In the context of the increased complexity of crises, protracted displacement, overstretched capacity and the lack of resources for meeting growing humanitarian needs, development and humanitarian actors are joining forces to find innovative approaches to effectively address these needs. Within this framework, FAO and its partners recognize that scaling-up cash-based programming as well as risk-informed and shock-responsive social protection systems are a strategic priority to improve food security and nutrition and to protect households’ assets as well as increase income of the most vulnerable population. Indeed, access to predictable, sizable and regular social protection benefits can, in the short-term, protect poor households from the impacts of shocks, including erosion of productive assets, and can minimize negative coping practices. In the longer term, social protection can help build capacity, smooth consumption, and allow for investments that contribute to building the resilience of people to future threats and crisis. In humanitarian and fragile contexts, when markets function and currency is stable, cash-based interventions are recognized as flexible and cost-effective instruments for addressing the most pressing needs of populations affected by shocks. In these settings, where the provision of governmentally led social protection services is absent or weak, FAO sees its strategic role in supporting the design of cash and “cash+” type of interventions while supporting the capacity development of local stakeholders. These interventions aim at being a starting point for the development of national social protection systems that are risk-informed and responsive to shocks to be used to plan timely and efficient responses to emergencies. Such a response might involve increasing the amount of a transfer to cover additional needs (vertical expansion), temporarily expanding the number of beneficiaries receiving a transfer (horizontal expansion) or complementing the transfer with other components to enhance the protection of assets. The webinar will present the concept and rationale behind risk-informed and shock-responsive social protection systems, building on FAO position paper “Social Protection and Resilience Building: Supporting Livelihoods in Protracted Crises, Fragile and Humanitarian Contexts” developed in partnership with the support of the institute for development studies (IDS). This paper also strongly builds on the Social Protection Inter-Agency Coordination Board (SPIAC-B) statement to the World Humanitarian Summit. © FAO: http://www.fao.org

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3. INFORMED
INFORMATION FOR NUTRITION FOOD SECURITY AND RESILIENCE FOR
DECISION MAKING

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5. Social Protection for Enhanced Resilience: Supporting
Livelihoods in Protracted Crises, Fragile and
Humanitarian Contexts
02/08/2016

6. Presentation Overview
• FAO and Social Protection: Rationale for engagement and contribution
• Social protection and resilience
• FAO’s contribution (based on the Position Paper) to global and country-level agenda
Social Protection: From Protection to Production

7. Social protection as a Corporate Priority for FAO
• 148th Session of FAO Council (December 2013): Note to inform
Council on FAO’s work and approach to Social Protection
• Strategic Framework (Rural poverty; Food Security Nutrition;
Resilience)
• FAO Social Protection Framework (*Forthcoming)
Rationale for FAO’s engagement:
• Solid evidence on the role social protection plays in strategic
areas of FAO’s work
• AG and NRM niche, linking SP with AG with CASH+ approaches
• *Position Paper (FAO and IDS)
Social Protection: From Protection to Production

8. Why social protection
Risk management strategy
• Manage risk; reduce negative coping mechanisms
Poverty reduction strategy
• Strategy to eliminate hunger, and contribute to all dimensions of food
security
• Addressing the social and economic determinants of malnutrition
• Helping to accelerate progress toward reducing rural poverty
• Reduce economic barriers to access essential services (social, financial, etc)
Inclusive growth strategy and resilience
• Strengthening the capacity of households to cope, managed and withstand
shocks and (natural and man-made) disasters
• In addition to social impacts, social protection enhances the economic and
productive capacity of even the poorest of the poor
• Empowerment tool (for those excluded, including poor, women, youth, etc.
Social Protection: From Protection to Production

9. FAO work in social protection – Thematic areas
Policy, advocacy (linking with
Regional Initiatives in RLC, RAP,
RAF)
Evidence generation
Operational linkages
Policy and operational support (country level), Knowledge and evidence generation, Capacity development,
Communication, visibility and advocacy, Partnerships, resource mobilization
Social Protection: From Protection to Production

10. Humanitarian Action
Social Protection
disaster
Risk Preparedness
Ex Ante Preventive
measures
Risk Response
Protective measures
for recovery
Risk reduction
Promotive,
transformative and
adaptive measures
Social Protection: From Protection to Production

11. Context and drivers and niche
1. Context: The humanitarian system is under unprecedented strain as
• increased complexity and recurrence of humanitarian crises,
• massive population movements due to distress migration, forced and protracted
displacement,
• limited financial capacity to effectively meet humanitarian appeals
• Poverty and crises link: majority of people living in extreme poverty live in
politically fragile or environmentally vulnerable contexts (or both)
 UN global humanitarian appeal increased from $3.4 billion in 2003 to $18.7 billion
in 2015 (550%), but the shortfall in response in 2014 reached 40%
2. Global momentum around the role of SP in humanitarian and fragile contexts
• Social Protection in the context of the WHS; IASC, and other
• SPIAC-B working group on SP and resilience work, (with WB, DFID, UNICEF, WFP,
ECHO)
• Increasing research/evidence on the role of Sock Responsive Social Protection
(SRSP), SPIAC-B, OPM, DFID, CALP, IDS
Social Protection: From Protection to Production

