knife for each cheese
• Serve with plain bread or crackers
• Non-citrus fruits are a nice accompaniment

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Cooking with Cheese
• Because of its high protein content, cheese can melt into
a tough stringy mass
• Heating can cause cheese to curdle or separate
– Use low temperatures and short cooking times. Do
not boil.
– Grate cheese before stirring into warm sauces/soups.
Keep warm in a bain marie

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