Relatorio_Estagio_Filipa

Departamento de Biologia Animal
Araneofauna (Arachnida: Araneae) do Parque
Natural da Serra de São Mamede: Faunística e
Métodos de Avaliação de Riqueza Específica
Ana Filipa Vieira de Jesus Gouveia
Estágio Profissionalizante da Licenciatura em Biologia Aplicada
aos Recursos Animais, variante Terrestres
Orientador:
Prof. Doutor Artur Serrano
DBA/FCUL
2004

NOTA INTRODUTÓRIA
Este estudo surgiu no seguimento do projecto “Inventariação e Caracterização da Entomofauna
de Coleópteros” realizado no Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede. Este projecto, da
responsabilidade do Professor Doutor Artur Serrano, tal como o presente trabalho pretenderam
contribuir para um melhor conhecimento da fauna de artrópodes do nosso país e da sua ecologia.
Os dados resultantes deste trabalho já foram apresentados sob a forma de três comunicações nas
recentes “V Jornadas Ibéricas de Aracnologia” que se realizaram em Múrcia (Espanha) no início
deste mês de Outubro. Foram elas: “Aranhas do Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede”,
“Variação temporal da comunidade de aranhas da Serra de São Mamede” e “El género
Harpactocrates (Araneae: Dysderidae) en Portugal”.
Aqui o trabalho será apresentado sob a forma de três artigos científicos, seguindo as normas da
revista Portugaliae Zoologica e o regulamento de estágios de licenciatura do Departamento de
Biologia Animal. Oportunamente estes artigos serão submetidos para publicação.

AGRADECIMENTOS
Ao Prof. Doutor Artur Serrano por ter aceite a proposta de realização deste trabalho pondo à
minha disposição todo o material recolhido aquando da execução do projecto, pelo interesse e apoio
manifestados, tanto no relativamente a este estudo como em questões de âmbito profissional.
Ao Pedro Cardoso, por ter aceite ajudar-me neste trabalho, pois sem ele teria sido muito difícil
chegar a este ponto. Pela ajuda tanto científica como na redacção deste trabalho.
Ao Nuno Oliveira, pela sua amizade, pelos bons momentos passados no laboratório e pela sua
disponibilidade em me ajudar sempre que precisei assim como nas sugestões durante a redacção
deste relatório. Obrigado também pelo apoio que está e continuará a prestar daqui em diante como
colega de trabalho.
Ao Doutor Miguél-Angel Ferrández pelo tempo que disponibilizou para identificar alguns
espécimens e pela oportunidade de elaborar consigo um trabalho em co-autoria.
Ao Israel Silva, pelo seu companheirismo durante as viagens até ao Alentejo e todos os dias no
laboratório.
A todas as pessoas do Laboratório de Entomologia, pela amizade com que me acolheram e me
fizeram sentir parte deste grupo. Um agradecimento especial à Carla, ao Mário e ao Carlos pela sua
amizade e pelos conhecimentos partilhados.
Aos futuros aracnólogos de Portugal pelos divertidos momentos que passamos juntos: Ricardo
Ramos da Silva, Pedro Sousa, Luís Carlos Pereira e Sérgio Henriques.
A todos os meus Amigos, da faculdade e não só, por sempre ter sentido o seu apoio e pelo bons
momentos que proporcionaram ao longo destes anos. Principalmente, à Catarina, à Ana Guerra, à
Elisa Barreto, à Inês Morte e à Inês Farias pelos momentos de descontracção e diversão que
partilhamos.
Ao meu pai, pois é ele o principal responsável pelo gosto que tenho por esta carreira. Se não
tivesses sido tu provavelmente não estaria aqui agora.

À minha mãe, por mesmo nos momentos de maior stress me ter apoiado e nunca ter duvidado
do meu trabalho, mesmo que às vezes não o compreenda.
À minha querida avó, pela simpática companhia ao longo da minha vida e especialmente
enquanto escrevi este trabalho.
Ao Fernando, por estar sempre presente e por tudo aquilo que é e representa para mim.
A todos estes, e a muitas outras pessoas que, de alguma forma, sempre me apoiaram e
contribuiram para que este trabalho se tornasse possível, o mais sincero obrigada!

ÍNDICE
Introdução Geral ..................................................................................................................................1
A Check-List of the spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of “Serra de São Mamede” Natural Park
(Portugal) .............................................................................................................................................3
Introduction....................................................................................................................................3
Material and Methods ....................................................................................................................4
Results............................................................................................................................................5
Spider community through time in “Serra de São Mamede” Natural Park (Portugal)......................33
Introduction..................................................................................................................................33
Material and Methods ..................................................................................................................34
Study area ..............................................................................................................................34
Sampling methods..................................................................................................................34
Data analysis .........................................................................................................................35
Results..........................................................................................................................................35
Discussion....................................................................................................................................36
Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................37
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................37
Higher taxa surrogates of spiders (Araneae) diversity: A case-study................................................39
Introduction..................................................................................................................................39
Material and Methods ..................................................................................................................40
Study area ..............................................................................................................................40
Sampling methods..................................................................................................................40
Data analysis .........................................................................................................................40
Results..........................................................................................................................................41
Discussion....................................................................................................................................42
Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................42
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................43
Conclusões Gerais..............................................................................................................................45
Bibliografia Citada.............................................................................................................................46
Appendix............................................................................................................................................48

1
INTRODUÇÃO GERAL
A Conservação da Biodiversidade é um assunto que está na ordem do dia. As medidas para a
sua protecção e travagem do seu declínio têm vindo a ocorrer com alguma premência, quer a nível
mundial e europeu, como até mesmo a nível nacional, como por exemplo a Agenda 2000 (European
Commission, 1999), EEA Signals 2004 or Malahide Conference (Presidency of European Union,
2004).
Mas para se poder conservar e gerir a Biodiversidade, antes de tudo há que conhecê-la. Se para
os grupos de animais superiores e plantas o conhecimento é exaustivo, no que diz respeito aos gru-
pos megadiversos (e.g. Arachnida, Insecta) muito há ainda por conhecer. Nestes grupos dos “esque-
cidos” as aranhas são talvez um sobre o qual menos se sabe, nomeadamente em Portugal. Neste país
o seu o estu-do esteve votado ao esquecimento em Portugal durante meio século. Desde os trabalhos
de Bacelar (e.g. 1927a, 1927b, 1928, 1933, 1935, 1940) e Machado (e.g. 1937, 1941, 1949) pouco
se deu a conhe-cer sobre a aracnofauna portuguesa. Em 1998 Cardoso e Nobre retomaram a investi-
gação da fauna araneológica, abrindo as portas para que um grupo crescente de estudantes se dedica
a estes animais.
Este trabalho tenta ser mais um contributo para o conhecimento da aracnofauna portuguesa,
especialmente porque foi realizado numa região – Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede
(PNSSM) – da qual nada se conhecia. Sem surpresa, todos os elementos encontrados constituíram
novidades faunísticas para a mesma.
No entanto, só o conhecimento qualitativo da Biodiversidade não é suficiente. Esta pode tam-
bém ser quantificada. O número de espécies e as suas abundâncias relativas são duas das medidas
clássicas de descrição de comunidades (e.g. Magurran, 1988). Assim sendo, estas medidas são usa-
das para estabelecer planos de conservação e gestão dos recursos naturais (Sorensen et al., 2002).
Para que estes planos sejam realizados em tempo útil e com gastos de recursos humanos, financei-
ros e temporais reduzidos, as metodologias de avaliação da Biodiversidade deverão ser criteriosa-
mente planificadas (Oliver & Beattie, 1996; Duelli, 1997; Duelli et al., 1999; Finn et al., 1999; Nor-
ris, 1999; Heikkinen, 2002; Hobohm, 2003). Desta forma, novos protocolos de amostragem e moni-
torização têm sido concebidos de forma a determinar a riqueza específica de um local num determi-
nado intervalo de tempo (Relys et al., 2002; Sorensen et al., 2002).
Para além da optimização dos períodos de amostragem também se tem sugerido a realização de
avaliações de Biodiversidade com base em taxa superiores (e.g. Gaston & Williams, 1993; Borges
et al., 2002; Wilkie et al., 2003; Cardoso et al., 2004). Com este tipo de avaliação os resultados ob-
tidos são de grande fiabilidade sem ser fundamental a consulta de especialistas, o que contribui para
a redução do consumo de recursos, tanto monetários como de tempo.

2
Assim, este trabalho tem como principais objectivos:
• Ampliar o conhecimento da fauna de aranhas (Arachnida: Araneae) de Portugal;
• Analisar qual o melhor período para amostrar aranhas na área do PNSSM;
• Testar o uso de taxa superiores na avaliação de riqueza específica.

3
A CHECKLIST OF THE SPIDERS (ARACHNIDA, ARANEAE) OF “SERRA DE SÃO
MAMEDE” NATURAL PARK (PORTUGAL)
A.F. GOUVEIA, P. CARDOSO, A.R.M. SERRANO
Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de
Lisboa. Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
ABSTRACT: The aim of this work is to give a list of all the species that were captured during standardized
fieldwork done at “Serra de São Mamede” Natural Park (Portugal). Moreover the reference to each species,
is complemented with some general remarks, its geographic distribution, previous citations for Portugal, and
the new localities added to its known national distribution. A total of 5,416 specimens, from 140 morphospe-
cies, were sampled in the study areas. From these, 1,124 were males, 822 females and 3,470 juveniles. All
the species are new to this protected area, which puts in evidence the lack of knowledge about this group in
Portugal.
RESUMO: Neste trabalho pretende-se apresentar uma lista de todas espécies que foram capturadas durante
trabalho de campo padronizado efectuado no Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede (Portugal). Para além
da citação de cada espécie, essa informação é complementada com algumas notas sobre a mesma, sua distri-
buição geográfica, citações prévias para Portugal e os locais adicionados à sua distribuição nacional conheci-
da. Foram recolhidos um total de 5.416 indivíduos distribuídos por 140 morfoespécies, dos quais 1.124 eram
machos, 822 fêmeas e 3.470 juvenis. Todas as espécies constituíram novidades faunísticas para esta Área
Protegida, o que coloca em evidência a falta de conhecimento que existe sobre este grupo em Portugal.
INTRODUCTION
The known spider fauna includes 3,565 genera and 38,663 species described all over the world
(Platnick, 2004). In the Iberian Peninsula 334 genera and 1,210 species of spiders are reported (Bar-
rientos, 2003).
In Portugal, the knowledge of spider fauna is very scarce. Nevertheless, Portugal has potential
conditions to show one of the Europe’s richest faunas due to its ecologically diverse mosaic type
landscapes. The study of Portuguese spiders had its peak in the second decade of the 20th century
by the hands of Bacelar (e.g. 1927a, 1927b, 1928, 1933, 1935, 1940), and Machado (e.g. 1937,
1941, 1949). Fortunately in the last decade the Portuguese spiders were put back into evidence
thanks to an emerging group of students. At present, the current number of species reported to Por-
tugal is close to 700 (Alderweireldt & Bosmans, 2001; Cardoso, 2003; Telfer et al., 2003). How-
ever, further work is still needed, to achieve the real number of species that probably is much
higher.
The main aim of this work is to increase our faunistic knowledge in what concerns to spiders
presence and distribution, particularly in the “Serra de São Mamede” Natural Park.

