3. 2 weeks after a viral syndrome, a 2 y.o. develops
bruising and generalized petechiae that is more
prominent over the legs. He has neither
hepatosplenomegaly nor lymph node enlargement.
Laboratory testing reveals a normal hemoglobin,
hematocrit, and white blood cell count and
differential. The platelet count is 15,000/mm3.
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
B. Aplastic anemia
C. ITP
D. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
E. von Willebrand disease
4. ITP: Idiopathic to Immune01
William J. Harrington -a fellow in the training program at the Barnes Hospital-
decided to study the theory that there was a factor in the blood
of patients with ITP that was destroying platelets. So, when a
patient with persisting ITP despite splenectomy was admitted to
the hospital in the summer of 1950, the perfect opportunity
greeted them. Platelet counts were tested on both the woman
patient and Harrington and started the exchange transfusion.
Shortly thereafter, Harrington sustained a major seizure. Over
the course of the next 4 days, Harrington’s platelet count
remained dangerously low and he had widespread petechia and
bruises. By the fifth day, the platelet count was nearing normal
and examination of Harrington’s bone marrow before and after
the exchange transfusion revealed no changes in the
megakaryocytes indicating an effect on the circulating platelets
and not on the megakaryocytes. Thus, the Harrington–
Hollingsworth experiment identified an immune, or rather an
autoimmune, basis for this disease changing the name from
“idiopathic” to “immune” thrombocytopenia purpura.
6. EPIDEMIOLOGY :01
COMMONEST 50-65% 1-4yr
cause of
thrombocytopenia
in childhood.
Has recent history
of viral illness
Is the peak
age
1 in 20,000 more in late winter and spring
1-4 wk. after exposure to a common viral infection, an autoantibody directed
against the platelet surface cause sudden onset of thrombocytopenia.
the
=
9. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION01
-sudden onset of generalizedpetechiae and purpura
-Epistaxis and other mucosal bleeding, rare to be profuse bleeding.
- Splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy,bone pain, and pallor are rare.
10. classification system has been proposed to characterize the severity
of bleeding in ITP on the basis of symptoms and signs :
01
31
42
No symptoms
Moderate
more severe skin and mucosal lesions,more
troublesome epistaxisand menorrhagia
Mild
bruising and petechiae,
occasional minor epistaxis,
v.little interference with daily living。
Severe
bleeding episodes:menorrhagia, epistaxis,melena -
requiring transfusionor hospitalization,symptoms
interfering seriouslywith the qualityof life
11. DDx:02
Congenital cause
(such as Wiskott–Aldrich or Bernard–Soulier syndromes)
Acquired (ALL, Aplastic anemia)
presence of anaemia, neutropenia,
hepatosplenomegaly, or marked
lymphadenopathy
Immune
Nonimmune
SLE, Alloimmune neonatal
thrombocytopenia.
Increased platelet destruction
or consumption:
HUS, TTP, DIC, CHD, Kasabach–Merritt
syndrome, Hypersplenism
Impaired platelet production:
Platelet count normal:
Platelet dysfunction
Congenital: Rare disorders, e.g. Glanzmann thrombasthenia,
Acquired: Uraemia, cardiopulmonary bypass
Vascular disorders
Congenital Rare disorders, e.g. Ehlers–Danlos, Marfan syndrome,
Acquired Meningococcal ,Vasculitis, e.g HSP
12. INVESTIGATIONS:03
thrombocytopenia(platelet count <20 × 109/L) is
common but can be lower than 150
-Platelet size may be increase
-HB , WBC , RBC are normal
-To exclude leukaemia or aplastic anaemia
- Megakariocytosis seen
CBC:
Bone marrow aspiration
13. TREATMENT01
acute benign Self-limiting*The disease is & &
(usually remittingspontaneously within 6–8 weeks)
*Most children do not need any therapy even if their platelet count is less than 10 × 109/L
The Treatment should be given if there is evidence of major bleeding (e.g. intracranialor gastrointestinal
hemorrhage) or persistent minor bleeding that affects daily lives :
Start with IVIG If inadequate response , short course of Prednisone
- thrombopoietic growth factors?Splenectomy ?platelet transfusion?
16. DIC02
Paradoxical condition leading to
Both clotting and bleeding
A confusing disorder from
both diagnostic and therapeutic standpoints:
Lack of uniformity in clinical manifestation
Lack of uniformity in the laboratory diagnosis
Lack of uniformity or consensus on management
Many unrelated diseases can trigger DIC
Any life-threatening severe systemic disease associated with
hypoxia, acidosis, tissue necrosis, shock, and/or endothelial
damage may trigger DIC.
17. PATHOGENESIS02
ANY
TRIGGER !
01 04
02 03
Activation and release of
cytokines and chemokines
alter endothelial function
more prothrombotic state
formation of
microvascular
thrombosis and
organ failure
Consumption of
anticoagulant
proteins > bleeding
18. Clinical manifestation :02
- The predominantclinicalfeature is bruising, purpura and haemorrhage.
- The pathophysiological process is characterizedby microvascularthrombosis and purpura fulminans may
occur. May lead to necrosis
20. Investigations:02
- Prothrombin time
(PT)
- APTT
- fibrinogen
degradatio
n products
- D-dimers
- +Schistocyt
e in blood
smear
Platelet
Fibrinogen ,
factors II, V,
and VIII
proteins C and
S
Antithrombin
anticoagulants
23. 03
Acute renal failure
HUS is a common cause of
community acquired acute
kidney injury in young children
HUS is most common in
preschool and school-age
children
24. ETIOLOGY02
medication genetic infection
* HUS commonly is transmitted by undercooked meat or unpasteurized milk and caused mainly by
E.coli and shigella ( verotoxin-shiga toxin ) The most common form of HUS is caused by toxin-producing E coli that causes prodromal
acute enteritis and is commonly termed diarrhea-associatedHUS. The most common toxin is O157:H7.
