Cement properties , classification,manufacturing,raw material of cement ,different kind of cement .use of cement

1. KHULNA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING
&
TECHNOLOGY
CE 2100
DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION-1
COURSE TEACHERS :

2. WELCOME
TO OUR PRESENTATION
ON
Cement

3. MEMBERS OF GROUP # B-1
1.Firoz Mahmud(1301063)
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4. Definition of Cement :
• A cement is a binder, a substance that sets and
hardens and can bind other materials together.
• The word "cement" can be traced back to the Roman
term opus caementicium , used to describe masonry
resembling modern concrete that was made from
crushed rock with burnt lime as binder.

5. Properties of Cement :
• Provides strength to masonry.
• Stiffens or hardens early.
• Possesses good plasticity.
• An excellent binding material.
• Easily workable.
• Good moisture-resistant.

6. Cement
Natural Cement Artificial Cement
Portland Cement Special Cement

7. Portland Cement
Ordinary Portland cement
Modified Portland Cement
Rapid Hardening Portland Cement
Low Heat Portland Cement
Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement
Water-repellent Portland Cement
Water-proof Portland Cement

8. Special Cement
High Alumina Cement
Blast Furnace Cement
Quick Setting Cement
Calcium Chloride Cement
White Cement
Colored Cement
Expanding Cement
Super Sulphate Cement
Masonry Cement

9. Composition of Portland Cement
Constituents Oxide composition Abbreviation Percent composition
Tri-calcium Silicate 3CaO.SiO3 C3S 45 to 55
Di-Calcium Silicate 2CaO.SiO3 C2S 20 to 30
Tri-Calcium Silicate 3CaO.Al2O3 C3A 9to 13
Tetra-Calcium
Aluminoferrite
4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 C4AF 8to20
Calcium Sulphate CaSO4 2 to 6
Other compounds 2 to 8

10. Natural Cement :
This types of cement can be obtained by burning limestone containing
20-40% clay and crushing it to powder.
Example-Rosendale Cement.
Natural Cement Natural Cement

11. Artificial Cement:
• A mixture of calcareous (containing lime ) & argillaceous ( containing
clay) material.
Artificial Cement

12. Ordinary Portland Cement
• Developed from other types of hydraulic lime in
England in the mid 19th century.
• Basic ingredient of concrete, mortar.
• Originates from limestone.

13. Ordinary Portland Cement

14. Modified Portland Cement
• Used in general construction where moderate heat of
hydration is required.
• Developed in USA to reduce the disadvantage like very
low early strength.
• Recommended where moderate sulfate may occur.

15. Modified Portland Cement

16. Rapid Hardening Portland Cement
• Containing higher tri- calcium silicate (C3S) content &
finer grinding
• Gains strength more quickly than OPC
• Also known as High-Early Strength Portland Cement
• Applicable for cold weather concreting

17. Rapid Hardening Portland Cement

18. Low Heat Portland Cement
• Has excellent performances like high final strength
,sulfate corrosion resistant.
• Has low water requirement & high lasting properties
• Has high fluidity & good volume stabilization
• Necessary for marine concrete
• Not allowed to be used in heat position

19. Low Heat Portland Cement

20. Sulfate Resistant Portland Cement
• Moderately lower heat of hydration
• High sulphate resistance
• Used where concrete is exposed to soils high in sulfate
content
• Not resistant to acids & other highly corrosive
substances

21. Sulfate Resistant Portland Cement

22. Water- Repellent Cement
• Has greater frost resistance
• Has imperviousness to water than ordinary cement
• Containing the power to minimize the hygroscopicity
of cement

23. Water- Repellent Cement

24. Water-Proof Portland Cement
• Prepared by mixing with ordinary or rapid hardening
cements , a small percentage of some metal stearate
(Ca , Al , etc.) at the time of grinding
• More resistant to penetration by water and some oils
than that made from OPC
• Adequately resistant to the corrosive action of acids
and alkalies.