4
Figure 1 – Study areas in
“Serra de São Mamede”
Natural Park (black dots).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
All the specimens were collected in “Serra de São Mamede” Natural
Park (PNSSM – Portugal) (Fig. 1) from March 2000 to March 2002. Two
different sampling methods were used. One was sweeping with a sweep-
net on the arboreal and herbaceous stratus. The other method was pitfall
trapping and as fieldwork was primarily directed to ground dwelling
beetles the preservative solution was Turquin. All the samples were pre-
served in ethanol (70%) with 4% glycerine.
Three sampling stations were established, each one corresponding to a
different habitat and altitude (Table I). Sweeping was performed once a
month in each station with a 53cm diameter sweep-net. Each sampling
had 10 sessions of 5 sweeps. Eight pitfall traps with 9cm diameter were placed at each station and
samples were collected every two weeks.
The species were identified using several identification keys (Simon, 1914, 1926, 1929, 1932,
1937; Roberts, 1985, 1987, 1995; Barrientos, 2003), and classified according to the nomenclature of
Platnick (2004). Some of the morphospecies still lack positive identification due to unindentifiable
features or disagree with the author’s description. This may eventually be proven to be undescribed
species.
Some remarks, geographic distribution, previous citations for Portugal and new localities added
to its known Portuguese distribution are given for each species.
The complete faunistic data for each species, including the localities, sampling period and used
sampling method, are presented in Appendix 1.
Table I – Details of sampling sites: codes, locations, type of habitat and main vegetation, altitude and Universal
Transverse Mercator square (10x10km)
Code Location Habitat (Vegetation) Altitude (m) UTM
PES Porto de Espada
(Marvão)
Olive groove (Olea europaea, Bellis sylvestris, Carduus
tenuiflorus, Cistus spp, Daphne gnidium, Helichrysum
stoechas, Lavandula sampaioana, Origanum virens,
Salvia verbenaca, Silybum marianum)
760 29SPD45
SSM Serra São Mamede
(Portalegre)
Pine forest (Pinus pinaster,Cistus spp, Cytisus striatus,
Digitalis thapsi, Erica spp, Halimium ocymoides,
Phillyrea angustifolia)
1025 29SPD45
VLM Vale Mouro
(Alegrete)
“Montado” (Quercus suber, Calluna vulgaris,
Chamaespartium tridentatum, Cistus spp, Erica spp,
Genista triacanthos, Lavandula luisieri, Halimium
ocymoides)
434 29SPD44

5
RESULTS
A total of 5,416 specimens, from 140 species or morphospecies, were sampled. Of these, 1,124
were males, 822 females and 3,470 juveniles. The remaining 91 were unidentifiable specimens and
were not considered. Seventy one species were identified for PES, 60 for SSM, and 74 for VLM.
During the study one species was added to Iberian fauna (Clubiona reclusa), to Portuguese
fauna were added three genera (Agyneta, Entelecara and Gongylidium) and four species (Agyneta
subtilis, Drassodes cupreus, Philodromus longipalpis and P. praedatus). It also was added a new
species to Dysderidae family, Harpactocrates machadoi.
Species assemblage
SUBORDER THERAPHOSOMORPHAE
Family Nemesiidae Simon, 1892
Nemesia spp.
Nemesia is the dominant trapdoor spider genus in southern Europe (Decae, 1995). Twenty spe-
cies were reported in Iberian Peninsula and 10 in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso, 2003). DIS-
TRIBUTION: Southern Europe, Northern Africa and China (Raven, 1985). NEW LOCALITIES: PES,
SSM and VLM.
SUBORDER ARANEOMORPHAE
Family Scytodidae Blackwall, 1852
Scytodes velutina Heineken & Lowe, 1832
The spiders of genus Scytodes are called the “spiting spiders” and they have a characteristic
appearance. There is no web and the female carries her bundle of eggs under the body (Roberts,
1995). DISTRIBUTION: Mediterranean Region and Cape Verde Islands (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CI-
TATIONS: Coimbra (Bacelar, 1927a); Lisboa (Karsch, 1893 in Bacelar, 1928); Algodôr, Algozinho,
Barca d’Alva, Braciais, Cerro das Antenas, Corredoura, Limas, Mértola, Palão, São Domingos, Va-
le Garcia (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Family Dysderidae C.L.Koch, 1837
Dysdera spp.
This genus is the most diverse of the family Dysderidae. Dysdera is very specious in the Iberian
Peninsula (29 species) and is possible that a lot of species are not yet described. The number of en-
demic species is very high (Ferrández, 1985, 1996). These spiders wander during the night and
during daytime they hide in their silken nests in which the females also lay their eggs (Jones, 1985;

6
Roberts, 1995). Thirty species were reported in Iberian Peninsula and 11 in Portugal (Barrientos,
2003; Cardoso, 2003). DISTRIBUTION: Mediterranean Region (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES:
PES, SSM and VLM.
Harpactea spp.
Like in Dysdera, the high diversity of this genus (16 species) may lead to a large number of un-
described species in the Iberian Peninsula. They behave like Dysdera species, but are smaller than
these (Ferrández, 1985; Jones, 1985). Seven species were reported in Portugal (Cardoso, 2003). DIS-
TRIBUTION: Mediterranean Region (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: PES, SSM and VLM.
Harpactocrates machadoi n. sp.
Species from this genus are found in the higher altitudes of the Mediterranean Region (Fer-
rández, 1986). Usually are found under stones and inside trees (Jones, 1985). This new species is
added to this Mediterranean genus (Ferrández & Gouveia, In prep.). DISTRIBUTION: “Serra de São
Mamede”. NEW LOCALITIES: PES and SMM.
Family Oonopidae Simon, 1892
Oonops sp.
Spiders of Oonops are small and pink and have a highly characteristic way of walking. They are
nocturnal wanderers and spend the daytime in a loose silken cell where the eggs are laid (Roberts,
1995). Five were reported in Iberian Peninsula and 3 in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso, 2003).
DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Family Palpimanidae Thorell, 1870
Palpimanus gibbulus Dufour, 1820
It is found under stones in arid areas, with its cribellate web (Jones, 1985). DISTRIBUTION: Me-
diterranean Region and Central Asia (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Barro (Kulczynski,
1909 in Bacelar, 1928); Coimbra, Sines (Bacelar, 1928, 1935); Monsanto (Bacelar, 1935); Sintra
(Schenkel, 1938); Cerro das Antenas, Corredoura, Mértola, Limas, Palão, Santo António, São Do-
mingos, Vale Garcia (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: VLM.
Family Uloboridae Thorell, 1869
Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille, 1806
Spins a horizontal orb web on low plants, particularly heather. The spider hangs below its web
in a band of silk that runs across it (Jones, 1985; Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Paleartic Region
(Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Coimbra (Karsch, 1893 in Bacelar, 1928); S. Mamede de
Recezinhos (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1928); Arruda dos Vinhos (Bacelar, 1927a); Guarda, S. Mar-

7
tinho de Anta (Bacelar, 1928); Reguengos de Monsaraz (Nobre, 1998); Algozinho, Palão, Paúl do
Boquilobo, Picote (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: SSM.
Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833
Anelosimus aulicus (C. L. Koch, 1838)
Spiders are found on low plants and bushes, particularly gorse. The egg sac is circular and with
three spots (Jones, 1985; Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands to
Azerbeijan (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Foz do Douro (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1928); S.
Mamede de Recezinhos (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1929); Senhora da Hora (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar,
1930); Valongo (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1931); S. Martinho de Anta (Bacelar, 1928); Mira (Bace-
lar, 1940); Mértola, Paúl do Boquilobo (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: VLM.
Enoplognatha sp.
The commonest species of this genus live in vegetation, other in ground level (Roberts, 1995).
Fifteen species were reported in Iberian Peninsula and 7 in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso,
2003). DISTRIBUTION: Holoarctic Region (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: VLM.
Enoplognatha thoracica (Hahn, 1833)
It is found under stones and detritus in a variety of habitats, including woodland and heathland
(Jones, 1985; Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Holarctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITA-
TIONS: S. Pedro da Cova, Serra de Minde (Machado, 1949); Corredoura, Limas (Cardoso, Sub.).
NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Euryopis episinoides (Walckenaer, 1847)
The knowledge about this genus is sparse but is thought that its species do not build hunting
webs. Instead, they hunt actively and feed on ants and other small arthropods (Jones, 1985). DISTRI-
BUTION: Mediterranean Region and China (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Algarve (Simon,
1881 in Bacelar, 1928; Bacelar, 1928); Coimbra (Bertkau, 1893 in Bacelar, 1928); Fagilde, Figuei-
ra de Foz (Bacelar, 1933); Limas, Mértola, Moreanes (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Paidiscura pallens (Blackwall, 1834)
They live on low vegetation, bushes and the lower branches of trees. The female builds white
egg sacs which carry several pointed projections and are guarded amongst a few threads under the
shelter of a leaf (Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Europe and Russia (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CI-
TATIONS: Coimbra (Bertkau, 1893 in Bacelar, 1928); S. Mamede de Recezinhos (Simon, 1898 in
Bacelar, 1928); Valdera, Coutada da Areia, Aviz (Bacelar, 1940); Reguengos de Monsaraz (Nobre,
1998); Fonte d’Aldeia, Paúl do Boquilobo (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES and VLM.

8
Simitidion simile (C. L. Koch, 1836)
It lives on gorse bushes, heather and other vegetation (Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Holarctic
Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Coimbra (Bertkau, 1893 in Bacelar, 1928); Figueira
da Foz (Bacelar, 1928); Barca d’Alva, Constantim, Freixiosa, Palão, Paúl do Boquilobo, Picote,
Mértola, Tó, Vila Chã da Braciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES and VLM.
Theridion impressum L. Koch, 1881
These spiders build webs on bushes and low vegetation. The retreat, near the top of the web, is
covered with bits of vegetation and prey remains. The greenish-blue egg sac is guarded by the fe-
male, which later feeds the young by regurgitation and shares large prey items with them (Jones,
1985). DISTRIBUTION: Holarctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Undetermined in
Portugal (Simon, 1914; Bacelar, 1928). NEW LOCALITIES: VLM.
Theridion melanurum Hahn, 1831
Usually found on vegetation away from houses. DISTRIBUTION: Holarctic Region and the Azores
Islands (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Coimbra (Bertkau, 1893 in Bacelar, 1928); S. Mame-
de de Recezinhos (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1927b; Bacelar, 1928); Lisboa, S. Martinho da Anta
(Bacelar, 1927b); Reguengos de Monsaraz (Nobre, 1998); Paúl do Boquilobo (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW
LOCALITIES: VLM.
Theridion nigropunctatum Lucas, 1846
The species spins webs of criss-cross strands which may be on bushes and trees and in low ve-
getation. DISTRIBUTION: Mediterranean Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Guarda (Ba-
celar, 1928, 1933); Sintra (Bacelar, 1933; Schenkel, 1938); Constantim, Mazouco, Mértola, Paúl do
Boquilobo (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: SSM.
Family Linyphiidae Blackwall, 1859
Agyneta subtilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1863)
This is the first time that this species and genus are reported in Portugal. DISTRIBUTION: Palearc-
tic Region (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: VLM.
Batyphantes gracilis (Menge, 1841)
It is found in moss, undergrowth and grass (Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Holarctic Region
(Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Porto, Joane (Machado, 1937); Bairro, Paúl do Boquilobo
(Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.

