2. THE GREAT WAR BEGINSTHE GREAT WAR BEGINS
Chapter 26: Section 1Chapter 26: Section 1
3. Section 1: The Great WarSection 1: The Great War
BeginsBegins
There were four main causes to WWI:There were four main causes to WWI:
1. Militarism:1. Militarism: glorification of the militaryglorification of the military
cause Massive military buildup.cause Massive military buildup.
2. Alliances:2. Alliances: Countries formed partnerships toCountries formed partnerships to
protect themselves.protect themselves.
3. Imperialism:3. Imperialism: Rival empires seek to keepRival empires seek to keep
power.power.
4. Nationalism:4. Nationalism: Loyalty and devotion to theirLoyalty and devotion to their
country or culture.country or culture.
4. The Triple AllianceThe Triple Alliance
Great powers wereGreat powers were
forming alliances, calledforming alliances, called
ententesententes (nonbinding(nonbinding
agreement to followagreement to follow
common policies), to trycommon policies), to try
to keep peace.to keep peace.
Triple Alliance included:Triple Alliance included:
– GermanyGermany
– Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary
– ItalyItaly
Italy leaves --Will be referred to as
the Central Powers during the war
5. The Triple EntenteThe Triple Entente
The Triple EntenteThe Triple Entente
included:included:
– RussiaRussia
– FranceFrance
– Great BritainGreat Britain
Will be referred to as the Allies during
the war….
6. Other alliancesOther alliances
Germany signed aGermany signed a
treaty with the Ottomantreaty with the Ottoman
empireempire
Britain developsBritain develops
relations with Japanrelations with Japan
7.
8. Overseas CompetitionOverseas Competition
In 1914 EuropeanIn 1914 European
Powers competed toPowers competed to
protect their status.protect their status.
Overseas rivalriesOverseas rivalries
divided them, as theydivided them, as they
fought for newfought for new
colonies in Africa andcolonies in Africa and
elsewhere.elsewhere.
They began to buildThey began to build
their armies andtheir armies and
navies.navies.
9. Rise to MilitarismRise to Militarism
- A rise to militarismA rise to militarism
helped to feed thishelped to feed this
arms race.arms race.
- SensationalSensational
journalism stirred thejournalism stirred the
public against rivalpublic against rival
nationsnations
10. Nationalism vs. NationalismNationalism vs. Nationalism
Germans proud of theirGermans proud of their
military and economicmilitary and economic
powerpower
The French yearned forThe French yearned for
the return of Alsace andthe return of Alsace and
LorraineLorraine
Russia supported aRussia supported a
powerful form ofpowerful form of
nationalism called Pan-nationalism called Pan-
Slavism. This led RussiaSlavism. This led Russia
to support nationalists into support nationalists in
Serbia.Serbia.
11. Nations are ConcernedNations are Concerned
Austria- HungaryAustria- Hungary
worried thatworried that
nationalism mightnationalism might
lead to rebellionslead to rebellions
within its empire.within its empire.
Ottoman Turkey feltOttoman Turkey felt
threatened by nearbythreatened by nearby
new nations in thenew nations in the
Balkans, such asBalkans, such as
Serbia and Greece.Serbia and Greece.
12. Powder KegPowder Keg
Serbia’s dreams of aSerbia’s dreams of a
South Slav stateSouth Slav state
could take land awaycould take land away
from both Austria-from both Austria-
Hungary and Turkey.Hungary and Turkey.
Unrest made theUnrest made the
Balkans a “powderBalkans a “powder
keg.”keg.”
13. The event that triggered the war was theThe event that triggered the war was the
assassination ofassassination of Archduke FranzArchduke Franz
FerdinandFerdinand of Austria-Hungary on Juneof Austria-Hungary on June
28, 1914 in28, 1914 in Sarajevo, BosniaSarajevo, Bosnia ..
14. He was killed byHe was killed by Gavrilo PrincipGavrilo Princip ,,
a member of a terrorista member of a terrorist
organization known as the Blackorganization known as the Black
Hand.Hand.