12. FAO value added in Global Social Protection agenda
• Economic case for social protection: Evidence
• Advocating for the effective reach of the rural poor and expansion of SP
• Contributing to operationalizing linkages between SP and agriculture
and NRM (social protection+)
• Widening the audience of social protection: Facilitating dialogue
between social and agriculture, natural resource management and
resilience-related sectors
• Developing analyses investigating the specific components of
vulnerabilities that threaten natural resources and agricultural based
livelihoods linking them to the social protection strategies (eg: RIMA)
• Direct programme implementation in emergency and complex contexts,
Social Protection: From Protection to Production

13. Social Protection: From Protection to Production
FAO commitments on WHS- Social protection
- Scaling up its work on the role of cash-based interventions and social protection in fragile
contexts, as well as engagement in social protection work, through operational research on
CASH+, and livelihoods work in over 15 countries by 2017.
- Building and strengthening strategic partnerships with national and sub-national governments,
local actors as well as UN partners to enhance their capacity to effectively address prevention
and response to crises, including through shock-responsive social protection systems.
- SP and migration: Support the development of innovative approaches for the “self-reliance of
refugees and IDPs, through portable skills, viable employment opportunities, sustainable socio-
economic entrepreneurship, and livelihood diversification” and strengthen capacity o identify
and address the relevant drivers and triggers of forced displacement”- what is the role of Social
protection in forced displacement?

14. Social Protection: From Protection to Production
FAO niche
Concrete and specific FAO niche on Social Protection and Cash:
1. Cash based interventions for families who depend on agriculture for
their livelihoods (in humanitarian and emergency contexts)
2. CASH+ interventions in humanitarian and complex contexts, including
forced displacement (Cash+ interventions consist in complementing
provision of cash transfers with in-kind agricultural productive
interventions, and/or technical training and extension services) –
linking SP-RES-AG and Sustainable NRM
3. Risk-informed and shock-responsive social protection systems
(bringing the environmental, rural and livelihoods dimensions)
Facilitate policy dialogue and transactional capacity development among national ministries in charge
of social policies, rural development, (Agriculture, Livestock, Fishery, Forestry) and natural resources
management

15. Shock-responsive Social Protection
Social Protection: From Protection to ProductionSocial Protection: From Protection to Production
Elements to considered for an SP system to be Risk informed and Shock
Responsive
• Design and implementation informed by multi-dimensional risk and vulnerability analysis
• flexible to allow the scale-up of support in case of threats and crisis (without the need to set-
up and additional ad-hoc system for the response to a punctual disaster).
• Contributing to resilience building; acting to minimize negative coping strategies, mitigate
negative impacts, while promoting sustainable practices
• Addressing needs of host communities, as well as displaced populations in times of crises

16. Option Description
Vertical expansion Increasing the benefit value or duration of an existing programme. May include:
- Adjustment of transfer amounts
- Introduction of extraordinary payments or transfers
Horizontal expansion Adding new beneficiaries to an existing programme. May include:
- Extension of the geographical coverage of an existing programme
- Extraordinary enrolment campaign
- Modifications of entitlement rules
- Relaxation of requirements / conditionality
Piggybacking Using a social protection intervention’s administrative framework, but running the shock-response
programme separately. May include the introduction of a new policy
Shadow alignment Developing a parallel humanitarian system that aligns as best as possible with a current or possible
future social protection programme
Refocusing In case of a budget cut, adjusting the social protection system to refocus assistance on groups most
vulnerable to the shock
Social Protection: From Protection to Production
Scale-up options
Source: OPM, 2015, SHOCK-RESPONSIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS. A research programme for DFID
Social Protection: From Protection to Production

17. Support countries to make SP
systems responsive to threats
and crisis (expansion)
Our role: technical inputs to
ensure the dimensions of the
protection of livelihoods (in
AG) are covered
Stable context with SP
system already in place
Design and
implementation of Cash
and CASH+ interventions -
where feasible in
coordination with national
institutions
Our role: definition of the
"PLUS" in AG contexts
Fragile contexts with
no SP system in place
Vulnerability analysis
Targeting
Generation of evidence
Our role: adding social
and economic variables
To the CC and HUM ones
Rationale within Social Protection and resilience