* HUS associated with systemic diseases characterized by microvascularinjury
25. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS03
* Sudden onset of pallor, irritability, weakness, and lethargy
* Oliguria
* HUS can present with either significant dehydration or volume overload
* HTN & Jaundice & petechiae
26. INVESTIGATIONS:03
*Thrombocytopenia , platelet counts usually 20,000-
100,000/mm3
*mild elevations in serum blood urea nitrogen and
creatinine
*Urinalysis typically shows microscopic hematuria and
low-grade proteinuria.
*Peripheral smear may show Schistocyte
*May need stool culture
29. A three week old white female had a history
of a hemangioma of left thigh and buttock
diagnosed at birth. MRI at six days of age
showed subcutaneous and muscle infiltration
involving the left thigh and buttock with
extension into the abdominal wall. The
patient was admitted with increased size of
the left thigh, worsened purple color of the
thigh, and severe thrombocytopenia (platelet
count = 16 x 10(9)/L).
31. Giant hemangioma
04
The associationof a giant hemangioma with localizedintravascularcoagulationcausing thrombocytopeniaand hypofibrinogenemia is
called
Kasabach-Merritt syndrome
It is a life-threatening combination of giant hemangioma, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia
and consumptive coagulopathy as a result of platelet and red blood cell trapping and activation of the
clotting system within the vasculature of the hemangioma
32. Clinical manifestation :02
- cutaneous giant hemangioma and rarely located in viscera
- ecchymosis, petechiae
- Painful lesions
- Anemia
33. INVESTIGATIONS:03
-The platelet count is depressed
-Bone marrow contains increased numbers of normal or immature megakaryocytes.
-The thrombocytopenia has been attributed to sequestration or increased destruction of platelets
within the lesion.
-decreased levels of clotting factors are relatively common
34. Treatment03
SURGICALWOMAN
pharmacological
-excision of small lesions, although this is often difficult because of coagulopathy.
-Additional pharmacologic treatments include systemic steroids with or without
vincristine as first-line therapy in most cases.
35. Helpful clinical features in evaluating bleeding disorders04
Age of
onset
Bleeding
history
Pattern
of
bleeding
Family
history
Thrombocytopenia is a platelet count less than 150 × 109/L
OF CHRONIC (ACUTE STILL UNKNOWN): antiplatelet IgG autoantibodies against the platelet glycoprotein 2b/3a bind to the platelet surface recognized by splenic macrophages, ingested, and destroyed.
Neonatal thrombocytopenia in infants born to women with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) also is a result of placental transfer of maternal IgG antibodies. In ITP, these autoantibodies are directed against all platelet antigens; mother and newborn may have low platelet counts. The risks of hemorrhage in an infant born to a mother with ITP may be lessened by cesarean section and by treatment of the mother with corticosteroids
Most common viruses have been described in association with ITP, including Epstein-Barr virus ( that come in a short period) and HIV ( usually with chronic )
- In some patients ITP appears to arise in children infected with Helicobacter pylori – VACCINATIONS: MMR
ITP is a diagnosis of exclusion, the history, clinical features, and blood film.
Severe thrombocytopenia (platelets <20 × 109/L) – risk of spontaneous bleeding. • Moderate thrombocytopenia (platelets 20–50 × 109/L) – at risk of excess bleeding during operations or trauma but low risk of spontaneous bleeding. • Mild thrombocytopenia (platelets 50–150 × 109/L) – low risk of bleeding unless there is a major operation or severe trauma.
if the clinical features are characteristic, with no abnormality in the blood other than a low platelet count and no intention to treat, there is no need to examine the bone marrow
A bone marrow examination should also be performed if the child is going to be treated with steroids, since this treatment may temporarily mask the diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL).
Chronic (>6mon) : In 20% of children
The etiology of DIC in a newborn includes hypoxia, hypotension, asphyxia, bacterial or viral sepsis, NEC, death of a twin while in utero, cavernous hemangioma,nonimmune hydrops, neonatal cold injury, neonatal neoplasm, and hepatic disease.
prolonged PTT and PT (minutes rather than seconds), thrombocytopenia, and a blood smear suggesting a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (burr or fragmented blood cells).
Heparin and factor C concentrate should be reserved for infants with DIC who also have thrombosis
Age of onset
• Neonate – in 20% of haemophilias, bleeding occurs in the neonatal period, usually with intracranial haemorrhage or bleeding after circumcision
• Toddler – haemophilias may present when starting to walk
• Adolescent – von Willebrand disease may present with menorrhagia
Family history • Family tree – detailed family tree required • Gender of affected relatives (if all boys, suggests haemophilia)
Bleeding history • Previous surgical procedures and dental extractions – if uncomplicated, suggests bleeding tendency is acquired rather than inherited • Presence of systemic disorders • Drug history, e.g. anticoagulants • Unusual pattern or inconsistent history – consider nonaccidental injury Pattern of bleeding • Mucous membrane bleeding and skin haemorrhage – characteristic of platelet disorders or von Willebrand disease • Bleeding into muscles or into joints – characteristic of haemophilia • Scarring and delayed haemorrhage – suggestive of disorders of connective tissue, e.g. Marfan syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta or factor XIII deficiency