9
Centromerus sp.
Fifteen species were reported in Iberian Peninsula and 5 in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso,
2003). DISTRIBUTION: Holoarctic Region (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: SSM and VLM.
Entelecara sp.
Males have the head elevated into a lobe which carries the posterior median eyes. Two species
were reported in Iberian Peninsula (Barrientos, 2003). For Portugal this is the first record. DISTRIBU-
TION: Holoarctic Region (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: SSM.
Erigone dentipalpis (Wider, 1834)
Like other species of the genus Erigone uses the wind for dispersal (Jones, 1985). DISTRIBU-
TION: Holarctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Coimbra (Bertkau, 1893 in Bacelar,
1928); Paúl do Boquilobo (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Gongylidium Menge, 1868
It is found in trees and high bushes (Jones, 1985). Three species were reported in Iberian Penin-
sula (Barrientos, 2003). For Portugal this is the first record. DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic Region (Plat-
nick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Lepthyphantes sp.
It spins sheet webs typical to the family, but the size of it depends on the species and the situa-
tion (Roberts, 1995). Twenty seven species were reported in Iberian Peninsula and 3 in Portugal
(Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso, 2003). DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES:
PES and VLM.
Linyphia sp.
This genus typical web has a horizontal sheet under which the spider stands (Jones, 1985). Four
species were reported in Iberian Peninsula and 2 in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso, 2003). DIS-
TRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: PES, SSM and VLM.
Meioneta fuscipalpa (C. L. Koch, 1836)
Some authors consider the genus Meioneta as a synonymy of Agyneta (Roberts, 1987). DISTRI-
BUTION: Palearctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Esmoriz (Machado, 1941); Algo-
dôr, Barrenta, Braciais, Corredoura, Limas, Mértola, Mira d’Aire, Paúl do Boquilobo, Vila Chã da
Braciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.

10
Micrargus laudatus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1881)
This species is very similar to the others of the genus. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Platnick, 2004).
PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Tapada de Mafra (Telfer et al., 2003). NEW LOCALITIES: SSM.
Oedothorax fuscus (Blackwall, 1834)
They are small spiders with an orange carapace and legs. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Russia, North
Africa and Azores Islands (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Porto, Ermesinde, Praia de Pam-
pelido (Machado, 1937); Bemposta, Limas, Mira d’Aire, Paúl do Boquilobo (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW
LOCALITIES: PES and SSM.
Pelecopsis sp.
Like all the Erigoninae is a small dark spider about which little is known. Ten species were re-
ported in Iberian Peninsula and 3 in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso, 2003). DISTRIBUTION:
Cosmopolitan (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: PES and VLM.
Savignia sp.
It also belongs to the Erigoninae group. Only one species was reported in Iberian Peninsula and
Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso, 2003). DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan (Platnick, 2004). NEW LO-
CALITIES: VLM.
Sintula furcifer (Simon, 1911)
It occurs in moss, grass and litter in a variety of habitats (Roberts, 1987). DISTRIBUTION: Spain,
Morocco and Algeria (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Algodor, Algozinho, Corredoura, Fon-
te d’Aldeia, Mazouco, Mértola, Palão, Picote, Tó e Vila Chã da Braciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LO-
CALITIES: SSM and VLM.
Tenuiphantes tenuis (Blackwall, 1852)
They live in low vegetation, moss and leaflitter in a wide variety of habitats (Roberts, 1995).
DISTRIBUTION: Europe and North Africa (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Lisboa (Bacelar,
1935); Reguengos de Monsaraz (Nobre, 1998); Algodôr, Algozinho, Braciais, Bruçó, Cerro das Na-
tenas, Corredoura, Fonte d’Aldeia, Limas, Mazouco, Mértola, Palão, Paúl do Boquilobo, Picotino,
Tó, Vila Chã da Braciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES and VLM.
Typhochrestus sp.
It can be found in a wide variety of habitats (Roberts, 1997). Four species were reported in Ibe-
rian Peninsula and 2 in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso, Sub). DISTRIBUTION: Holoarctic Re-
gion (Platnick, 2004) NEW LOCALITIES: SSM.

11
Walckenaeria sp.
Males distinguished from the other genera by the elevated protuberance in the prossoma. Eleven
species were reported in Iberian Peninsula and 4 in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso, 2003). DIS-
TRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: VLM.
Walckenaeria corniculans (O. P.-Cambridge, 1875)
The male head presents a blunt protuberance carrying a crest of clavate hairs (Roberts, 1987).
DISTRIBUTION: Europe and North Africa (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Serra da Cabreira,
S. Pedro, Porto, Leça do Bailio, Salzedas, Serra do Caramulo, Serra de Minde, Monchique (Macha-
do, 1949); Bairro, Barrenta, Bruçó, Fonte d’Aldeia, Mazouco, Palão (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALI-
TIES: SSM.
Araneidae Simon, 1895
Araneus sp.
The species of Araneus are known as “garden spiders”, but they are commoner on gorse bushes
away from houses. Nine species were reported in Iberian Peninsula and 10 in Portugal (Barrientos,
2003; Cardoso, 2003). DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: SSM and
VLM.
Araneus triguttatus (Fabricius, 1793)
They are found on deciduous trees and bushes (Jones, 1985; Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Pa-
learctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: S. Mamede de Recezinhos (Simon, 1898 in
Bacelar, 1928); Coimbra, Sines (Bacelar, 1928). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Araniella cucurbitina (Clerck, 1757)
This species lives on low vegetation, bushes and trees, in a wide variety of situations. The small
orb web is found around 1.5m above the ground (Jones, 1985; Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Pa-
learctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Algarve (Simon, 1881 in Bacelar, 1928; Ba-
celar, 1928); Coimbra (Karsch, 1893 in Bacelar, 1928); Cete, Foz do Douro, Guifões, S. Ma-mede
de Recezinhos, Valongo (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1927a; Bacelar, 1928); Tapada da Ajuda (Fran-
ganillo, 1920 in Bacelar, 1928); Marinha Grande, S. Pedro de Muel (Bacelar, 1927a); Serra do Ge-
rês (Bacelar, 1927a; Bacelar, 1928); Sintra (Bacelar, 1927a; Schenkel, 1938); Guarda, S. Martinho
da Anta (Bacelar, 1928); Reguengos de Monsaraz (Nobre, 1998); Constantim, Fonte d’Aldeia, Frei-
xiosa, Lagoaça, Paúl do Boquilobo, Tó, Vila Chã da Braciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES:
SSM and VLM.

12
Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772)
Males of this species are frequently eaten by the females during mating. Females have a quite
unmistakable appearance and make large orb webs (30cm diameter), near ground level amongst
long grass, which have a zig-zag ribbon of silk running from side to side. They carry a large brown
flask-shaped egg sac. They occur at the edge of fields, clearings and wasteland (Roberts, 1995). DIS-
TRIBUTION: Palearctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Coimbra (Karsch, 1893 in Ba-
celar, 1928); Foz do Douro, Valongo (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1927a; Bacelar, 1928); Paúl do Bo-
quilobo (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: VLM.
Hypsosinga sp.
The species of this genus spin orb webs very close to the ground amongst low vegetation, often
near water (Roberts, 1995). Four species were reported in Iberian Peninsula as well as in Portugal
SSM.
Mangora acalypha (Walckenaer, 1802)
The single European species of Mangora has an unmistakable appearance. Spins an orb web on
low vegetation, heather, gorse and other bushes and sits and wait for prey at the centre of the hub
(Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Algarve
(Simon, 1881 in Bacelar, 1928; Bacelar, 1928); Coimbra (Karsch, 1893 in Bacelar, 1928); Cete, Foz
do Douro, Guifões, S. Mamede de Recezinhos, Porto (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1927a; Bacelar,
1928); Agualva (Franganillo, 1920 in Bacelar, 1927a; Bacelar, 1928); Sintra, Marinha Grande, Ser-
ra da Boa Viagem, Sanfins, Lagos, (Bacelar, 1927a); Serra do Gerês (Bacelar, 1927a; Bacelar,
1928); S. Martinho de Anta, Guarda (Bacelar, 1928); Cabo da Roca, Buçaco (Schenkel, 1938); Re-
guengos de Monsaraz (Nobre, 1998); Algozinho, Barca d’Alva, Bemposta, Constantim, Fonte d’Al-
deia, Freixiosa, Lagoaça, Lamoso, Mazouco, Mértola, Palão, Paúl do Boquilobo, Picote, Tó, Vila
Chã da Braciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: VLM.
Neoscona sp.
The spiders of Neoscona wait for prey on a platform of fine silk. The web is spun on low vege-
tation and usually has a damaged appearance (Roberts, 1985). Two species were reported in Iberian
Peninsula as well as in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso, 2003). DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan
(Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: SSM.