25. Water-Proof Portland Cement

26. High Alumina Cement
• Rapid hardening cement of chocolate colour.
• Manufactured from Bauxite and limestone in special
reverberatory containing 35% of Alumina
• Resists the action of acid and high temperature
• Does not expand on setting

27. High Alumina Cement

28. Blast Furnace Slag Cement
• Made by inter grinding Portland Cement clinker.
• Has lower evolution of heat
• More resistant to attack weathering agencies
• Cheaper than OPC
• Colour is blackish Grey

29. Blast Furnace Slag Cement

30. Quick Setting Cement
• Contains less percentage of gypsum
• Costlier than OPC
• Initial and Final Setting Times are 5 minutes and 30
minutes respectively.
• Due to quick setting it is used under water or running
water

31. Quick Setting Cement

32. White Cement
• Made from raw material containing very little iron
oxide & manganese oxide
• Dries quickly & possesses high strength
• Has superior aesthetic values
• Should not set earlier than 30 minutes

33. White Cement

34. Colored Cement
• Prepared by adding 5 to 15% of suitable coloring
pigment before the cement is finally grounded.
• Also known as “Colourcrete”
• Much costlier than OPC
• Widely used for fishing floors , external surfaces etc

35. Colored Cement

36. Expanding Cement
• Produced by adding an expanding medium like
sulpho-aluminate & a stabilizing agent to the ordinary
cement
• Expands whereas other Cements Shrink
• Used for construction of water retaining Structures.
• Employed for repairing the damaged concrete
surfaces

37. Expanding Cement

38. Super Sulphate Cement
•Highly resistant to sea water
•Offers resistance to peaty acids
•Used in variety of aggressive conditions like
marine work,mass concrete jobs etc
•Should not be mixed with other cements

39. Super Sulphate Cement

40. Masonry Cement
• Prepared by intergrinding a mixture of Portland
cement clinker with inert materials.
• Initial and final setting times are 90 minutes and 24
hours respectively.
• Compressive strength is 2.5 N/m𝑚2
for 7 days.
• Much costlier than ordinary cement.

41. Masonry Cement

42. Manufacture Of Portland Cement
There are Two Process Employed for the Manufacture
of Cement
Wet Process
Dry process

43. Raw Material of Portland Cement
Calcium Silicon Aluminum Iron
Limestone Clay Clay Clay
Marl Marl Shale Iron ore
Calcite Sand Fly ash Mill scale
Aragonite Shale Aluminum ore refuse Shale
Shale Fly ash Blast furnace dust
Sea Shells Rice hull ash
Cement kiln dust Slag

44. Wet process of manufacturing of Cement
The manufacture of cement is a very carefully regulated
process comprising the following stages:
• Quarrying - a mixture of limestone and clay.
•Grinding - the limestone and clay with water to form a
slurry.
• Burning - the slurry to a very high temperature in a
kiln, to produce clinker.
• Grinding - the clinker with about 5% gypsum to make
cement.

45. Flow Chart of Wet Process

46. Diagrammatic Representation

47. Dry Process of Manufacturing Cement
• The raw materials is so hard (solid) that they do not
disintegrate by water.
• Cold countries, because the water might freeze in the
mixture.
• Shortage of the water needed for mixing process.

48. Flow chart of dry process :

49. Diagammatic representation

50. Testing of Portland Cement :
1.Fineness test
2.Soundness test
3.Setting time test
4.Strength tests
I. Compressive strength test
II. Tensile strength test
III.Flexural strength test

51. 5 . Specific gravity test
6 . Consistency test
7 . Heat of hydration test
8 . Loss of ignition test

52. Procedure to determine fineness test of cement
I) Weigh approximately 10g of cement to the nearest 0.01g and place it
on the sieve.
ii) Agitate the sieve by swirling, planetary and linear movements, until
no more fine material passes through it.
iii) Weigh the residue and express its mass as a percentage R1,of the
quantity first placed on the sieve to the nearest 0.1 percent.
iv) Gently brush all the fine material off the base of the sieve.
v) Repeat the whole procedure using a fresh 10g sample to obtain R2.
Then calculate R as the mean of R1 and R2 as a percentage, expressed
to the nearest 0.1 percent. When the results differ by more than 1
percent absolute, carry out a third sieving and calculate the mean of
the three values.