18. N. Type of SP FAO intervention: protecting livelihoods and building resilience
1 Shattered or
severely weakened
system
• Design, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of emergency response interventions
• Assess their potential replication or use to develop a nascent social protection programme and/or livelihood
support structure.
2 Nascent social
assistance system
• Assessment of nascent structures, and their potential scale-up and use for the delivery of livelihood support
or cash in a more predictable basis.
• Establishment of robust multi-sector monitoring and information systems to enhance programme targeting
in the event of a recurrent crisis
3 State SP system
unable to respond to
repeated crises
• Support the integration of livelihood dimensions to the targeting system and expansion of coverage to rural
areas
• Enhance the capacity of the system to effectively respond to predictable crises.
• Where possible, strengthen delivery capacity at national and sub-national levels.
4 Limited shock-
responsive SP
system
• Upstream policy work, capacity building knowledge dissemination,
• Operationalize linkages between social protection and productive and agricultural development, including
the promotion of climate smart and sustainable practices.
• Analysis, early warning and vulnerability analysis to trigger mechanisms in the SP system.
• Minimal resources should go to on-the-ground parallel interventions, unless there is a strong case for testing
an innovative model or it is necessary to implement on-the-ground but is done jointly through government
at all levels.
5 Highly shock
responsive SP
system
• Strengthen the linkages between social protection and agriculture development, including priorization of
upstream policy work, knowledge and evidence generation,
• Facilitation of south-south collaboration so that countries can learn about experience and operational
dynamics of shock-responsive systems.

19. Rationale in practice
Assessment of the role of social protection systems in
improving food security on agricultural households
using panel data from household budgets surveys,
including the publication of a paper.
• Preliminary analysis conducted for a set of countries
with nationally representative panel data (Malawi,
Ethiopia, South Africa, Nigeria, Tanzania and Mexico)
• South Africa and Malawi were selected for assessing
the impact of social protection systems on food
security.
• Abstract submitted to the SYMPOSIUM "SOCIAL
PROTECTION SYSTEMS - TYING THE KNOTS", which
will be held in Bonn on the 5-6/ September 2016.
Social Protection: From Protection to Production
FAO interventions will vary according a set of
different parameters, including
• Types of threats and crises,
• Specificities of the territory,
• Types of livelihood and seasonality,
• Coordination with donors and governments;
• Human capital and community cohesion

20. SRSP– Entry points
Social Protection: From Protection to ProductionSocial Protection: From Protection to Production
1. Targeting: Strengthening targeting methodologies to include economic (wealth and income) as well as conflict, FSN and environmental-
related criteria.
 Food security, nutrition and environmental data analysis (eg: FSNAU in Somalia’s CFW; Lesotho NISSA)
2. Strengthening the resilience and poverty reduction impact
 Cash based and CASH + interventions
3. Promoting of sustainable agriculture: Public works, can be designed to contribute to meet increase household income, while at the
same time engaging communities in climate smart agriculture and generating of ‘green jobs’ in areas such as waste management,
reforestation, sustainable forest management and soil erosion prevention; Extension/training component of CASH+
 CFW in Somalia contributing to rehabilitation of rural infrastructure and exploring linkage with NRM for next phase
4. Trigger events: Especially for predictable hazards, it is necessary to ensure that there are information systems in place for early warning
- early action systems in place.
 FAO’s extensive work in Early Action and Early Warning
5. New technologies: Smart cards, local bank expansion, digital registration systems, and advanced technical capacity at local government
level – are enabling to reach economies at scale
 FAO’s experience in electronic vouchers and other new technologies
6. Strengthening the capacity at local and community level: In many instances, community-based or member-based mechanisms are the
first source of response during crisis
• FAO experience in local and community level strengthening (CDR) and other)

21. Challenges
Social Protection: From Protection to ProductionSocial Protection: From Protection to Production
• Role of governments: when, how, to what extent; implications in terms of netutrality, capacity, and other (particularly in
conflict-related emergencies)
• Weak information quality and access: Fragile and conflict-affected regions are difficult places in which to operate. Data
availability is poor, staff turnover is higher, access is often constrained and insecurity makes monitoring and accountability
challenging.
• Immediate response vs. building capacity: As expediency takes precedence in addressing emergency needs in the wake of
disasters, systems must be built while demands for lifesaving assistance are being met
• Additional issues:
 The institutional viability of absorbing the additional case load;
 Whether the type and location of those people affected by the shock overlaps with the caseload and geographic
location of the existing programme;
 Existing administrative architecture for early warning, contingency planning, pre-positioning of resources, and a
mechanism at local level to target effectively;
 Clear understanding of how, when and why the emergency response mechanism should be triggered;
 Ensuring no exclusion due to political incentives that could prevent meeting the humanitarian imperative and
upholding all humanitarian principles.

22. Conclusions and Key messages
Social Protection: From Protection to ProductionSocial Protection: From Protection to Production
• Strong need for innovative solutions and stronger partnerships
• FAO is actively part of global, regional and country discussions to define common, context-specific and cost
effective frameworks for prevention and response– where SP and cash-based interventions play a key role
• Direct donor/partner implementation is many times unavoidable but even in these cases, push for nascent
systems
• When possible, use and strengthen the response capacity of existing national structures– key ingredient for
sustainability
• FAO identified concrete niches and contribution to joint efforts:
• Adding FSN, conflict and environmental dimensions to SP targeting in protracted crises
• Linking EA/EW systems with SP MIS
• CASH based and CASH + (enhancing the poverty reduction and resilience building dimension of SP)
• Strengthening implementation capacity- national, sub-national and community-based actors
• Evidence generation- what are the most effective models to scale-up; making the economic and resilience
case

23. Many thanks
http://www.fao.org/social-protection/en/

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