15. Ultimatum sent to SerbiaUltimatum sent to Serbia
Some AustrianSome Austrian
leaders saw this asleaders saw this as
an opportunity toan opportunity to
crush Serbiancrush Serbian
nationalism.nationalism.
Austria sent Serbia anAustria sent Serbia an
ultimatum, whichultimatum, which
Serbia refused toSerbia refused to
meet completely.meet completely.
16. Domino EffectDomino Effect
Austria-Hungary declared war onAustria-Hungary declared war on SerbiaSerbia
on July 28. Russia had promised that theyon July 28. Russia had promised that they
would protect Serbia, so thenwould protect Serbia, so then GermanyGermany
declared war on Russia as well asdeclared war on Russia as well as
FranceFrance..
19. A NEW KIND OF WARA NEW KIND OF WAR
Chapter 26: Section 2Chapter 26: Section 2
20. Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan
Germany had developed a battle planGermany had developed a battle plan
years earlier called theyears earlier called the Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan ..
It called for German troops to quicklyIt called for German troops to quickly
defeatdefeat FranceFrance in the West and then headin the West and then head
East to fight Russia.East to fight Russia.
The first thing Germany did was to moveThe first thing Germany did was to move
throughthrough BelgiumBelgium, a neutral country,, a neutral country,
which led towhich led to Great BritainGreat Britain declaring wardeclaring war
on Germany.on Germany.
22. Belgian Slows Germany’sBelgian Slows Germany’s
AdvanceAdvance
Millions of French,Millions of French,
British, Russian andBritish, Russian and
German soldiersGerman soldiers
mobilized for battle.mobilized for battle.
German forces foughtGerman forces fought
their way towardstheir way towards
France, but BelgianFrance, but Belgian
resistance foiledresistance foiled
Germany’s plans for aGermany’s plans for a
quick victory.quick victory.
23. TheThe Battle of the MarneBattle of the Marne in Septemberin September
1914, was the beginning of1914, was the beginning of trenchtrench
warfarewarfare..
24. Both sides dugBoth sides dug
trenches along thetrenches along the
battlefront to protectbattlefront to protect
their armies fromtheir armies from
enemy fire.enemy fire.
25. Life in trenches was miserable.Life in trenches was miserable.
Rainstorms produced puddles and thickRainstorms produced puddles and thick
mud andmud and sanitationsanitation was a big problem.was a big problem.
26. Trench FootTrench Foot
Foot inspection by the Medical Officer of
the 12th, East Yorkshire in a support trench
Near Roclincourt, 9 January 1918
27. Dead bodiesDead bodies would often stay there forwould often stay there for
days and lice and rats were alwaysdays and lice and rats were always
around.around.
Sometimes soldiers would goSometimes soldiers would go “over the“over the
top”top” and attack the enemy trench. Manyand attack the enemy trench. Many
soldiers would be cut down bysoldiers would be cut down by machinemachine
gunsguns..
28. The Germans were on their way to ParisThe Germans were on their way to Paris
when the Allies pushed them back. Thewhen the Allies pushed them back. The
Germans and the Allies then dug a seriesGermans and the Allies then dug a series
ofof trenchestrenches and the battle quicklyand the battle quickly
became a stalemate.became a stalemate.
This region became known as theThis region became known as the
Western FrontWestern Front..
29. Modern WarfareModern Warfare
Technology madeTechnology made
World War I differentWorld War I different
from earlier wars.from earlier wars.
New Technology:New Technology:
– TanksTanks
– AirplanesAirplanes
– Modern SubmarinesModern Submarines
– ZeppelinsZeppelins
– Machine GunsMachine Guns
31. Fight for air supremacyFight for air supremacy
Pilots known asPilots known as
“flying aces”“flying aces”
confronted eachconfronted each
other in the skies,other in the skies,
but these “dogbut these “dog
fights” had littlefights” had little
effect on groundeffect on ground
war.war.
32. Battle of the SeasBattle of the Seas
German submarines,German submarines,
called U-boats, didcalled U-boats, did
tremendous damagetremendous damage
to Allied shipping.to Allied shipping.