13
Zilla diodia (Walckenaer, 1802)
This spider waits for prey at the centre of the web. This has a large latticed area of the threads at
the hub and there is no signal-line or retreat. They occur on heather, bushes and the lower branches
of trees, often in rather dark, shaded situations (Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: From Mediterranean
to Azerbaijan (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Coimbra (Karsch, 1893 in Bacelar, 1928); S.
Mamede de Recezinhos (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1927b; Bacelar, 1928); Sintra (Bacelar, 1927b;
Schenkel, 1938); Figueira da Foz (Bacelar, 1928); Cabo da Roca (Schenkel, 1938); Reguengos de
Monsaraz (Nobre, 1998). NEW LOCALITIES: VLM.
Lycosidae Sundevall, 1833
Alopecosa sp.
Females of this genus remain with their egg sac in a burrow and periodically expose the sac to
the sunlight near the opening (Roberts, 1995). Twelve species were reported in Iberian Peninsula
and 6 in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso, 2003). DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan (Platnick, 2004).
NEW LOCALITIES: SSM.
Alopecosa albofasciata (Brullé, 1832)
This species is similar to the others of the genus but with distinguishable white marks. DISTRI-
BUTION: Mediterranean Region to Central Asia (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Algarve (Si-
mon, 1881 in Bacelar, 1928; Bacelar, 1928); Coimbra, Condeixa (Bertkau, 1893 in Bacelar, 1928);
Marinha Grande (Bacelar, 1927a); Serra da Estrela (Bacelar, 1928); Algodôr, Algozinho, Barca
d’Alva, Barrenta, Braciais, Cerro das Antenas, Constantim, Corredoura, Fonte d’Aldeia, Freixiosa,
Mazouco, Mira d’Aire, Palão, Paúl do Boquilobo, Picote, Picotino, São Domingos, Serro Ventoso,
Tó (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES, SSM and VLM.
Alopecosa cuneata (Clerk, 1757)
It is found mainly on chalk grassland and dunes (Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic Re-
gion. PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Guarda (Bacelar, 1928). NEW LOCALITIES: VLM.
Alopecosa simoni (Thorell, 1872)
This species is similar to the others of the genus. DISTRIBUTION: Mediterranean Region (Plat-
nick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Algarve (Simon, 1881 in Bacelar, 1928; Bacelar, 1928); São Ma-
mede, Vila Chã da Braciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: SSM and VLM.
Hogna radiata (Latreille, 1817)
It is found under stones in arid areas (Jones, 1985). DISTRIBUTION: Mediterranean Region up to
Central Asia and Central Africa (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Coimbra (Bertkau, 1893 in

14
Bacelar, 1928); Cete, S. Mamede de Recezinhos, Senhora da Hora, Valongo (Simon, 1898 in Bace-
lar, 1927a; Bacelar, 1928); S. Pedro de Muel, Lisboa, Fagilde (Bacelar, 1927a); Guarda, Serra da
Estrela (Bacelar, 1928); Sintra (Schenkel, 1938); Algozinho, Fonte d’Aldeia, Mazouco, Palão, Paúl
do Boquilobo, Picotino, Tó, Vila Chã da Braciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES, SSM and
VLM.
Pardosa spp.
Spiders of this genus are the most abundant and common from all Lycosidae family in Europe.
Most species are found running rapidly on the ground in warm, sunny conditions, but on cold, dull
days are more likely to be found by sieving leaflitter, detritus and moss (Roberts, 1995). Twenty se-
ven species were reported in Iberian Peninsula and 10 in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso,
2003). DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: SSM and VLM.
Pardosa hortensis (Thorell, 1872)
This species occur in a variety of situations, in woodland clearings, open ground and on beaches
(Jones, 1985; Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITA-
TIONS: Coimbra (Bertkau, 1893 in Bacelar, 1928); Guarda, Porto (Bacelar, 1928); Undetermined in
Portugal (Simon, 1937); Algozinho, Barrenta, Bairro, Bruçó, Constantim, Fonte d’Aldeia, Freixio-
sa, Limas, Mazouco, Mira d’Aire, Palão, Paúl do Boquilobo, Serro Ventoso, Tó, Vila Chã da Bra-
ciosa. NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Pardosa monticola (Clerck, 1757)
It is found in open areas with short, often sparse vegetation (Roberts, 1995), like dunes and low
vegetation slopes (Jones, 1985). DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITA-
TIONS: Coimbra (Bertkau, 1893 in Bacelar, 1928); Vila Real de Santo António (Simon, 1898 in Ba-
celar, 1928); Guarda (Bacelar, 1928). NEW LOCALITIES: VLM.
Pardosa proxima (C. L. Koch, 1847)
Usually this species is found on grassland, often in damp situations (Jones, 1985; Roberts,
1995). DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic Region, Canary Islands and Azores Islands (Platnick, 2004). PRE-
VIOUS CITATIONS: Coimbra (Bertkau, 1893 in Bacelar, 1928); Foz do Douro, S. Mamede de Rece-
zinho (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1928); Fagilde (Bacelar, 1933); Algodôr, Algozinho, Braciais, Fon-
te d’Aldeia, Limas, Mazouco, Mértola, Mira d’Aire, Moreanes, Palão, Paúl do Boquilobo, Tó, Vale
Garcia, Vila Chá da Braciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.

15
Trochosa sp.
Spiders of this genus are nocturnal hunters and during the day are found in undergrowth and
amongst moss and detritus. Females make shallow burrows where they seem to spend most of the
day with their egg sac (Jones, 1985; Roberts, 1995). Five species were reported in Iberian Peninsula
and 3 in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso, 2003). DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan (Platnick, 2004).
NEW LOCALITIES: SSM.
Trochosa terricola Thorell, 1856
This is the most common species of the genus. It is found under stones and detritus and amongst
moss (Jones, 1985; Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Holarctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CI-
TATIONS: Coimbra (Bertkau 1893 in Bacelar, 1928); Guarda (Bacelar, 1928). NEW LOCALITIES: PES
and VLM.
Oxyopidae Thorell, 1870
Oxyopes lineatus Latreille, 1806
It is found on low vegetation, bushes and the lower branches of trees (Jones, 1985; Roberts,
1995). DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Coimbra (Bertkau,
1893 in Bacelar, 1928); S. Mamede de Recezinho, Cete (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1927a; Bacelar,
1928); Lisboa, Marinha Grande, Serra da Boa Viagem (Bacelar, 1927a); Serra do Gerês, Guarda
(Bacelar, 1928); Monserrate, Pombal (Schenkel, 1938); Reguengos de Monsaraz (Nobre, 1998);
Barca d’Alva, Bemposta, Freixiosa, Mazouco, Mértola, Paúl do Boquilobo, Picote (Cardoso, Sub.).
NEW LOCALITIES: PES, SSM and VLM.
Oxyopes nigripalpis Kulczyn'ski, 1891
This species distinguishes from the others of the genus by its black palps. DISTRIBUTION: Me-
diterranean Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Lisboa (Schenkel, 1938). NEW LOCALI-
TIES: PES, SSM and VLM.
Zoridae F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1893
Zora manicata Simon, 1878
Like the other species of this genus Z. manicata hunts actively during daytime near ground le-
vel. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Ukraine and Israel (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Tapada de
Mafra (Telfer et al., 2003); Algozinho, Bairro, Fonte d’Aldeia, Freixiosa, Limas, Mazouco, Palão,
Paúl do Boquilobo, Picotino, São Domingos, Serro Ventoso, Tó (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES:
PES, SSM and VLM.

16
Agelenidae C. L. Koch, 1837
Malthonica sp.
Only one species is known to the Iberian fauna, but this species does not fit in the description.
This can be one of the other Mediterranean species or a novelty to the genus. DISTRIBUTION: Me-
diterranean Region (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: PES, SSM and VLM.
Malthonica lusitanica Simon, 1898
It is found under stones, amongst detritus in damp areas (Jones, 1985). DISTRIBUTION: From Por-
tugal to France (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Porto (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1928; Simon,
1937); Esmoriz, Guarda (Simon, 1937); Barrenta, Bairro, Paúl do Boquilobo, Serro Ventoso, Vale
Garcia (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES, SSM and VLM.
Tegenaria feminea Simon, 1870
It is similar to the other species only being distinguished by the genitalia. DISTRIBUTION: Portu-
gal and Spain (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Coimbra (Bertkau, 1893 in Bacelar, 1933;
Machado, 1941); Paço d’Arcos, Lisboa, Tavira (Bacelar, 1933); Pampilhosa, Porto, Foz Côa (Ma-
chado, 1941); Algodôr, Algozinho, Barrenta, Braciais, Bruçó, Cerro das Antenas, Corredoura, Fon-
te d’Aldeia, Lagoaça, Limas, Mazouco, Mértola, Palão, Paúl do Boquilobo, Picote, Picotino, São
Domingos, Tó, Vale Garcia, Vila Chã da Braciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES, SSM and
VLM.
Tegenaria inermis Simon, 1870
It also is distinguished by the genitalia. DISTRIBUTION: Spain and France (Platnick, 2004). PRE-
VIOUS CITATIONS: Sameiro (Franganillo, 1920 in Bacelar, 1928; Bacelar, 1933); Buçaco, Serra do
Gerês, Fagilde, Melgaço (Bacelar, 1933). NEW LOCALITIES: PES and VLM.
Tegenaria montigena Simon, 1937
It is distinguished from the other species by its characteristic genitalia. DISTRIBUTION: Portugal
and Spain (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Sintra (Schenkel, 1938); Fagilde, Vale do Pereiro,
Vimieiro (Bacelar, 1940); S. Pedro da Cova, Moledo do Minho (Machado, 1941); Barrenta, Bairro,
Constantim, Limas, Serro Ventoso, Tó (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES, SSM and VLM.
Tegenaria picta Simon, 1870
It is found amongst stones and low vegetation in a variety of habitats, including woodland and
mountains (Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Russia and North Africa (Platnick, 2004). PRE-
VIOUS CITATIONS: Guarda, Coimbra (Bacelar, 1928, 1933); Algozinho, Bairro, Bruçó, Fonte d’Al-

17
deia, Freixiosa, Limas, Mazouco, Palão, Picotino, São Domingos, Tó, Vale Garcia (Cardoso, Sub.).
NEW LOCALI-TIES: VLM.
Hahniidae Bertkau, 1878
Hahnia nava (Blackwall, 1841)
Generally occurs away from woodland, amongst low vegetation in grassland and heathland and
amongst stones or in crevices and depressions in open ground (Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Pale-
arctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Rio Tinto (Machado, 1941); Paúl do Boquilo-
bo, São Domingos (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: SSM.
Dictynidae O. P.-Cambridge, 1871
Marilynia bicolor (Simon, 1870)
Found under stones and amongst detritus (Jones, 1985). DISTRIBUTION: Europe to Central Asia
and North Africa (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Coimbra (Bertkau, 1893 in Bacelar, 1928);
Reguengos de Monsaraz (Nobre, 1998); Algozinho, Braciais, Limas, Mira d’Aire, Picote (Cardoso,
Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Nigma sp.
All species of this genus occur on bushes and trees. The spiders are usually well camouflaged
and the fairly insignificant cribellate web is often spun within a slightly curled leaf (Roberts, 1995).
Four species were reported in Iberian Peninsula and in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso, 2003).
DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: VLM.
Nigma puella (Simon, 1870)
This yellowish spider orbs a cribellate web on leaves of bushes and trees (Roberts, 1995). DIS-
TRIBUTION: Europe, Azores Islands, Madeira Island and Canary Islands (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS
CITATIONS: Coimbra (Karsch, 1893 in Bacelar, 1928); S. Mamede de Recezinhos (Simon, 1898 in
Bacelar, 1928); Casal do Monte (Franganillo, 1920 in Bacelar, 1928); Sintra, Colares (Schenkel,
1938); Reguengos de Monsaraz (Nobre, 1998); Algozinho, Constantim, Lagoaça, Lamoso, Mazou-
co, Mértola, Palão, Paúl do Boquilobo, Picote, Tó, Vila Chã da Braciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LO-
CALITIES: VLM.
Nigma walckenaeri (Roewer, 1951)
This species generally webs and retreats on fairly large leaves (Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION:
Palearctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Coimbra (Bertkau, 1893 in Bacelar,
1928); Porto, S. Martinho da Anta (Bacelar, 1928). NEW LOCALITIES: VLM.

