2. • Man was living in groups
• Scattered groups – dangers, insecurities
• Realized need of social awareness

3.  Various stages of growth
 Theological ideas
 Faith in divine phenomena

4. First Phase (Aristotle, Plato)
◦ Studies of Family type
◦ Customs
◦ Problems of these times
Second Phase (6th to 14th century AD)
◦ Philosophical analysis of social life
◦ Shift from religion to logic

5. Third Phase (15th to 18th AD)
◦ Evolution of Sociology as a Discipline
◦ Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau
◦ Evolution of Society- Social Contract
Fourth Phase (Auguste Comte, 1798-1857)
◦ Scientific development
◦ Sociology as a science
◦ Differentiated social philosophy- Sociology

7.  Yale University of USA – 1876
 France – 1889
 United Kingdom – 1907
 Egypt – 1924
 Sweden - 1947

8.  Bombay University – 1914
 Calcutta – 1917
 Poona University – 1930
 Universities, Colleges - 1951

9.  Trends with Western Influence
 Trends with Traditional Influence
 Trends with Synthetic western and Traditional
Influence

11. • Sociology – scientific in nature
• Characteristics of Sociology

12. Sociology is a science, not a natural science
◦ Objectives, empirical evidence
◦ Not modelled on natural sciences
◦ Subject matters of natural sciences - Static
◦ Human behaviour - Dynamic

13. Sociology is a positive science, not a normative science:
◦ Not bothered for normative forms
◦ Study of what is, not what ought to be
Sociology is a pure science and applied science:
◦ It is theoretical
◦ Both theoretical and practical

14. Sociology is an abstract science, not a concrete science:
◦ Abstract science deals with thought
◦ Separate from what is real object
Sociology is a Rational and Empirical Science:
◦ Empiricism – Understanding based on experience
◦ Based on observation and experiment.

15. Sociology is a general science:
◦ Economics, Politics – deal with particular aspect
of society
◦ Sociology deals with social phenomena in a
general manner

16. Sociology is a science of society
 Every science has systematic body of knowledge
 It generalizes, provides universal principles
 It investigates causal relationships
 It credits future events
 It is a science
Sociology for its Field
◦ Deals with whole life of man
◦ Social institutions
◦ Customs, Rules, groups, communities

17. Lack of experimentation :
◦ Experimentation cannot be done
Lack of objectivity:
◦ Not possible to measure, weight sentiments,
emotions
◦ There is subjectivity - prejudices, likes and
dislikes

18. Lack of exactivity:
◦ Generalizations are not so exact
◦ They are conditional
Not universal:
◦ Conclusions not applicable everywhere
◦ Human behaviour differs from person to
person and place to place

20. Role of Law :
 Means of Social control
 Controlling a balanced social system
 To determine mutual relationship
 To control social conflicts, tensions
 To protect properties
 Role to promote developmental activities
 To promote life and liberty
 To help smooth social change

21. Law and Social Change:
 Law to suit to new situations
 Law will allow for peaceful change
 Laws to undergo change to meet societal needs

22. Law as an instrument of social change:
 Law is a powerful instrument of social change
 It induces new pattern of behaviour
 Evil customs eliminated by law

23. Legislation to bring about social change:
 Legislation to sustain social structure
 Law as an agency of social control and social
change
 Legal code to be in conformity with social values

24.  Law to lay emphasis on humanistic values
 Prohibition of Sati Act, 1829
 Widow Remarriage Act, 1856
 Prevention of Female Infanticide Act, 1870
 Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929
 Social Change Envisaged with Constitution
 Constitution guarantees equality before law
 Article, 19- abolished untouchability
 Article, 24 -Child Labour Prohibited.

25. Relation between sociology and Law
◦ Law: a set of rules, regulations enacted by state
◦ W.B. Scot- Dictionary of Sociology
◦ System of standardized norms
◦ Regulating human conduct and social control
◦ Law enforced by formal public authority
Law and sociology
◦ Law and sociology related to each other.
◦ Sociology’s concern to maintain social solidarity
◦ Law to control the social system

26.  Deals with study of legal institutions in
sociological concepts
 Study of social norms – central to sociology
 Sociological analysis of legal codes is long
standing concern
 Analysis of social roles of lawyer, judge, how they
relate to structure of society in major aspect of
sociology of law

27.  Study of legal system functionally as a social
instrument.
 As part of social control, study of legal
institutions, doctrines, precepts.
 Law is specialized agency of social control.
 Task of social control-to achieve optimum
production least waste.
 Functional approach to the study of law described
as science of social engineering.