To defend againstTo defend against
them, the Alliesthem, the Allies
organized convoys, ororganized convoys, or
groups of merchantgroups of merchant
ships protected byships protected by
warships.warships.
33. Poison gasPoison gas was used for the first time. Itwas used for the first time. It
could blind, choke, orcould blind, choke, or burnburn soldiers andsoldiers and
even kill them.even kill them.
Gas masksGas masks were developed as a way towere developed as a way to
combat this. Machine guns came into widecombat this. Machine guns came into wide
use as well as artillery and shells.use as well as artillery and shells.
34. TanksTanks andand airplanesairplanes were used for thewere used for the
first time during WWI. Tanks could crossfirst time during WWI. Tanks could cross
rough terrain and offered some protection.rough terrain and offered some protection.
Aircraft was used forAircraft was used for observationobservation andand
attack.attack.
35. Factories started to produceFactories started to produce militarymilitary
equipment and civilians conserved foodequipment and civilians conserved food
and goods so they could be used by theand goods so they could be used by the
military.military.
36. Russia’s Eastern FrontRussia’s Eastern Front
Eastern Europe’s battleEastern Europe’s battle
lines shifted back andlines shifted back and
forth, sometimes overforth, sometimes over
large areas.large areas.
Casualties rose higherCasualties rose higher
than on the Westernthan on the Western
Front.Front.
Russia was ill-preparedRussia was ill-prepared
for and suffered afor and suffered a
disastrous defeat whendisastrous defeat when
pushing into easternpushing into eastern
Germany.Germany.
37. Other Countries Enter the WarOther Countries Enter the War
In 1915, Italy declaredIn 1915, Italy declared
war on Austria-war on Austria-
Hungary andHungary and
Germany.Germany.
In 1917, the AustriansIn 1917, the Austrians
and Germansand Germans
launched a majorlaunched a major
offensive against theoffensive against the
Italians.Italians.
38. Global ConflictsGlobal Conflicts
World War I was a global conflict.World War I was a global conflict.
– Japan used war to seize outposts in ChinaJapan used war to seize outposts in China
and islands in the Pacific.and islands in the Pacific.
– Ottoman empire joined the Central Powers.Ottoman empire joined the Central Powers.
– Its strategic location enabled it to cut off AlliedIts strategic location enabled it to cut off Allied
supply lines to Russia through thesupply lines to Russia through the
Dardanelles, a vital strait.Dardanelles, a vital strait.
– Arab nationalists revolted against OttomanArab nationalists revolted against Ottoman
rule. British sent T.E. Lawrence, or Lawrencerule. British sent T.E. Lawrence, or Lawrence
of Arabia, to aid the Arabs.of Arabia, to aid the Arabs.
40. WWI WomenWWI Women
World War I= total warWorld War I= total war
Participants fueled allParticipants fueled all
resources into the warresources into the war
effort.effort.
Universal conscriptions orUniversal conscriptions or
“the draft” requiring all“the draft” requiring all
young men to be ready toyoung men to be ready to
fight.fight.
As millions of men left toAs millions of men left to
fight, women took overfight, women took over
their jobs, keepingtheir jobs, keeping
economies running.economies running.
41. British blockades kept ships from carryingBritish blockades kept ships from carrying
other supplies, such as food, in and out ofother supplies, such as food, in and out of
Germany.Germany.
In retaliation German U-boats torpedoedIn retaliation German U-boats torpedoed
the British passenger linerthe British passenger liner LusitaniaLusitania..
43. Governments also censored newspapersGovernments also censored newspapers
and usedand used propagandapropaganda to influenceto influence
people’s opinions.people’s opinions. WomenWomen also started toalso started to
work in factories.work in factories.
44. Battle of Verdun (Feb-Dec 1916):Battle of Verdun (Feb-Dec 1916):
Attack by the Germans in anAttack by the Germans in an
attempt to kill as many Frenchattempt to kill as many French
troops as possible. France wouldtroops as possible. France would
suffersuffer 400,000400,000 casualties. It endedcasualties. It ended
in ain a stalematestalemate..