18
Miturgidae Simon, 1885
Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839
Species from this genus are usually found in a silk retreat during the daytime, usually on vegeta-
tion, but may occur under stones. This is also where the female remains with the eggs (Roberts,
1995). Thirteen species were reported in Iberian Peninsula and 7 in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Car-
doso, 2003). DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: VLM.
Anyphaenidae Bertkau, 1878
Anyphaena numida Simon, 1897
Live in woodlands as well as in the Mediterranean woodlands like “montado” amongst herba-
ceous vegetation. Females are found under stones inside a silken cell where they lay the eggs (Uro-
nes, 1995, 1996). DISTRIBUTION: Portugal, Spain, France and Algeria (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CI-
TATIONS: Porto, Guarda (Simon, 1892 in Bacelar, 1928; Urones et al., 1995); Cete, Valongo (Si-
mon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1928); Joane (Machado, 1937); Fonte d’Aldeia (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALI-
TIES: VLM.
Liocranidae Simon, 1897
Agroeca inopina O. P.-Cambridge, 1886
These spiders are found on sandhills and in woodland, amongst low vegetation and in leaflitter
(Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Europe and Algeria (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Serra da
Cabreira, Paredes de Coura, Pedras Salgadas (Machado, 1941); Algozinho, Barrenta, Bairro, Bruçó,
Constantim, Mazouco, Paúl do Boquilobo, Picotino, Serro Ventoso, Tó, Vale Garcia (Cardoso,
Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES and VLM.
Scotina celans (Blackwall, 1841)
It is a very common species in all kind of forests and machis (Bosmans, 1999). Found amongst
moss, leaflitter and grass tussocks in woodland, often in damp habitats, also on chalk grassland (Ro-
berts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Algeria and Russia (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS:
Gondomar, Buçaco (Machado, 1949); Algozinho, Barrenta, Bairro, Bruçó, Constantim, Fonte d’Al-
deia, Lagoaça, Palão, Paúl do Boquilobo, Picotino, São Domingos, Serro Ventoso, Tó (Cardoso,
Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES, SSM and VLM.
Clubionidae Wagner, 1887
Clubiona spp.
It is the only genus of the family Clubionidae. Many species are typical of damp areas and low
vegetation (Jones, 1985). Eighteen species were reported in Iberian Peninsula and 12 in Portugal

19
SSM and VLM.
Clubiona reclusa O. P.-Cambridge, 1863
It is found amongst low vegetation and detritus in a wide range of habitats. Egg sac and female
often are found on vegetation in curled leaves (Roberts, 1995). This is the first record in Iberian Pe-
ninsula. DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic Region (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Corinnidae Karsch, 1880
Liophrurillus flavitarsis (Lucas, 1846)
This species is very similar to the ones of the genus Micaria (Gnaphosidae). DISTRIBUTION: Eu-
rope, Madeira Island and North Africa (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Coimbra (Bertkau,
1893 in Bacelar, 1928); Fagilde (Bacelar, 1927b); Algodôr, Barrenta, Cerro das Antenas, Limas,
Mértola, Paúl do Boquilobo, Picote, Santo António, Serro Ventoso, Vale Garcia (Cardoso, Sub.).
Phrurolinillus sp.
This genus has been recently separated from Phrurolithus. Two species were reported in Iberian
Peninsula and Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso, 2003). DISTRIBUTION: Portugal and Spain
(Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: SSM.
Phrurolithus sp.
Small spiders, rather ant-like in appearance and movement, and are diurnal hunters (Jones,
1985; Roberts, 1995). Four species are reported to the Iberian Peninsula and 2 to Portugal (Bar-
rientos, 2003; Cardoso, 2003). DISTRIBUTION: Holoarctic Region (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES:
SSM and VLM.
Zodariidae Thorell, 1881
Selamia reticulata (Simon, 1870)
Little is known about this Mediterranean species. DISTRIBUTION: Western Mediterranean (Plat-
nick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Serra da Estrela (Simon, 1870 in Jocqué & Bosmans, 2001);
Coimbra (Bacelar, 1928; Bacelar, 1935); Almodôvar (Bacelar, 1935); Monforte, Albufeira, Castelo
Bom (Jocqué & Bosmans, 2001); Lousa, Ervedosa do Douro, Bemposta, Fonte d’Aldeia, Freixiosa,
Lamoso, Mazouco, Picote, Picotino, S. Bento de Castris (Pekár et al., 2003). NEW LOCALITIES: PES
and VLM.

20
Zodarion alacre (Simon, 1870)
It is the most abundant species of the genus in Portugal (Pekár et al., 2003). DISTRIBUTION: Por-
tugal and Spain (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Albufeira, Bensafrim, Monchique (Bos-
mans, 1994); Terras do Risco, Caminho de Limas, Barca d’Alva, Bemposta, Mogadouro, Constan-
tim, Fonte d’Aldeia, Freixiosa, Mazouco, Palão, Picote, Herdade da Falcoeira, Monte das Coelhas,
Barragem do Monte Novo, Monte da Valada, S. Bento de Castris, Carvalhal dos Arezes, Monte do
Bulgão, Barragem da Vigia, Freixo, Monte da Tareja, Reguengos de Monsaraz, Alqueva (Pekár et
al., 2003). NEW LOCALITIES: PES, SSM and VLM.
Zodarion lusitanicum Cardoso, 2003
Although recently described and never reported from Spain, this species seems to be widespread
throughout northern and central Portugal (Pekár & Cardoso, unpublished). DISTRIBUTION: Portugal
(Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Fonte d’Aldeia, Serra do Reboredo, Mazouco (Pekár et al.,
2003). NEW LOCALITIES: PES, SSM and VLM.
Zodarion styliferum (Simon, 1870)
This species is widespread through the Iberian Peninsula. DISTRIBUTION: Portugal, Spain and
Madeira Island (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Almodôvar (Bacelar, 1935; Bosmans, 1994);
Albufeira, Faro, Peral, Monchique, Monte Gordo (Bosmans, 1994); Picote, Herdade da Falcoeira,
Monte das Coelhas, Vale de Melão, Barragem do Monte Novo, Monte da Valada, Carvalhal dos
Arezes, Freixieira Velha, Ribeira do Lavre, Monte do Bulgão, Barragem da Vigia, Freixo, Monte da
Tareja, Reguengos de Monsaraz, Valverde, Ribeira do Medronhal, Alqueva (Pekár et al., 2003).
Gnaphosidae Pocock, 1898
Callilepis concolor Simon, 1914
This species can be mistakable with the genus Zelotes. They feed on ants and are rather ant-like,
in movement and appearance (Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Southern Europe (Platnick, 2004).
PREVIOUS CITATIONS: S. Pedro da Cova (Machado, 1941); Bairro, Bemposta, Cerro Ventoso, Cons-
tantim, Fonte d’Aldeia, Limas, Mazouco, Mértola, Palão, Picote, Picotino, Tó, Vale Garcia, Vila
Chã da Braciosa, (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES, SSM and VLM.
Drassodes spp.
They have a rather mousy, grey-brown abdomen and superficially resemble some Clubiona spe-
cies. They are all quite fierce nocturnal hunters, spending the day in a silk retreat. Females seal
themselves in a silken cell with their egg sac (Roberts, 1995). Sixteen species were reported in Ibe-

21
rian Peninsula and 5 in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso, 2003). DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan
(Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: SSM and VLM.
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834)
Behaves like D. lapidosus, what takes some authors to say it is a subspecies it (Jones, 1985).
This is the first record in Portugal. DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic Region (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALI-
TIES: SSM.
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802)
It is found under stones, in leaflitter and amongst the base of grass tussocks (Roberts, 1995).
DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Coimbra (Bertkau, 1893 in
Bacelar, 1928); Valongo, S. Mamede de Recezinhos, Senhora da Hora (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar,
1928); Algozinho, Bemposta, Braciais, Fonte d’Aldeia, Mazouco, Paúl do Boquilobo, Picote, Pico-
tino, Tó, Vila Chã da Braciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES and SSM.
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856)
Similar to D. cupreus and D. lapidosus, but is more commonly found on grass tussocks in
wooded areas and perhaps prefers damper habitats (Roberts, 1995). It is common in the higher re-
gions of the Iberian Peninsula (Becker, 1881 in Melic, 1994). DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic Region
(Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Algozinho, Braciais, Constantim, Tó (Cardoso, Sub). NEW
LOCALITIES: SSM.
Haplodrassus spp.
They show some similarities to Drassodes in appearance, lifestyle and habits (Roberts, 1995).
Eight species were reported in Iberian Peninsula and 5 in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso,
2003). DISTRIBUTION: Holoarctic Region (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Micaria formicaria (Sundevall, 1831)
It is the biggest species of the genus Micaria in Europe (Jones, 1985). It is found under stones
and running in dry, often sandy, terrain (Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic Region (Platnick,
2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Almodôvar, Ferreira do Alentejo, Barranco do Velho (Bacelar, 1940);
Algodôr, Canais, Corredoura, Fonte d’Aldeia, Limas, Mazouco, Paúl do Boquilobo, São Domingos,
Vale Garcia, Vila Chã da Braciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES and VLM.

