The document provides information about database administration including: 1. It discusses different database management system (DBMS) architectures like enterprise, departmental, personal, mobile, and cloud. 2. It describes factors to consider when choosing a DBMS like operating system support, organization type, benchmarks, scalability, tools availability, technicians availability, and cost of ownership. 3. It outlines the Oracle database installation process including hardware and software requirements, available installation options, and tools for database administration.

1. 10/02/16
Database
Administration & Management
Lecture 01
Data & Metadata Policy
Analysis
Design
Development
Testing
Implementation (Databases, applications)
Data
Administrator
IT Infrastructure
DBA
(if no SA)
System
Administrator
Maintenance and Tuning
Database
Administrator
Database
Administrator
(if no DA)

2. 10/02/16
• System Design
• Database Design
• Application
Development
• Unit Testing
• Integration
Testing
• Application
Shakeout
• Testing With
Related Systems
• Volume Testing
• Operational
Status
Production
Quality
Assurance
Test
DBMS Environments
• At least 2 separate environments must be created for a quality database implementation.
• The test environment need not be exactly the same
- May not have same resources but may access same application software.
- May only contain a subset of data.
- DBMS software maybe of later version.
Choosing the DBMS Architecture
• Enterprise
• Departmental
• Personal
• Mobile
• Cloud

3. 10/02/16
Enterprise DBMS
• Designed for scalability and high performance
• Support for very large databases
• Runs on a high-end machine
• Mainframe
• Server (Unix, Linux, Windows Server)
• All the “bells & whistles” available from the vendor. (multi processor support, parallel query
support, other advance DBMS features.
• High cost
Departmental DBMS
• Sometimes referred to as a workgroup DBMS
• Small- to medium-sized
• Runs on Unix, Linux, or Windows
• Delineation between departmental and enterprise can be a fuzzy line
• Lower cost than enterprise DBMS

4. 10/02/16
Personal DBMS
• Single user
• Low to medium power PC
• Examples
• Microsoft Access
• Oracle Database Personal Edition
• DB2 Personal Edition
• Not useful for large/multi-user applications or shared work
• Low cost
Mobile DBMS
• Runs on a smart phone or pervasive device
• Specialized version of a departmental or enterprise DBMS
• Remote users, not usually connected to the network
• Data can be synchronized

5. 10/02/16
Cloud Computing
• A cloud database system delivers DBMS services over the Internet.
• A good example of a Cloud Computing service is offered by
Salesforce.com, which delivers access to a CRM application over the
web.
• Another aspect prevalent with Cloud computing offerings is that users can
rent computing power with no commitment. Instead of buying a server, you
can rent the use of one and pay just for what you use.
• This used to be referred to as utility computing because it mimics how
people pay for utilities, such as water or electricity.
• It is a “pay as you go” service to minimize maintenance cost, efforts
and administration.,
• Pervasive devices such as smart phones often are used to interact with data
in the cloud.
• Utilizing cloud database systems can enable organizations, especially
smaller ones without the resources to invest in an enterprise computing
infrastructure, to focus on their business instead of their computing
environment.
DBMS Clustering
• Where multiple independent systems work together as a single, highly available system in a
distributed environment.
- The main advantage of shared-nothing clustering is scalability. In theory, a shared-nothing
multiprocessor can scale up to thousands of processors because they do not interfere with one
another—nothing is shared.
- Each processor still has its own private memory, but all the processors can directly address all
the disks. Typically, shared-disk clustering does not scale as well for smaller machines, as
shared-nothing clustering. Shared-disk clustering is better suited to large-enterprise
processing in a mainframe environment.
• Failover support.

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2
n
1
n
2
n
1
2
CPU1 CPU2 CPUn
Memory 1 Memory 2 Memory n
Disks 1
Disks 2 Disks n
1
Interconnection
Network
Shared-Nothing
Disk 1
CPU1 CPU2 CPUn
Memory 1 Memory 2 Memory n
Disk 2 Disk n
Interconnection
Network
Shared-Disk

7. 10/02/16
Choosing the DBMS
• Tier-1 vendors
- IBM, Oracle, Microsoft (only for Windows platforms).
Mainframe
Windows Server
Unix
Sun Solaris
Linux
others?
Desktop OS
Windows XP/ Vista / 7
Linux
Mac OS
DBMS Decision Factors
• Operating System support for existing system.
• Organization Type (Government, bank, insurance, health, universities)
• Benchmarks
• Scalability (support of required users and size)
• Availability of Tools (may include query and analysis tools, data warehousing
support tools, database administration tools, backup and
recovery tools, performance monitoring tools, capacity
planning tools, database utilities, and support for various
programming languages.)
• Availability of Technicians(DBAs, Programmers, SAs, etc.)
• Cost of Ownership (license, any supportive software, professionals and
administrators, hardware etc.)
• Release Schedule (Versions, Releases)
• Reference Customers (DBMS vendor supply current user references?)

