3. Politeness
The
and
Function of
Speech Address
Forms
Linguistic
Politeness in
Different
Cultures
4. The Function of Speech
• Affective (or Social) function
• Referential (or informative)
function
Example:
Fred : “Good morning, James. What a
lovely day.”
James : “Yes, it’s beautiful. So,
How’s your weekend?”
Fred : “It’s very great!”
5. The Function of Speech
• Expressive utterances: express the speaker’s feeling
• Directive utterances: attempt to get someone to do
something
• Referential utterances: provide information
• Metalinguistic utterances: comment on language itself
• Poetic utterances: focus on aesthetic features of
language
• Phatic utterances: express solidarity and empathy with
others
6. Examples…
• Expressive utterances
– I’m happy today.
– I am afraid.
• Directive utterances
– Wash the clothes.
– Could you close the door?
• Referential utterances
– The second presenter will be Mrs.
Hanna.
– Make up speaking class will be held on
Monday at 1 pm.
7. Examples…
• Metalinguistic utterances
– ‘Hegemony’ is not a common word
– ‘Nat’ has to be added by affixes
• Poetic utterances (a poem, an ear-
catching motto, a rhyme)
– Peter piper picked a peck of pickled
peppers
– Bu Lulu nuju udur huntu
• Phatic utterances
– Hi, how are you?
– Lovely day, isn’t it.
9. Addition…
• Commissives: Promises and
threat
– I swear, I’ll do my revenge
– I will kill you soon
• Formatives or Declaration
– And now, I declare you as
husband and wife
10. Directives…
…concern with getting people to do
things…
Examples:
Imperative: Sit down!
Interrogative: Could you sit down?
Declarative: It’d be better you to sit
down.
11. Factors that affect people in
using Directives..
• The social distance between particip
• Relative status
• Formality of the context
12. Example of the Social Distance
Between Participants
Cepat Upin,
nanti kita
lambat!
20. Linguistic Politeness In Different
Cultures
• Miscommunication ..
• Learning another language
• Sociolinguistics assumption
• Acceptance and refusal an
invitation
21. Example of miscommunication based on
cultural differences …
In some villages in Subang, if
someone wants to invite people
to come to the wedding
ceremony, she/he uses
cigarettes as an invitation.
If someone gets an expensive
cigarette, it means that she/he
has to give much money to the
hostess and vice versa.
22. (Batavia Example.. (Sundanes
e)
n)
“Bade ka
“Heh bumi Pa
Takrim, Haji
mo pegi Kardun,
kemane aya
lu?” kaperyogia
n”
23. Example of linguistic politeness …
In Karawang, if there is a wedding
ceremony, the goods from the bridegroom
are mentioned and the lists of price are also
mentioned.
If we come from outside of Karawang
which have different culture we automatically
think that culture is impolite because
mentioning the goods and the price are
unusual things.