22
Micaria guttigera Simon, 1878
It can be found at ground level and builds silken retreats under stones or barks (Roberts, 1995).
DISTRIBUTION: Portugal, Spain and France (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Coimbra (Bert-
kau, 1893 in Bacelar, 1928); Fagilde (Bacelar, 1927b). NEW LOCALITIES: VLM.
Nomisia sp.
The spiders of this genus are very dark with a pair of marks well defined (Jones, 1985). Five
species were reported in Iberian Peninsula and 3 in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso, 2003).
DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic Region and Africa (Platnick, 2004) NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Nomisia exornata (C. L. Koch, 1839)
These spiders are active during daylight and feed on ants (di Franco, 1992). Found under stones,
especially in higher and humid areas (Jones, 1985). DISTRIBUTION: Europe to Central Asia (Platnick,
2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Porto (Machado, 1941); Algodôr, Braciais, Fonte d’Aldeia, Mazouco,
Mértola, Picote, Santo António, Vale Garcia, Vila Chã da Braciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALI-
TIES: PES.
Phaeocedus braccatus (L. Koch, 1866)
They are active during daytime and males, in particular, look rather ant-like. Found under sto-
nes, amongst detritus and leaflitter and running in sunshine (Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Palearc-
tic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Albergaria, Pico da Borrageira, Lagoa Comprida
(Machado, 1949); Constantim, Mazouco (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: SSM.
Scotophaeus scutulatus (L. Koch, 1866)
Usually are associated to houses, being found inside or around it (Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION:
Europe to Central Asia, Algeria (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Coimbra (Bertkau, 1893 in
Bacelar, 1928). NEW LOCALITIES: VLM.
Trachyzelotes holosericeus (Simon, 1878)
This Mediterranean species recently was included in the genus Zelotes. DISTRIBUTION: Western
Mediterranean (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Algarve (Simon, 1881 in Bacelar, 1928; Ba-
celar, 1928); Algodôr, Braciais, Limas (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Zelotes spp.
They are mostly nocturnal hunters and during the daytime are found under stones and detritus or
amongst vegetation at ground level (Roberts, 1995). Twenty five species were reported in Iberian

23
Peninsula and 15 in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso, 2003). DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan (Plat-
nick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Zelotes flagellans (L. Koch, 1882)
Until very recently, this species was unknown to the Iberian Peninsula. DISTRIBUTION: Balearic
Islands (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Algodôr, Bairro, Bemposta, Cerro da Antenas, Cor-
redoura, Limas, Mértola, Palão, Paúl do Boquilobo, Santo António, São Mamede, São Domingos,
Vale Garcia (Cardoso, sub). NEW LOCALITIES: PES, SSM and VLM.
Zelotes subterraneus (C. L. Koch, 1833)
It is found under stones and detritus and amongst dry vegetation in a variety of situations (Ro-
berts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Senhora da
Hora (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1928). NEW LOCALITIES: PES, SSM and VLM.
Zelotes thorelli Simon, 1914
Very little is known about this species biology and ecology. DISTRIBUTION: Southern Europe
(Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: S. Pedro da Cova, Régua (Machado, 1941); Algodôr, Algo-
zinho, Barrenta, Bairro, Braciais, Cerro das Antenas, Constantim, Corredoura, Fonte d’aldeia, Frei-
xiosa, Limas, Mazouco, Mértola, Mira d’Aire, Palão, Paúl do Boquilobo, Picote, Picotino, São Do-
mingos, Serro Ventoso, Tó, Vale Garcia, Vila Chã da Braciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES:
PES, SSM and VLM.
Philodromidae Thorell, 1870
Philodromus aureolus (Clerck, 1757)
It is found on low vegetation, bushes and the lower branches of trees (Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBU-
TION: Palearctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Algarve (Simon, 1881 in Bacelar,
1928; Bacelar, 1928); S. Mamede de Recezinho (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1928); Coimbra, Guarda,
Serra do Gerês (Bacelar, 1928); S. Martinho de Anta, Fagilde, Vale de Pereira, Pinhal de Leiria, Vi-
mieiro, Abrantes, Ferreira do Alentejo, Almodôvar, Serra de Ossa, Vila Viçosa, Fontalva, Barranco
do Velho (Bacelar, 1940); Reguengos de Monsaraz (Nobre, 1998). NEW LOCALITIES: PES and SSM.
Philodromus buxi Simon, 1884
It is similar to P. aureolus. Found on bushes and trees (Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: From Eu-
rope to Kazakhstan (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Algozinho, Lagoaça, Mértola, Paúl do
Boquilobo (Cardoso, sub). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.

24
Philodromus emarginatus (Schrank, 1803)
Also similar to P. aureolus. It is found on heather and the lower branches of conifers (Jones,
1985; Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Al-
garve (Simon, 1881 in Bacelar, 1928; Simon, 1932; Bacelar, 1928); Condeixa (Bertkau, 1893 in Ba-
celar, 1928); Barro (Kulczynski, 1911 in Bacelar, 1928); Coimbra (Bacelar, 1928); S. Martinho de
Anta, Serra do Gerês, Vale da Pereira, Pinhal de Leiria, Lisboa (Bacelar, 1940). NEW LOCALITIES:
VLM.
Philodromus longipalpis Simon, 1870
It is similar in many aspects to P. buxi. (Roberts, 1995).This is the first record in Portugal. DIS-
TRIBUTION: Europe (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: SSM.
Philodromus praedatus O. P.-Cambridge, 1871
Also similar to P. aureolus. Most records are from the lower branches of trees, particularly oak
(Roberts, 1995). This is the first record in Portugal. DISTRIBUTION: Europe and Russia (Platnick,
2004). NEW LOCALITIES: SSM.
Philodromus rufus Walckenaer, 1826
It is found on bushes and the lower branches of trees (Jones, 1985; Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBU-
TION: Holarctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Coimbra (Karsch, 1893 in Bacelar,
1928); Cete, S. Mamede de Recezinhos (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1928); Figueira da Foz, Guarda
(Bacelar, 1928); Alcácer do Sal, Aviz, Almodôvar, Safara, Coutada da Areia (Bacelar, 1940);
Algozinho, Bemposta, Fonte d’Aldeia, Lamoso, Mazouco, Mértola, Palão, Paúl do Boquilobo,
Picote, Vila Chã da Braciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALI-TIES: VLM.
Thanatus formicinus (Clerck, 1757)
This is a big spider that is found in wet heathland, amongst moss and the base of grasses and
heather, sometimes in drier, sandy habitats (Jones, 1985; Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Holarctic
Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Guarda (Bacelar, 1928). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Tibellus sp.
Their straw coloration renders them inconspicuous on dried vegetation, where they ambush pas-
sing insects. Females attach the egg sac near the top of grasses and other vegetation and stands
guard over it (Roberts, 1995). Four species were reported in Iberian Peninsula and 3 in Portugal
SSM.

25
Thomisidae Sundevall, 1833
Misumena vatia (Clerck, 1757)
This species sits in flowers and ambushes visiting insects. It is able to slowly change colour and
the female may be white, yellow or greenish, with or without red spots or stripes. The male differs
markedly from the female (Barrientos & Urones, 1985; Jones, 1985; Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION:
Holarctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Barro (Kulczynski, 1911 in Bacelar, 1928);
Coimbra (Karsch, 1893; Bacelar, 1928); Cete, Valongo (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1927a; Bacelar,
1928); Damaia (Franganillo, 1920 in Bacelar, 1927a; Bacelar, 1928); Lisboa (Bacelar, 1927a); Fi-
gueira da Foz, S. Martinho de Anta (Bacelar, 1928); Reguengos de Monsaraz (Nobre, 1998); Fonte
d’Aldeia, Freixiosa, Mértola (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Monaeses paradoxus (Lucas, 1846)
The spider stretches along twigs or grasses. This camouflage posture is known from Tmarus-
species. It is found among the vegetation and its body adaptation makes it look like a stick (Urones,
1985). DISTRIBUTION: From Europe to Azerbaijan and Africa (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS:
Grândola, Mora, Aviz (Bacelar, 1940); Mértola (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: SSM.
Ozyptila pauxilla (Simon, 1870)
It is found at ground level and amongst detritus (Jones, 1985). DISTRIBUTION: Western Mediter-
ranean (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Safara (Bacelar, 1940); Porto (Machado, 1941); Al-
godôr, Bemposta, Braciais, Corredoura, Fonte d’Aldeia, Freixiosa, Lamoso, Limas, Mazouco, Mira
d’Aire, Moreanes, Palão, Paúl do Boquilobo, Picote, Santo António, São Mamede, Vila Chã da Bra-
ciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Ozyptila simplex (O. P.-Cambridge, 1862)
It can be found in low vegetation and detritus. Males are always found in herbaceous vegetation
in humid grasslands (Jones, 1985; Urones, 1985). DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic Region (Platnick, 2004).
PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Guarda (Bacelar, 1928); Algodôr, Braciais, Corredoura, Limas, Mértola, Mira
d’Aire, Moreanes, Paúl do Boquilobo, São Mamede (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Runcinia grammica (C. L. Koch, 1837)
These spiders wait for prey on bushes, flowers and grasses. Males are darker and much smaller
than the females (Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic Region, St. Helena and South Africa
(Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Cete, Foz do douro, S. Mamede de Recezinho, Senhora da
Hora, Valongo (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1927a; Bacelar, 1928); Damaia (Franganillo, 1920 in Ba-
celar, 1927a); Alcácer do Sal (Bacelar, 1927a); Coimbra, Sines, S. Martinho da Anta (Bacelar,

26
1928); Odivelas (Schenkel, 1938); Reguengos de Monsaraz (Nobre, 1998); Mértola, Paúl do Boqui-
lobo, Picote, Tó (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES, SSM and VLM.
Synema globosum (Fabricius, 1775)
It has an unmistakable appearance and ambushes prey on umbellifers but may occur on other
flowers heads, tall plants and bushes (Barrientos & Urones, 1985; Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION:
Palearctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Algarve (Simon, 1881 in Bacelar, 1928;
Bacelar, 1928); Coimbra (Karsch, 1893 in Bacelar, 1928); Foz do Douro, S. Mamede de Recezinho,
Valongo (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1927a; Bacelar, 1928); Valença (Franganillo, 1920 in Bacelar,
1927a; Bacelar, 1928); Alcácer do Sal, Marinha Grande (Bacelar, 1927a); Lisboa (Bacelar, 1927a;
1928); Sintra (Bacelar, 1927a; Schenkel, 1938); Felgueiras, Guarda, S. Martinho de Anta (Bacelar,
1928); Monserrate, Buçaco (Schenkel, 1938); Reguengos de Monsaraz (Nobre, 1998); Algozinho,
Barca d’Alva, Lamoso, Mazouco, Mértola, Paúl do Boquilobo, Picote, Tó (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW
LOCALI-TIES: PES, SSM and VLM.
Thomisus onustus Walckenaer, 1805
The colour of the female varies and may be white, yellow or various shades of pink to match
their surroundings. The spider typically sits amongst the pink blooms of heather and waits for prey
(Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Algarve
(Simon, 1881 in Bacelar, 1928; Bacelar, 1928); Coimbra (Bertkau, 1893 in Bacelar, 1928; Karsch,
1893 in Bacelar, 1928); Valongo, Foz do Douro (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1928); Benfica (Franga-
nillo, 1920 in Bacelar, 1927a; Bacelar, 1928); Mata do Urso, Lisboa, Porto, Vimioso (Bacelar,
1927a); S. Martinho de Anta, Serra do Gerês, Guarda, Figueira da Foz (Bacelar, 1928); Reguengos
de Monsaraz (Nobre, 1998); Algozinho, Barca d’Alva, Constantim, Mazouco, Mértola, Palão, Paúl
do Boquilobo (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES, SSM and VLM.
Tmarus piochardi (Simon, 1866)
It has a highly characteristic appearance, with a single tubercle on the posterior end of the abdo-
men. Its cryptic pose on twigs, with the front legs stretched out in front, is very similar to that adop-
ted by Tibellus (Philodromidae) (Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Mediterranean Region (Platnick,
2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Coimbra (Karsch, 1893 in Bacelar, 1928); S. Martinho de Anta (Bace-
lar, 1927b); Guarda (Bacelar, 1928). NEW LOCALITIES: PES and SSM.
Xysticus sp.
It bears some resemblance to the genus Oxyptila. Most species occur on low vegetation or at
ground level (Barrientos & Urones, 1985). Thirty four species were reported in Iberian Peninsula

