2. WHAT IS DATA ?
Data is a collection of facts & figures, such as
values or measurements.
The data is the raw material to be processed
by a computer.
3. DATA VS INFORMATION
Data-
A collection of facts represented of represented in the form of
note, letters words.
Information-
A collection of data which conveys some meaningful idea is
information. It may provide answers to questions like who,
which, when, why, what, and how.
4. TYPES OF DATA
Type of
Data
Quantitative
Data
Discrete Continuous
Interval
Scale
Ration
Scale
Qualitative
Data
Binary Nominal Ordinal
5. STORAGE OF DATA AS A FILE
In computer every thin is in the form of Files.
Types of file
File extension
File Information (Meta Data)
File properties
6. WHAT IS SOFTWARE ?
Instructions that tell a computer what to do.
Without software hardware can not perform any
task.
Computer software is all information processed by
computer systems, including programs and data.
Includes computer programs, libraries and related
non-executable data, such as online documentation
or digital media.
Software is written in programming language like
(C, C++, Java, Python etc.)
7. WHY WE NEED SOFTWARE ?
Software provide interaction between hardware and
user.
Software is a collection of computer programs
which is designed to solve any task.
Computer system is whole operated and handled
by software, software like Word, DOS, Window,
Calculator
9. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Is a collection of programs, which are designed to
operate, control and extend the processing
capability of the computer system.
Operating System
Programming Software (Language processor)
Utility software
10. OPERATING SYSTEM
Software which is used to operate all activity of
computer
Memory management
User interactions
Hardware component Management
Files management
etc…..
11. PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE (LANGUAGE
PROCESSOR)
Use to translate the instruction of any programming
language.
Compiler- Read the program and translate it into
machine code
Assembler- Assemble language into machine
language.
Interpreter- Translate and execute code line by line
12. UTILITY SOFTWARE
Utility are programs, which performs a specific
functions.
Utility Software
System utilities
• Anti virus
• Clipboard
manager
• Network utility
• System Monitor
• System Profiler
Storage device
management
• Backup Software
• Disk checkers
• Disk formatters
• Disk space
analyzers
File
management
utilities
• Cryptographic
• Data
compression
• Data conversion
• Data recovery
Miscellaneous
utilities
• Installation or
setup
• Screensavers
• Sort/Merge
programs
13. APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Program or group of programs designed for end-
users
Examples
Word processor
Spreadsheet
Accounting application
web browser
email client
media player,
a file viewer,
simulators,
a console game,
a photo editor etc.
14. • What is a programming language?
• Why are there so many programming
languages?
• Does the world need new languages?
15. • A programming language is a set of
rules that provides a way of telling a
computer what operations to perform.
• A programming language is a set of
rules for communicating an algorithm.
• It provides a linguistic framework for
describing computations.
16. • English is a natural language. It has
words, symbols and grammatical rules.
• A programming language also has
words, symbols and rules of grammar.
• The grammatical rules are called syntax.
• Each programming language has a
different set of syntax rules.
17. • First programming languages were
developed in the 1950s
• Since then thousands of languages
have been developed
• Different programming languages
are designed for different types of
programs.
18.
19. Machine Language
MACHINE LANGUAGE, OR MACHINE CODE, IS A
LOW-LEVEL LANGUAGE COMPRISED OF BINARY
DIGITS (ONES AND ZEROS).
◦ Operation code – such as addition or subtraction.
◦ Operands – that identify the data to be processed.
◦ Machine language is machine dependent as it is
the only language the computer can understand.
◦ Very efficient code but very difficult to write.
20. Assembly languages
• Symbolic operation codes replaced binary
operation codes.
• Assembly language programs needed to be
“assembled” for execution by the
computer. Each assembly language
instruction is translated into one machine
language instruction.
• Very efficient code and easier to write.
22. • High Level Language
• Machine-independent
• C, C++, C#, Java, BASIC, Pascal
• Most 3GLs support structured programming &
object-oriented programming.
23. • Specialized toward very
specific programming domains.
• SQL, Unix Shell, Oracle Reports, R
• Support for database management, report
generation, mathematical optimization, GUI
development, or web development.
24. Functional(?):Lisp,Scheme, SML
◦ Alsocalled applicative
◦ Everythingisa function
Logic: Prolog
◦ Basedonmathematical logic
◦ Rule- or Constraint-based
Based on problem-solving using constraints given to the
program, rather than using an algorithm written by a
programmer.
25. TYPES OF SOFTWARE
• System Software
– The programs directly related to the computer
hardware and perform tasks associated with
controlling and utilizing computer hardware
• Application Software
– An application is a job or task a user wants to
accomplish through a computer.
– Application software are programs that help a
user perform a specific job.
27. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
•
•
•
System software is computer software designed to operate
the computer hardware, to provide basic functionality, and to
provide a platform for running application software.
System software includes device drivers, operating systems,
servers, utilities, and window systems.
System software is responsible for managing a variety of
independent hardware components, so that they can work
together harmoniously.
28. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
•
•
System control programs
– controls the execution of programs, manage the storage & processing
resources of the computer & perform other management &
monitoring function.
– The most important of these programs is the operating system.
System support programs
•
• provide routine service functions to the other computer programs &
computer users: E.g. Utilities, libraries,
Ex:Text editors, language translators such as BASIC interpreter
• System Development Programs
– They assists in the creation of computer programs. Examples of
system development are –
– programming language, language translations.
29. APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Application software are the software that are
designed to satisfy a particular need of a
particular environment.
All software prepared by us in the computer lab.
Examples of application software are-student
record software, railway reservation software,
income tax software, word processors etc.
Examples include enterprise software, accounting
software, office suites, graphics software and
media players.
