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Nicha Jiravipapan
CASE CONFERENCE
ï‚ĄCase āļœāļœāļœāļœāļœāļœāļœāļœāļœāļœāļœāļœāļœāļœ
āļœāļœāļœāļœ 83 āļœāļœ
ï‚ĄCC : āļœāļœāļœāļœāļœāļœāļœāļœāļœāļœāļœ 4
āļœāļœāļœāļœāļœāļœāļœ āļœāļœāļœāļœāļœāļœāļœāļœ.
CHIEF COMPLAINT
ï‚Ą4 āļŠāļŠ. āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ. āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āļŠāļŠāļŠ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āļŠāļŠāļŠ
PRESENT ILLNESS
ï‚ĄāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āļŠāļŠāļŠ
ï‚ĄāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
ï‚ĄāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
ï‚ĄāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
PAST HISTORY
ï‚ĄA : can talk, no C-spine tenderness
ï‚ĄB : equal breath sound both lungs, CCT neg
ï‚ĄC : BP 146/60 PR 74, no active bleed
ï‚ĄD : E4V5M6, pupil 3 mmRTLBE
ï‚ĄE : mark swelling , tender at Lt knee, no
ecchymosis , no external wound, no bleeding, limit
ROM due to pain
PRIMARY SURVEY
ï‚ĄA : āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āļŠāļŠ/āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
ï‚ĄM : āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
ï‚ĄP : āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
ï‚ĄL : 6 pm (12 h PTA)
SECONDARY SURVEY
ï‚ĄVital sign : BP 146/60 mmHg, PR 74/min
RR 16/min, T 36.9 C
ï‚ĄGA : A Thai woman,Good consciousness
ï‚ĄHEENT : No pale conjunctivae ,anicteric sclera
ï‚ĄCVS : Normal S1S2 , no murmur
ï‚ĄRS : Equal breath sound, no adventitious sound
ï‚ĄGI : soft ,not tender , liver & spleen not palpable
ï‚ĄCNS : Motor gr. V all
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
ï‚ĄExt :
ï‚ĄLt knee : mark swelling, no deformity, no ecchymosis
, no external wound, no bleeding, tender at Lt knee,
limit ROM due to pain (active, passive) ,DPA 2+ ,PTA
2+
ï‚ĄLt Hip and ankle : not tender, full ROM
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
INVESTIGATION
ï‚ĄFilm Lt knee AP, Lat, Merchant’s view
INVESTIGATION
CLASSIFICATION
ï‚Ą1. Undisplaced āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€ indirect force āđ€āđ€āđ€
retinacular ligament āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€
ï‚Ą2. Transverse āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€ indirect force āđ€āđ€āđ€
retinacular ligament āđ€āđ€āđ€ āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€
āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€ patella fractures
ï‚Ą3. Lower or upper pole āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€ indirect force
āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€
ï‚Ą4. Comminuted āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€ direct force āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€
combined forces
ï‚Ą5. Vertical āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€āđ€ lateral facet āđ€āđ€āđ€ direct
injury
CLASSIFICATION
ï‚ĄPalpable patella defect
ï‚ĄSignificant hemarthrosis
ï‚ĄUnable to perform straight leg raise (failure of
extensor mechanism)
ï‚Ątenderness and swelling around fracture site
ï‚ĄRetinaculum disrupted
SIGN AND SYMPTOM
ï‚ĄāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ patella
āļŦāļŦāļŦ
ï‚Ą1. āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ
āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ preserve
patellar function
ï‚Ą2. āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ quadriceps mechanism āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ
continuity
TREATMENT
ï‚Ą1. displacement āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ stepoff āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ 2 mm
ï‚Ą2. Extensor mechanism āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ
(āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ gravity āļŦāļŦāļŦ
ï‚Ą3. vertical fracture patterns
ï‚Ąknee immobilized in extension (brace or
cylinder cast) and full weight bearing (āļŦāļŦāļŦ
āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ
āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ
āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ quadriceps āļŦāļŦāļŦ retinacular ligament āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ)
āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ 4-6 āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ
ï‚Ąearly active ROM with hinged knee brace
NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT
ï‚Ąpreserve patella whenever possible 
ï‚Ąextensor mechanism failure (unable to perform
straight leg raise)
ï‚Ąopen fractures
ï‚Ąfracture articular displacement >2mm
ï‚Ądisplaced patella fracture >3mm
ï‚Ąpatella sleeve fractures in children
OPERATIVE TREATMENT
ï‚ĄTension band wiring
ï‚ĄāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ
āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ 8
āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ
āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ transverse
fracture āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ
āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ
extensor mechanism āļŦāļŦāļŦ patellar tendon āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ
OPERATIVE TREATMENT
ï‚ĄCirclarge wiring
ï‚ĄāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ
āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ
āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ comminution
āļŦāļŦāļŦ āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ
āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ quadriceps āļŦāļŦāļŦ
āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ
āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ cylender āļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦāļŦ
Operative
treatment
ï‚ĄScrews
ï‚Ąāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
transverse fracture āļāļāļāļ vertical fracture āļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ lag effect (āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ screw āļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ) āļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ circlarge
wiring
Operative treatment
ï‚ĄPatellectomy
ï‚ĄPartial : comminuted superior or inferior pole
fracture measuring <50% patellar height ONLY if
ORIF is not possible 
ï‚ĄTotal : reserved for severe and extensive
comminution
OPERATIVE TREATMENT
ï‚ĄLate osteoarthritic change of
patellofemoral joint
ï‚Ąāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļ fracture site āļāļ
displacement āļāļāļāļ stepoff āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ early degenerative change
COMPLICATION
ï‚ĄPainful retained hardware āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ patella
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ subcutaneous
tissue āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ implant āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ fracture
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ï‚ĄNonunion
ï‚ĄInfect
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COMPLICATION
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