27
and 22 in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso, 2003). DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan (Platnick,
2004) NEW LOCALITIES: VLM.
Xysticus bufo (Dufour, 1820)
This spider has a very characteristic appearance and behaves like the other Xysticus. DISTRIBU-
TION: Mediterranean Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Coimbra (Karsch, 1893 in Ba-
celar, 1928); Foz do Douro (Simon, 1898b in Bacelar, 1927b; Bacelar, 1928); Foja (Bacelar,
1927b); S. Martinho de Anta (Bacelar, 1928); Algodôr, Braciais, Corredoura, Fonte d’Aldeia, Li-
mas, Mértola, Paúl do Boquilobo, São Domingos, Vila Chã da Braciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LO-
CALITIES: PES and VLM.
Xysticus cristatus (Clerck, 1757)
It is found on bushes, low vegetation or at ground level in a variety of situations (Jones, 1985;
Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: S. Mamede
de Recezinhos (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1928); Figueira da Foz, Serra do Gerês, S. Martinho de
Anta, Coimbra (Bacelar, 1928); Pinhal de Leiria (Bacelar, 1940); Reguengos de Monsaraz (Nobre,
1998); Braciais, Paúl do Boquilobo, Vila Chã da Braciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Salticidae Blackwall, 1841
Ballus sp.
This small spider can be found on broad-leaved bushes and trees, particularly oaks. Three spe-
cies were reported in Iberian Peninsula and Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso, 2003). DISTRIBU-
TION: Palearctic Region and North Africa (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: PES and VLM.
Chalcoscirtus infimus (Simon, 1868)
It is found under stones, and amongst grass at the sunshine (Jones, 1985). DISTRIBUTION: From
Southern Europe to Central Asia (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Leça da Palmeira, Pinhal de
Leiria, Fontalva, Praia da Rocha (Bacelar, 1940); Porto (Machado, 1941); Reguengos de Monsaraz
(Nobre, 1998); Barrenta, Bairro, Corredoura, Limas, Mértola, Mira d’Aire, Paúl do Boquilobo, Pi-
cote, Vila Chã da Braciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Cyrba algerina (Lucas, 1846)
It can be found in arid areas but sometimes it is under stones. Usually is seen running (Jones,
1985). DISTRIBUTION: From Canary Islands to Central Asia (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS:
Coimbra (Bacelar, 1928); Monsanto, Tavira, Trafaria (Bacelar, 1933); Ericeira (Schenkel, 1938);
Algodôr, Cerro das Antenas, Corredoura, Limas, Mértola, Palão, Paúl do Boquilobo, Picote, Santo
António, São Domingos, Vale Garcia (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: SSM.

28
Euophrys spp.
They are fairly small spiders and many have attractive markings. The egg sac in many species is
loosely attached under a stone or piece of detritus and is guarded by the female (Roberts, 1995).
Eleven species were reported in Iberian Peninsula and 9 in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso,
2003). NEW LOCALITIES: PES, SSM and VLM.
Euophrys sulphurea (L. Koch, 1867)
These small spiders attach their egg sac under stones or pieces of detritus. DISTRIBUTION:
Southern Europe and Syria (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Esmoriz, S. Pedro de Cova, Por-
to (Machado, 1941); Algodôr, Braciais, Corredoura, Limas, Mazouco, Mértola, Moreanes, Palão,
Paúl do Boquilobo, Picotino, Santo António, São Domingos, São Mamede, Serro Ventoso, Vale
Garcia, Vila Chã da Braciosa (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES: PES.
Evarcha spp.
The two sexes are, in most species, very different in their general appearance. Females lay their
egg sacs in dried, rolled-up leaves or within several bunched shoots of vegetation (Roberts, 1995).
Four species were reported in Iberian Peninsula and 2 in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso,
2003). DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: SSM and VLM.
Heliophanus sp.
Most species occur on low vegetation, being found in the undergrowth in poor weather but very
active near the top of plants in sunshine (Roberts, 1995). Sixteen species were reported in Iberian
Peninsula and 8 in Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso, 2003). DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic Region
and Africa (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: VLM.
Icius hamatus (C. L. Koch, 1846)
Like the other species of Icius genus presents white and red markings (Jones, 1985). DISTRIBU-
TION: Palearctic Region (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Coimbra (Bertkau, 1893 in Bacelar,
1928; Karsh, 1893 in Bacelar, 1928); Valongo (Simon, 1898 in Bacelar, 1928); Fagilde (Bacelar,
1927b); Freixiosa, Lamoso, Mértola, Paúl do Boquilobo, Picote (Cardoso, Sub.). NEW LOCALITIES:
VLM.
Macaroeris sp.
Its size varies between 4 and 6 mm and it can be found on branches of trees. Formerly was in-
cluded in the genus Eris. Two species were reported in Iberian Peninsula and Portugal (Barrientos,
2003; Cardoso, 2003). DISTRIBUTION: Palearctic Region (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: VLM.

29
Phlegra loripes Simon, 1876
It is found amongst low vegetation (Jones, 1985; Roberts, 1995). DISTRIBUTION: Portugal, Spain
and France (Platnick, 2004). PREVIOUS CITATIONS: Undetermined in Portugal (Simon, 1937). NEW
LOCALITIES: VLM.
Sitticus sp.
This genus has a rather dull brown or greyish-brown appearance (Roberts, 1995). Four species
were reported in Iberian Peninsula and Portugal (Barrientos, 2003; Cardoso, 2003). DISTRIBUTION:
Cosmopolitan (Platnick, 2004). NEW LOCALITIES: PES and VLM.
DISCUSSION
In the present study, 140 species or morphospecies were identified, which may represent 11% of
the Iberian fauna and 21% of the Portuguese one. All the species are cited for the first time to the
studied localities in the PNSSM.
One species (Clubiona reclusa) is possible a novelty to Iberian Peninsula. For the Portuguese
spider fauna there are three new genera (Agyneta, Entelecara and Gongylium) and four new species
(Agyneta subtilis, Drassode cupreus, Philodromus longipalpis and P. praedatus). But more
evidence must be given to the new species that was found during this study: Harpactocrates
machadoi.
This increment on the faunistic knowledge shows how the Portuguese spider fauna is
underestimated and supports the need of implementation of more inventory studies. In other way,
the main effort should therefore be channelled to the areas where there was never any spider
sampling.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A.F. Gouveia was supported by “Fundo Social Europeu” and “Ministério da Educação”
(PRODEP). P. Cardoso was supported by “Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia” –
SFRH/BD/1195/2000. A. Serrano was supported by “Instituto da Conservação Natureza” (ICN)
through “Serra de São Mamede” Natural Park and by “Sociedade Portuguesa de Entomologia”. We
are grateful to “Serra de São Mamede Natural Park” staff for logistical support during the
fieldwork. To Nuno Gaspar de Oliveira for comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript and to
Miguel-Angel Ferrández for providing some bibliography and for the help with the identification of
specimens of genus Harpactocrates.

30
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BACELAR, A. 1927b. Aracnídios Portugueses II. Bulletin de la Société Portugaise des Sciences
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BACELAR, A. 1928. Aracnídios Portugueses III. Bulletin de la Société Portugaise des Sciences
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BACELAR, A. 1933. Aracnídios Portugueses IV. Bulletin de la Société Portugaise des Sciences
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33
SPIDER COMMUNITY THROUGH TIME IN “SERRA DE SÃO MAMEDE” NATURAL
PARK (PORTUGAL)
A.F. GOUVEIA, P. CARDOSO, N.G. OLIVEIRA & A.R.M. SERRANO
ABSTRACT: To evaluate species richness at a determined area it is needed to establish a sampling protocol.
This should be the optimal in what regards the use of resources, providing clear guidance to the lead ques-
tions. Choosing the sites location and establish the most adequate time window is crucial for any faunal sur-
vey protocol. In this work we aim to establish a time period during which the sampling for maximum rich-
ness is optimized for the studied area “Serra de São Mamede” Natural Park. At this point we can claim that
for this area, both abundance and taxa richness are maximized if collecting is performed during June. It
should also be noticed that genera richness behaves very similarly to species richness, providing a first clue
that the former can probably be used as a surrogate of the latter.
RESUMO: Quando se pretende realizar uma amostragem e avaliar a riqueza específica de uma determinada
área o primeiro passo é elaborar um protocolo. Este deve ser o mais eficiente possível no que diz respeito ao
uso dos recursos, para que estes não sejam desperdiçados a colher dados que não iram responder às questões
colocadas. A escolha dos locais e da janela temporal mais adequada é fundamental em qualquer protocolo de
avaliação faunística. Neste trabalho pretendeu-se estabelecer uma janela temporal em que a obtenção de da-
dos de riqueza seja optimizada para o Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede. Assim, podemos afirmar que
para esta área, tanto a abundância como as riquezas genérica e específica são maximizadas se as amostragens
forem realizadas durante o mês de Junho. É também de notar que a riqueza genérica tem uma variação seme-
lhante à da riqueza específica, este pode ser um indício que a primeira poderá ser usada como um indicador
da segunda.
INTRODUCTION
Biological communities usually are measured by specific diversity and species relative abun-
dance (Magurran, 1988). To study the community, its dynamics should be known and only then we
can decide what sampling intensity and frequency must be used. Time and resources will then not
be wasted collecting unusable data, or data which may not answer the asked questions (Oliver &
Beattie, 1996; Duelli 1997; Duelli et al., 1999; Finn et al., 1999; Norris, 1999). With arthropods
sampling, a brief period of field collection can generate a huge number of specimens from a wide
variety of taxa. In this case it is the specimens sorting and identification that requires considerable
effort (Duelli et al., 1999; Wilkie et al., 2003).
Many new sampling and monitoring protocols are being designed and in some way their effecti-
veness depend on the ability to estimate local species richness reliably at a given point in time (Re-
lys et al., 2002; Sorensen et al., 2002). Although the exact design of such a protocol will be specific
to the habitat being monitored as well as the assemblage being used, Norris (1999) suggested some
general recommendations, among others: (1) Always sample during the same month each year, or if
sampling throughout the year, only compare sampling done in the same months; (2) Consider using