28.  Based on existence of human society
◦ Durkheim
 Solidarity of society depends on system of laws
 He explained concepts of mechanical solidarity
and organic solidarity
 Laws of society are backbone of a nation.

30. Norms and values
Norms – meaning
◦ Norms – rules and regulations
◦ Norm is a social expectation
◦ It is a standard expected to conform
◦ Standards of group behaviours called Norms

31. Norms incorporate value judgment
◦ Buckman :
 Members exhibit certain regularities
 Such regularities are social norms
◦ Brown and Selznic:
 Expected behavior, ideal behaviour
 Model practices

32.  Violation attracts punishment
 Norm-prescriptive proscriptive
 Prescriptive- require certain actions
 Proscriptive – prohibit certain actions

33. Characteristics
 They control social behavior
 They change from group to group
 Norms – relevance to sex, occupation, status

34. Functions and importance
 They regulate behavior
 They give cohesion to society
 They uphold values of society
 They influence thinking, attitudes

35. Individuals conformity to Norms:
 By conformity, one gets cooperation
 Receives rewards, praise
 Punishments, reward promote conformity

36. Other reasons for conformity:
Robert Bierstadt
 Indoctrination - The child taught in the family:
◦ Process of socialization- believing norms the
right way
 Habituation:
◦ What is customary becomes habitual

37.  Utility:
◦ Norms, useful to all members – to the best
interests
 Group Identification:
◦ By conformity, we identify with the group

38.  Prescriptive
◦ Rules to be followed
 Proscriptive
◦ Norms tell us what we should not do
The ideal norms and practical norms
◦ Ideal norms-these should be accepted
◦ Practical norms – norms to be strictly followed

39. Folkways :
◦ Recognized or accepted ways of behaving,
conventions, forms of etiquette
Customs:
◦ Practices accepted as appropriate modes of
behavior
◦ Religious holidays, rituals
Mores:
◦ They are moral rules which society accepts for
social well-being

41. Status:
◦ Social position
◦ Prestige, respect
◦ High or low
◦ Social evaluation
Relationship of office with status:
◦ Status attached to office
◦ Not to individuals

42. Determinants of Status: 6 factors
Parsons
 Birth, possessions, personal qualities, Personal
achievement, power, authority
No permanency
 Changes with time, place
 Changes with office
 States relative, not absolute

43. Kinds or Types of status
Ascribed
◦ Based on sex, age, birth, heredity
◦ Cannot be changed
Achieved
◦ Education, vocation and profession

44. Distinction between ascribed and achieved status
◦ Ascribed – gift from society, by birth
◦ Achieved – personal efforts, capacities
Importance of advantages
◦ Respect, privileges
◦ Promotes responsibility
◦ Society develops

45. ROLE
◦ Behavior expected of an individual
◦ Socialization – role attitude
 Ascribed Role
◦ One acquires it automatically
◦ By birth
◦ No choice
 Achieved Role
◦ One has choice
◦ Occupational roles

46.  Role conflict:
◦ When two or more roles
◦ Incompatible roles
◦ Many roles in different groups
 Distinction between status and Role:
◦ Status – A position
◦ Role – behavioral aspect

48. Institution :
◦ Men live in society
◦ To satisfy wants
◦ Form an organization
◦ Frame rules of procedure

49.  Six features of institution
 Core values, functions, norms and standard,
Abstract, procedures, symbolic- wedding,flag.
Other characteristics:
 Fulfils needs
 Controls individuals
 Means of social work
 evolutionary

50. Institutionalization:
◦ Patterns of behaviour legitimized
◦ Accepted as right
Norm to be institutionalized - Three conditions:
◦ People to accept
◦ Take it seriously
◦ Norm to be sanctioned

51. Functions and merits:
◦ To transfer culture
◦ Unity in behavior
◦ Governs relations
Demerits:
◦ Creates hurdles for development
◦ Fanaticism
◦ Difficulties for universal brotherhood

52.  A group of people
 They must be organized
 Common purpose to peruse
Associations formed on several basis:
Duration –
 Temporary association- flood relief association
 Permanent Association - State

53. On the basis of power:
 Sovereign association – State
 Semi-sovereign association - University
 Non-sovereign association – Clubs
On the basis of functions:
 Biological functions – Family
 Vocational functions – Teachers association
 Recreation functions – Tennis club

54. Characteristics:
◦ Human groups – for defined objects
◦ Common interest
◦ Cooperative spirit
◦ Organization – to complete specific task
◦ Laws – numbers to follow rules, regulations

55. Difference between Institution and Association:
◦ Structure - No structure
◦ Abstract - Concrete
◦ Evolutionary - Formed