30. APPLICATION SOFTWARE
1) Opera (Web Browser)
2) Microsoft Word (Word Processing)
3) Microsoft Excel (Spreadsheet software)
5) MySQL (Database Software)
6) Microsoft Powerpoint (Presentation Software)
7) iTunes (Music / Sound Software)
8) VLC Media Player (Audio / Video Software )
9) World of Warcraft (Game Software)
10) Adobe Photoshop (Graphics Software)
Hinweis der Redaktion
Quantitative data deals with numbers and things you can measure objectively: dimensions such as height, width, and length. Temperature and humidity. Prices. Area and volume.
Qualitative data deals with characteristics and descriptors that can't be easily measured, but can be observed subjectively—such as smells, tastes, textures, attractiveness, and color.
Discrete data is a count that can't be made more precise. Typically it involves integers. For instance, the number of children (or adults, or pets) in your family is discrete data, because you are counting whole, indivisible entities: you can't have 2.5 kids, or 1.3 pets.
Continuous data, on the other hand, could be divided and reduced to finer and finer levels. For example, you can measure the height of your kids at progressively more precise scales—meters, centimeters, millimeters, and beyond—so height is continuous data.
Binary data place things in one of two mutually exclusive categories: right/wrong, true/false, or accept/reject.
When collecting unordered or nominal data, we assign individual items to named categories that do not have an implicit or natural value or rank. If I went through a box of Jujubes and recorded the color of each in my worksheet, that would be nominal data.
nominal data include country, gender, race, hair color etc. of a group of people
We also can have ordered or ordinal data, in which items are assigned to categories that do have some kind of implicit or natural order, such as "Short, Medium, or Tall." Another example is a survey question that asks us to rate an item on a 1 to 10 scale, with 10 being the best. This implies that 10 is better than 9, which is better than 8, and so on. ordinal data include having a position in class as “First” or “Second”.
The difference between interval and ratio scales comes from their ability to dip below zero. Interval scales hold no true zero and can represent values below zero. For example, you can measure temperature below 0 degrees Celsius, such as -10 degrees.
Ratio variables, on the other hand, never fall below zero. Height and weight measure from 0 and above, but never fall below it.
System utilities
Anti-virus utilities scan for computer viruses and block or remove them.
Clipboard managers expand the clipboard functionality of an operating system.
Computer access control software grants or denies requests for access to system resources.
Debuggers typically permit the examination and modification of data and program instructions in memory and on disk.
Diagnostic programs determine and report the operational status of computer hardware and software. Memory testers are one example.
Network utilities analyze the computer's network connectivity, configure network settings, check data transfer or log events.
Package managers are used to configure, install or keep up to date other software on a computer.
Registry cleaners clean and optimize the Windows Registry by removing old registry keys that are no longer in use.
System monitors monitor resources and performance in a computer system.
System profilers provide detailed information about installed software and hardware.
Storage device management utilities
Backup software makes copies of all information stored on a disk and restores either the entire disk (aka Disk cloning) in an event of disk failure or selected files that are accidentally deleted or corrupted. Undeletion utilities are sometimes more convenient.
Disk checkers scan an operating hard drive and check for logical (filesystem) or physical errors.
Disk compression utilities transparently compress/uncompress the contents of a disk, increasing the capacity of the disk.
Disk defragmenters detect computer files whose contents are scattered across several locations on the hard disk and collect the fragments into one contiguous area.
Disk formatters prepare a data storage device such as a hard disk, solid-state drive, floppy disk or USB flash drive for initial use. These are often used to permanently erase an entire device.
Disk partition editors divide an individual drive into multiple logical drives, each with its own file system which can be mounted by the operating system and treated as an individual drive.
Disk space analyzers provide a visualization of disk space usage by getting the size for each folder (including sub folders) and files in folder or drive. showing the distribution of the used space.
Tape initializers write a label to a magnetic tape or other magnetic medium. Initializers for DECtape formatted the tape into blocks.
File management utilities
Archivers output a stream or a single file when provided with a directory or a set of files. Archive suites may include compression and encryption capabilities. Some archive utilities have a separate un-archive utility for the reverse operation. One nearly universal type of archive file format is the zip file.
Cryptographic utilities encrypt and decrypt streams and files.
Data compression utilities output a shorter stream or a smaller file when provided with a stream or file.
Data conversion utilities transform data from a source file to some other format, such as from a text file to a PDF document.
Data recovery utilities are used to rescue good data from corrupted files.
Data synchronization utilities establish consistency among data from a source to a target data storage and vice versa. There are several branches of this type of utility:
File synchronization utilities maintain consistency between two sources. They may be used to create redundancy or backup copies but are also used to help users carry their digital music, photos and video in their mobile devices.
Revision control utilities can recreate a coherent structure where multiple users simultaneously modify the same file.
Disk cleaners find files that are unnecessary to computer operation, or take up considerable amounts of space.
File comparison utilities provide a standalone capability to detect differences between files.
File managers provide a convenient method of performing routine data management, email recovery and management tasks, such as deleting, renaming, cataloging, uncataloging, moving, copying, merging, setting write protection status, setting file access permissions, generating and modifying folders and data sets.
Miscellaneous utilities
Data generators (e.g. IEBDG) create a file of test data according to specified patterns.
Hex editors directly modify the text or data of a file without regard to file format. These files can be data or programs.
HTML checkers validate HTML code and check links.
Installation or setup utilities are used to initialize or configure programs, usually applications programs, for use in a specific computer environment. There are also Uninstallers.
Patching utilities perform alterations of files, especially object programs when program source is unavailable.
Screensavers prevent phosphor burn-in on CRT and plasma computer monitors.
Sort/Merge programs arrange records (lines) of a file into a specified sequence.
Standalone macro recorders permit use of keyboard macros in programs that do not natively support such a feature.