53. Fineness test of cement

54. Procedure to determine soundness test of cement
I) Place the mold on a glass sheet and fill it with the cement
paste formed by gauging cement with 0.78 times the water
required to give a paste of standard consistency.
ii) Cover the mold with another piece of glass sheet, place a
small weight on this covering glass sheet and immediately
submerge the whole assembly in water at a temperature of 27
± 2oC and keep it there for 24hrs.
iii) Measure the distance separating the indicator points to the
nearest 0.5mm (say d1 ).
iv) Remove the mold from the water, allow it to cool and
measure the distance between the indicator points (say d2 ).
v) (d2 – d1 ) represents the expansion of cement.

55. Soundness test of cement

56. Procedure of Setting time test of Cement :
• Take 400 g of cement and place it in the enameled tray.
• Mix about 25% water by weight of dry cement thoroughly to get a cement paste.
Total time taken to obtain thoroughly mixed water cement paste i.e. “Gauging
time” should not be more than 3 to 5 minutes.
• Fill the vicat mould, resting upon a glass plate, with this cement paste.
• After filling the mould completely, smoothen the surface of the paste, making it
level with top of the mould.
• Place the whole assembly(i.e. mould + cement paste + glass plate) under the rod
bearing plunger.
• Lower the plunger gently so as to touch the surface of the test block and quickly
release the plunger allowing it to sink into the paste.
• Measure the depth of penetration and record it.
• Prepare trial pastes with varying percentages of water content and follow the
steps (2 to 7) as described above, until the depth of penetration becomes 33 to
35 mm

57. Calculate percentage of water (P) by weight of dry cement
required to prepare cement paste of standard consistency by
following formula, and express it to the first place of decimal.
Where,
W=Quantity of water added
C=Quantity of cement used

58. Setting time test of Cement

59. Strength tests of Cement :
• Where,
• P=Maximum load applied to the cube. (N)
• A=Cross sectional area (Calculated from the mean dimensions) (mm2)
• Compressive strength is reported to the nearest 0.5 N/mm2.
• Specimens that are manifestly faulty, or that give strengths differing
by more than 10% from the average value of all the test specimen
should not be considered.
• Test three cubes for compressive strength for each period of curing.

60. Compressive Stength test:

62. Tensile strength test of cement:

63. Procedure of Specific gravity test of cement:
• Dry the Le-chatelier flask and fill with kerosene oil or Naptha to a point on the
stem between 0 and 1 ml.
• Dry the inside of the flask above the level of the liquid.
• Immerse the flask in a constant temp water bath maintained at room temp for
sufficient time.
• Record the level of the kerosene oil in the flask as initial reading.
• Introduce about 60 g of cement into the flask so that the level of kerosene rises
to about say 22 ml mark. Splashing should be avoided and cement should not be
allowed to adhere to the sides of the flask above the liquid.
• Insert the glass nipple into the flask and roll it gently in an inclined position to
free the cement from air until no further air bubble rises to the surface of the
liquid.
• Keep the flask again in constant temp water bath and note down the new liquid
level as final reading.

64. Calculation
•The difference between the first and final readings
represents the volume of liquid displaced by the mass of
cement used in test.
•The density is calculated as per the below mentioned
formula to the second place of decimal

65. Specific gravity test of cement

66. Specific gravity test of cement

67. Heat of hydration test of Cement :

68. Loss of ignition test of cement :

69. Consistency test of Cement

70. Uses of Cement
1.It is used in mortar for plastering, masonry work,
pointing, etc.
2.It is used for making joints for drains and pipes.
3.It is used for water tightness of structure.
4.It is used in concrete for laying floors, roofs and
constructing lintels, beams, stairs, pillars etc.
5.It is used where hard surface is required for the
protection of exposed surfaces of structures against
the destructive agents of the weather and certain
organic or inorganic chemicals.

71. 6.It is used for precast pipes manufacturing, piles,
fencing posts etc.
7.It is used in the construction of important
engineering structures such as bridges, culverts, dams,
tunnels, light houses etc.
8.It is used in the preparation of foundations, water
tight floors, footpaths etc.
9.It is employed for the construction of wells, water
tanks, tennis courts, lamp posts, telephone cabins,
roads etc.

72. Uses of Cement

74. Conclusion:
Cement is a fine powder which sets after a few
hours when mixed with water, and then hardens
in a few days into a solid, strong material.
Cement is mainly used to bind fine sand and
coarse aggregates together in concrete