45. Battle of the Somme (July-NovBattle of the Somme (July-Nov
1916): British launch attack to push1916): British launch attack to push
Germans away from Verdun. TheGermans away from Verdun. The
British would loseBritish would lose 60,00060,000 troopstroops
the first day. Over a million troopsthe first day. Over a million troops
would die in all. The battle alsowould die in all. The battle also
ended in a stalemate.ended in a stalemate.
46. Gallipoli Campaign (April-Dec 1915): TheGallipoli Campaign (April-Dec 1915): The
Allies used theAllies used the DardanellesDardanelles to shipto ship
supplies to Russia. The Allies would givesupplies to Russia. The Allies would give
up afterup after 200,000200,000 troops had been killed.troops had been killed.
47. In late 1914,In late 1914, RussiaRussia launched an attacklaunched an attack
on Turkey where ethnicon Turkey where ethnic ArmeniansArmenians lived.lived.
Ottoman leaders claimed the ArmeniansOttoman leaders claimed the Armenians
were helping the Russians so theywere helping the Russians so they
ordered the removal of Armenians.ordered the removal of Armenians.
600,000 Armenians would die and the600,000 Armenians would die and the
Ottoman Empire would be accused ofOttoman Empire would be accused of
genocidegenocide..
48. Costs of WarCosts of War
As time passed, warAs time passed, war
fatigue set in.fatigue set in.
– Long causality listsLong causality lists
– Food shortagesFood shortages
– Failure to win led toFailure to win led to
peace calls.peace calls.
– Morale plungedMorale plunged
– Russia’s incompetentRussia’s incompetent
generals and corruptiongenerals and corruption
led to Revolution.led to Revolution.
49. United States joins the warUnited States joins the war
Until 1917, the United States had beenUntil 1917, the United States had been
neutral, but that year it declared war onneutral, but that year it declared war on
Germany.Germany.
– Germany’s unrestricted U-boat warfare.Germany’s unrestricted U-boat warfare.
– Americans had cultural ties with Allies.Americans had cultural ties with Allies.
2 million joined Allies on the Western Front.2 million joined Allies on the Western Front.
50. Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note
In February 1917, theIn February 1917, the
Zimmermann NoteZimmermann Note
was discovered. Thiswas discovered. This
proposed thatproposed that
MexicoMexico attack theattack the
United States withUnited States with
German support. ByGerman support. By
April 1917, the U.S.April 1917, the U.S.
entered the war onentered the war on
the Allied side.the Allied side.
51. End of war in sightEnd of war in sight
March 1918, AlliesMarch 1918, Allies
drove back thedrove back the
Germans.Germans.
In September,In September,
German generals toldGerman generals told
the Kaiser that thethe Kaiser that the
war could not won.war could not won.
Kaiser stepped downKaiser stepped down
and new Germanand new German
government soughtgovernment sought
an armistice.an armistice.
53. Costs of WarCosts of War
The human, material,The human, material,
and political costs ofand political costs of
World War I wereWorld War I were
staggering.staggering.
Huge loss of life wasHuge loss of life was
even made worsenedeven made worsened
by the 1918 pandemicby the 1918 pandemic
of influenza.of influenza.
54. More Costs of WWIMore Costs of WWI
From France to Russia…From France to Russia…
– Homes , farms, factories, and roads had beenHomes , farms, factories, and roads had been
bombed to rubble.bombed to rubble.
– Allies blamed the war on their defeated foes.Allies blamed the war on their defeated foes.
– Allies wanted war reparations.Allies wanted war reparations.
– Governments had collapsed in Russia,Governments had collapsed in Russia,
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the OttomanGermany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman
empire.empire.
55. Allies met at the ParisAllies met at the Paris
Peace Conference toPeace Conference to
discuss the fate ofdiscuss the fate of
Europe.Europe.
– Central Powers andCentral Powers and
Russia were notRussia were not
included in the talks.included in the talks.
(Why is Russia left out?)(Why is Russia left out?)
56. Allies DifferencesAllies Differences
Different agendas creates problems:Different agendas creates problems:
– Britain focused on rebuilding Britain.Britain focused on rebuilding Britain.