34
genus level analysis if the species:genus ratio is small to avoid problems with taxonomic uncertain-
ty. To decide which month is best to apply these protocols it is fundamental that the phenology, i.e.,
the populations’ fluctuation through time in abundance and diversity, of the target group is well
known.
The aim of the present paper is to suggest the best time of the year for collecting as many spe-
cies as possible independently of the methods to be employed spending the least time possible in the
field. One single method was used to meet our objectives, the one that could provide us the most
and best information with least effort. One of the most employed methods for spiders is pitfall trap-
ping (e.g. Brennan et al., 1999; Green, 1999; Norris, 1999; Riecken, 1999). Although pitfalls are
exclusively directed towards epigeal species, they can provide almost half the spider species living
in a typical Mediterranean habitat (Cardoso, Sub.).
Study area
From March 2000 to March 2002, the arthropods of three localities in
“Serra de São Mamede” Natural Park (PNSSM – Portugal) (Fig. 1) were
sampled. Each sampling station corresponds to a different habitat and al-
titude (Table I).
Sampling methods
At each sampling station, 8 pitfall traps (9cm diameter), with Turquin
solution as a preservative method, were placed and every two weeks sam-
ples were collected, except in winter when they were emptied monthly.
PES Porto de Espada
(Marvão)
760 29SPD45
(Portalegre)
1025 29SPD45
VLM Vale Mouro
(Alegrete)
ocymoides)
434 29SPD44

35
Data analysis
For all calculus, we used the percentage of specimens, species or genera captured in each
sample, compared to the respective overall annual richness, as the measure of their efficacy. In the
comparison between the species and genera richness only adults were taken into account in the
analysis, since immature spiders are difficult or even impossible to identify, and morphospecies
were established whenever species could not be identified.
RESULTS
A total of 1,831 adult spiders were collected, representing 23 families, 74 genera, and 106 spe-
cies or morphospecies.
Concerning abundance, the distribution pattern throughout the year is very similar in the 3 sam-
pling stations (Fig. 2a,b,c). The number of adult specimens starts to increase in May and has the
maximum point in June or July. In June, the average abundance reached 19% for males and 18% for
females, and in July 11% and 19%, respectively. For PES and SSM another peak occurred in Sep-
tember and for VLM in October. The average values show that among these peaks, the October one
is more evident, reaching 14% for males and 10% for females sampled in this month (Fig. 2d).
c d
Figure 2 - Proportion of abundance in each sampling station during the studied period. a) PES; b) SSM; c) VLM
and d) average values from the 3 localities. Error bars represent one standard deviation.
ba
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35%
Jan Feb March April May June July August Sept Oct Nov Dec
Male Female Juveniles
0
5
10
15
20
25%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
%

36
Species and genera richness data show the same pattern as abundance (Fig. 3a-d). There is an
increase until June, reaching 42% of both genera and species average richness during this month,
with a very small standard deviation. In October there is another, but lighter, richness peak that in
average reaches 19% of the annual richness. This is due to the fact that some families have their
abundance and diversity maximum during this month (Appendix 1). In VLM the genera and species
richness is more homogeneous, but also has a lower percentage for each month when compared
with the other localities.
It should be noticed that the percentage of genera richness is much similar to the percentage of
species richness, which indicates the effectiveness of the use of genera to evaluate species richness
for each studied locality.
DISCUSSION
Species distribution thoughout the annual cycle has some remarkable features: (a) The majority
of families present maximum richness in May and June, but Linyphiidae, Zodaridae, and Neme-
c d
ba
Figure 3 - Proportion of genera and species richness in each sampling station. a) PES; b) SSM; c) VLM and d)
average values from the 3 localities. Error bars represent one standard deviation.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
%
Genera Species
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50%
Genera Species
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40%
Genera Species
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
%
Genera Species

37
siidae have an abundance and richness peak in October; (b) Many species have notorious population
outbreaks during short time periods, being adults entirely absent during the rest of the year.
The distribution of abundance and taxa richness along an annual cycle is markedly bimodal.
There is one very high peak during June and a smaller, however obvious, peak during October.
With these results we can say that a study of diversity assessment can profit immensely if we
point out our maximum sampling effort to be done during June. If more complete results are
needed, a smaller sampling effort should be pointed to October, to complement of June’s data. The-
se results were not unexpected, since in Cardoso (Sub.) the same month is suggested as the best al-
ternative for an effective sampling of species richness. It also has been shown that the use of genera
gives a good perspective of the species richness of the area at any time of the year.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to “Serra de São Mamede” Natural Park staff for logistical support during the
fieldwork. A.F. Gouveia was supported by “Fundo Social Europeu” and “Ministério da Educação”
(PRODEP). P. Cardoso was supported by “Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia” –
SFRH/BD/1195/2000. N.G. de Oliveira was supported by “Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia“-
SFRH/BD/1196/2000. A.R.M. Serrano was supported by “Instituto da Conservação da Natureza”
(ICN) through “Serra de São Mamede” Natural Park and by “Sociedade Portuguesa de Entomolo-
gia”.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BRENNAN, K.E.C., J.D. MAJER & N. REYGAERT. 1999. Determination of an optimal pitfall trap size
for sampling spiders in a Western Australia Jarrah forest. Journal of Insect Conservation, 3:
297-307.
CARDOSO, P. Submitted. The use of arachnids (Class Arachnida) in biodiversity evaluation and
monitoring of Natural Areas. Tese de doutoramento em Biologia (Ecologia e Biossistemática)
pela Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa.
DUELLI, P. 1997. Biodiversity evaluation in agricultural landscapes: an approach at two different
scales. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 62: 81-91.
DUELLI, P., M.K. OBRIST & D.R. SCHMATZ. 1999. Biodiversity evaluation in agricultural
landscapes: above-ground insects. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 74: 33-64.
FINN, J.A., T. GITTINGS & P.S. GILLER. 1999. Spatial and temporal variation in species composition
of dung beetles assemblages in Southern Ireland. Ecological Entomology, 24: 24-36.

38
GREEN, J. 1999. Sampling method and time determines composition of spider collections. Journal
of Arachnology, 27: 176-182.
MAGURRAN, A.E. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton University Press,
Princeton, USA.
NORRIS, K.C. 1999. Quantifying change through time in spider assemblages: sampling methods,
indices and sources of error. Journal of Insect Conservation, 3: 309-325.
OLIVER, I. & A.J. BEATTIE. 1996. Invertebrate morphospecies as surrogates for species: a case study.
Conservation Biology, 10: 99-109.
RELYS, V.; S. KOPONEN & D. DAPKUS. 2002. Annual difference and species turnover in peat bog
spider communities. Journal of Arachnology, 30: 416-424.
RIECKEN, U. 1999. Effects of short-term sampling on ecological characterization and evaluation of
epigeic spider communities and their habitats for site assessment studies. Journal of
Arachnology, 27: 189-195.
SORENSEN, L.L., J.A. CODDINGTON & N. SCHARFF 2002. Inventorying and estimating subcanopy
spider diversity using semiquantitative sampling methods in an afromontane forest.
Environmental Entomology, 31: 319-330.
WILKIE, L., G. CASSIS & M. GRAY. 2003. A quality control protocol for terrestrial invertebrate
biodiversity assessment. Biodiversity and Conservation, 12: 121-146.

39
HIGHER TAXA SURROGATES OF SPIDERS (ARANEAE) DIVERSITY: A CASE-STUDY
A.F. GOUVEIA, P. CARDOSO, N.G. de OLIVEIRA, I. SILVA & A.R.M. SERRANO
ABSTRACT: The assessment of species richness through the use of higher taxa has been increasing. This is
a rapid and cost-effective approach to assess the number o species in a determined locality. To test this
approach we used data obtained from a study of the spiders of “Serra de São Mamede” Natural Park. The
relation between the higher taxa and the number of species has shown to be linear. The correlation values
indicate that the use of genera data as surrogate of the number of species is more effective than the use of
families. As already shown in other works, this case-study supports the use of genera richness to assess
species richness, what leads to a rapid and cost-effective assessment.
RESUMO: O uso de taxa superiores para a avaliação da riqueza específica tem vindo a ser cada vez mais
utilizada, pois é uma forma rápida e com custos reduzidos de o fazer. Para testar esta abordagem de
avaliação de riqueza usaram-se dados de um estudo de aranhas do Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede.
Verificou-se que a relação entre os taxa superiores e o número de espécies na maioria apresenta na maioria
dos casos uma regressão linear. Os valores de correlação mostram que os géneros apresentam uma maior
eficiência que as famílias para predizer o número de espécies. Estes dados corroboram trabalhos anteriores
mostrando que os géneros são um bom indicador da riqueza específica, o que pode levar a avaliações de
forma mais rápida e com segurança nos resultados.
INTRODUCTION
The ability to estimate local species richness reliably at a given point in time is fundamental, be-
cause all more complex sampling designs depend on it (Sorensen et al., 2002). In arthropods sam-
pling, a brief period of field collection can generate a huge number of specimens from a wide varie-
ty of taxa. In this case it is the specimens sorting and identification that requires considerable effort
material (Duelli et al., 1999; Wilkie et al., 2003). To redress this imbalance, rapid and cost-effective
methods of assessing invertebrate diversity are required.
Among the most popular is the use of higher taxa surrogates, as proposed by several authors
(e.g. Gaston & Williams, 1993; Wilkie et al., 2003; Cardoso et al., 2004). This approach has several
advantages, because with a low effort and resources, information can be obtained on a large number
of taxa. The use of higher taxa surrogacy as been used for several different kinds of organisms (Wil-
liams et al., 1994; Gaston & Blackburn, 1995; Vanderklift et al., 1998; Balmford et al., 2000; Mar-
tín-Piera, 2000; Borges et al., 2002; Cardoso et al., 2004). One must be careful though, there are se-
veral factors (e.g. sampling effort, geographical location, habitat type) that may influence the rela-
tionship between species richness and higher taxa richness (Gaston & Williams, 1993; Andersen,
1995; Cardoso et al., 2004).
In this work, data from “Serra de São Mamede” Natural Park (PNSSM) was used as a case-stu-
dy of this diversity assessment approach. With it, we intend to test the use of higher taxa surrogacy
with spiders in this Natural Area.

40
Study area
From March 2000 to March 2002, the arthropods of three localities in
PNSSM (Portugal) (Fig. 1) were sampled. Each sampling station corres-
ponds to a different habitat and altitude (Table I).
Sampling methods
Since fieldwork was primarily directed towards beetles, a series of
pitfall traps with Turquin solution as a preservative, was used to collect
ground dwelling arthropods. Eight pitfall traps with 9cm diameter were
placed at each station and samples were collected every two weeks, ex-
cept during winter when this was done monthly.
Data analysis
Only adults were taken into account in the analysis and morphospecies were established when-
ever species could not be identified. Specimens that could not be assigned to a morphospecies level
were not taken in account in this study.
To assess if either family or genus richness can be consistently used to predict species richness a
regression analysis was performed over all samples. All combinations of different dates and sites
were considered as independent variables. Both linear and exponential regressions were tested, but
only the best fitted are presented here. A visual evaluation and the percentage of variance explained
by the independent variable were used as a measure of adjustment, surrogacy consistency and extra-
polative power.
PES Porto de Espada
(Marvão)
760 29SPD45
(Portalegre)
1025 29SPD45
VLM Vale Mouro
(Alegrete)
ocymoides)
434 29SPD44

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