8. 10/02/16
DBMS Prerequisites
A DBMS is a complex piece of software that requires up-front planning for
installation to be successful.
• Hardware Requirements
- CPU (version/speed), firmware, memory, etc.
• Storage Requirements
- DBMS (catalog, logs, work files, etc.)
- System, Applications
• Memory Requirements
- Data buffers and cache (see next slide for example)
- Program cache
- Etc.
• Software Requirements
- Allied Agents (middleware)
- Languages and Compilers
• Configuration
- …of the DBMS
- …of connecting software
Program
1
Program
2
Buffer
Pool
DBMS
Database
(1) Program requests a
row of data
(2) DBMS finds the
requested data
(3) And moves it to
the buffer pool
(4) And to the
program
(5) A subsequent request
is made for the same
row of data
(6) DBMS finds
the data in
the buffer pool
(7) And moves it to
the program without
reading it from disk
A DBMS requires a significant
amount of memory to cache data
in memory structures in order to
avoid I/O. Reading data from a
disk storage device is always more
expensive and slower than moving
the data around in memory.
In general, the larger the buffer pool, the longer the data can remain
in memory and the better overall database processing will perform.

9. 10/02/16
• Analysis of New Features
• Check all Requirements
• Hardware and Software
• Planning the Upgrade
• Impact to system, applications
• Scheduling
• Fallback Strategy
• Migration Verification
Upgrading the DBMS
A typical release cycle for DBMS software is 18 to 24 months for major releases, with
constant bug fixes and maintenance updates delivered in between major releases.
Indeed, keeping DBMS software up-to-date can be a full-time job.
Version vs. Release
• Version
• Major; many changes and new features
• Release
• Minor; fewer changes and new features

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Deciding When to Upgrade
Rewards of Upgrade Drawbacks of Upgrading
New features and functionality are only
available in the new version/release
An upgrade to the DBMS usually involves some
level of disruption to business operations.
Purchased applications may require specific
version functionality
Other disruptions can occur, such as having to
convert database structures
New DBMS releases usually deliver enhanced
performance and availability
The cost of an upgrade can be a significant
barrier to DBMS release migration
DBMS vendors will often provide better
support and respond to problems faster for a
new release of their software
A new DBMS release will generate SQL access
paths that perform worse than before
Production migration to a new DBMS release
will align the test and production database
environments, thereby providing a consistent
environment for development and
implementation
Supporting software products may lack
immediate support for a new DBMS release
Cost savings. The DBMS vendor may charge
extra if running two versions of the DBMS (new
in test; old in prod)
New DBMS releases may cause features and
syntax to be deprecated
Installation Verification
• Test that the DBMS has been properly installed
• Use vendor-supplied programs and installation verification procedures
• Build your own
• Sample SQL: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements issued against sample
databases
• Test all required connections
• Transaction processors, drivers, etc.

11. 10/02/16
Oracle Database
Oracle Database architecture
• Blocks: smallest unit of storage in a tablespace of database. Block is of a size of few operating
system’s block size; specific number of bytes.
• Extents: contains one or more database blocks.
• Segments: a group of extents to form a database object called units, such as table of index.
• Instance: consists of memory and process structure; as a mean to access an Oracle database;
always opens one and only one database.
• More than one instance will use the same database in Oracle Real Application Cluster (RAC).
• Tablespace; datafiles in oracle are grouped together into one or more tablespaces. Oracle 11g
installation creates minimum 2 table spaces i.e. SYSTEM & SYSAUX. Default installation creates six
tablespaces.
• Oracle allows to create a special BIGFILE tablespace; as large as 128TB.
• Each tablespace contains tables and indexes.
• Tablespace consists of one or more datafiles.
• A datafile can be part of only one tablespace.