– The French wanted to punish GermanyThe French wanted to punish Germany
severely.severely.
– American President Wilson wanted to createAmerican President Wilson wanted to create
an international League of Nations.an international League of Nations.
57. Woodrow Wilson hadWoodrow Wilson had
come up with his owncome up with his own
plan for peace calledplan for peace called
thethe FourteenFourteen
PointsPoints..
It called for freedomIt called for freedom
of the seas and forof the seas and for
the right of all peoplethe right of all people
to choose their ownto choose their own
government.government.
58. Fourteen PointsFourteen Points
Woodrow Wilson hadWoodrow Wilson had
come up with his owncome up with his own
plan for peace calledplan for peace called
thethe FourteenFourteen
PointsPoints..
It called for freedomIt called for freedom
of the seas and forof the seas and for
the right of all peoplethe right of all people
to choose their ownto choose their own
government.government.
59. League of NationsLeague of Nations
It also called for aIt also called for a
League of NationsLeague of Nations ,,
a place where alla place where all
countries could meetcountries could meet
to discuss theirto discuss their
differences.differences.
60. Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles
In June of 1919, the AlliesIn June of 1919, the Allies
ordered representatives of theordered representatives of the
new German Republic to signnew German Republic to sign
the Treaty of Versailles.the Treaty of Versailles.
– Germany had to accept fullGermany had to accept full
blame of war.blame of war.
– Germany had to pay hugeGermany had to pay huge
reparations in a very badreparations in a very bad
German economy.German economy.
– Limited the size ofLimited the size of
Germany’s military.Germany’s military.
61. NearlyNearly 9 million9 million
soldiers were killed insoldiers were killed in
battle. 13 millionbattle. 13 million
civilians died and overcivilians died and over
20 million were20 million were
wounded.wounded.
The war cost aboutThe war cost about
$$332 billion332 billion
62. 50 million50 million
more peoplemore people
would die inwould die in
the Spring ofthe Spring of
1918 because1918 because
of a world wideof a world wide
influenzainfluenza
outbreak.outbreak.
64. TheThe BolsheviksBolsheviks were led bywere led by VladimirVladimir
LeninLenin and wanted to make Russia aand wanted to make Russia a
socialist country.socialist country.
65. Economic conditions started to worsen inEconomic conditions started to worsen in
Russia and many people wanted RussiaRussia and many people wanted Russia
to leave WWI by 1917.to leave WWI by 1917.
On March 8, 1917, Russian citizens tookOn March 8, 1917, Russian citizens took
to the streets to protest a lack ofto the streets to protest a lack of foodfood andand
fuel.fuel.
Police would not follow orders to shoot thePolice would not follow orders to shoot the
protesters.protesters.
66. CzarCzar Nicholas IINicholas II ordered the Russianordered the Russian
Duma to disband, which they didn’t. ByDuma to disband, which they didn’t. By
March 15, Nicholas realized that he noMarch 15, Nicholas realized that he no
longer had power over the Russian peoplelonger had power over the Russian people
and he was forced to step down. Aand he was forced to step down. A
provisional government would be put inprovisional government would be put in
place.place.
67. In November 1917,In November 1917, BolshevikBolshevik factoryfactory
workers attacked the government, whichworkers attacked the government, which
caused it to collapse.caused it to collapse.
68. The Bolshevik’sThe Bolshevik’s
controlled Russia andcontrolled Russia and
their leader wastheir leader was
Vladimir Lenin.Vladimir Lenin.
He would establish aHe would establish a
CommunistCommunist
government. Theygovernment. They
would give land towould give land to
Russian peasants.Russian peasants.
69. Russia then signed theRussia then signed the Treaty of Brest-Treaty of Brest-
LitovskLitovsk ending their involvement in WWI.ending their involvement in WWI.
This upset some people because theThis upset some people because the
Russians lost land.Russians lost land.
Two armies fought for control:Two armies fought for control: WhiteWhite
ArmyArmy andand Red ArmyRed Army..
The Bolsheviks would win in late 1920.The Bolsheviks would win in late 1920.