12. 10/02/16
Installation Hardware Requirements
• Disk Space
• This size can be higher depending on the installation options selected.
• If you choose to install Oracle Database with automated backups enabled, include at least 2 GB extra for data file disk
space.
• On Windows 32-bit, if there is less than 500 MB of disk space available in the temp directory, then delete all unnecessary
files. If the temp disk space is still less than 500 MB, then set the TEMP or TMP environment variable to point to a different
hard drive location.
• Memory: min 1 GB
• System Architecture: 32bit Windows x86 and 64bit Windows x64. Processor Intel(x86), AMD 64 and
Intel 64T.
• Recommended File System: NTFS instead of FAT32
• Display: Adaptor 256 colours with 1024x768 minimum resolution.
Installation
Type
TEMP Space C:Program
FilesOracle
Oracle Home Datafiles Total
Typical Install 500 MB 4.0 MB 3.6 GB 1.9 GB 5.99 GB
Installation Software Requirements
• Oracle Database for Windows is supported on the
following operating systems:
- Windows Server 2003 - all editions
- Windows Server 2003 R2 - all editions
- Windows XP Professional
-Windows Vista - Business, Enterprise, and Ultimate editions
-Windows Server 2008 - Standard, Enterprise, Datacentre,
and Web editions.
- Windows 7 - Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate editions
- Windows 8 - Pro and Enterprise editions
- Windows 8.1 - Pro and Enterprise edition

13. 10/02/16
Installation Software Requirements
• Protocol:
• TCP/IP, TCP/IP with SSL, Named Pipes
• Supported web browser:
• Internet explorer, Netscape, chrome, Firefox, safari.
• User privilege: Administrator group.
Oracle Installation options
• Enterprise Edition
• Standard Edition (up to 4 CPUs)
• Standard Edition One (single server with max 2 CPUs)
• Personal Edition (Either standard or enterprise, cannot be used in production environment)
• Express Edition (entry-level, one CPU or one dual-core CPU, 1GB ram, 4GB disk)

14. 10/02/16
Oracle DBA Tools for Administrating Database
• Oracle Universal Installer (OUI)
- A utility that installs your Oracle software and options. It can automatically start
Oracle Database Configuration Assistant to install a database.
• Oracle Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA)
- A utility that creates a database from templates, or you can create your own.
• Database Upgrade Assistant
- Guides you through the upgrade of your existing database to a new Oracle Database
release.
• Net Configuration Assistant (NETCA)
• A utility that enables you to configure listeners and naming methods, which are
critical components of the Oracle Database network.
SQL *Plus
• A 3-tier interactive and batch query tool with a command-line user interface, a Windows GUI and
/SQL *Plus web-based user interface; installed with every oracle database.
• SQL *Plus Instant Client is a stand-alone command-line interface does not require its own Oracle
database installation.
• Enables to enter and execute following commands:
- Generate reports; output to text, screen or HTML file.
- Examine tables and objects
- Develop and run batch scripts
- Perform database administration
http://host.domain:5560/isqlplus/

15. 10/02/16
Oracle Enterprise Manager
• The primary product for managing your database is Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control
(Database Control), a Web-based interface. After you have installed the Oracle Database
software, created or upgraded a database, and configured the network, you can use Database
Control to manage your database.
• A system management tool to centrally manage Oracle products; combining a graphical console,
administrative tools and common services.
• From the client interface, the Oracle Enterprise Manager Console can perform the following tasks:
- Administer the complete Oracle environment, including databases, iAS servers, applications, and services.
- Diagnose, modify, and tune multiple databases.
- Schedule tasks on multiple systems at varying time intervals.
- Monitor database conditions throughout the network.
- Administer multiple network nodes and services from many locations.
- Share tasks with other administrators.
- Group related targets together to facilitate administration tasks.
- Launch integrated Oracle and third-party tools.
http://host.domain:1158/em/
Oracle SQL Developer
• GUI Interface for database users and administrators.
• Runs in java environment
• Provides:
Users and role management
Resource management
Recovery management
Database Modeling
Queries
Search and reporting

16. 10/02/16
Oracle Installation
Install the Oracle Database Server
1. Log on as a member of the Administrators group for the computer on which you want to install
Oracle components.
If you are installing on a Primary Domain Controller (PDC) or a Backup Domain Controller (BDC), log
on as a member of the Domain Administrators group.
2. Insert Oracle Database installation media and navigate to the database directory. Alternatively,
navigate to the directory where you downloaded or copied the installation files.
3. Double-click setup.exe to start Oracle Universal Installer.
4. Follow these guidelines to complete the installation:

17. 10/02/16
Install the Oracle Database Server
• When prompted for a password, follow these guidelines.
The installation does not continue if the following requirements are not met:
–Password cannot exceed 30 characters.
–Password cannot contain invalid characters: ! @ % ^ & * ( ) + = | ` ~ [ { ] } ; : ' " , < > ?
–A user name cannot be a password.
–An empty password cannot be accepted.
–The SYS account password cannot be change_on_install. (case-insensitive)
–The SYSTEM account password cannot be manager. (case-insensitive)
–The SYSMAN account password cannot be sysman. (case-insensitive)
–The DBSNMP account password cannot be dbsnmp. (case-insensitive)