The document summarizes the key political revolutions between 1789-1870, including the American Revolution, French Revolution, and establishment of new forms of government. The American Revolution resulted in 13 colonies gaining independence from Britain and forming the United States. The French Revolution overthrew the French monarchy and established a republic based on ideas from the Enlightenment about power residing in the people. A new model of separating government powers into legislative, executive, and judicial branches emerged from these revolutions.

1. POLITICAL REVOLUTION
(1789-1870)

2. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
The American
Revolution(1775-1783):
● It is also called the
American War of
Independence.
● France helped America
in the war against Great
Britain.
● They wanted the
independence because
they had to pay high
taxes to Great Britain.
● The 13 colonies on the
North America won
independence from
Great Britain, and
became the United
State of America (USA).

3. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
The French Revolution (1789-1799):
● Is considered to be one of the events in history, that made
the most impact on how we live today.
● Mechanisation and the growth of technology has effects
that are easily observable, and it gave political and
ideological changes.
● The French Revolution signalled the end of the Ancien
Régime, which was based on a system of absolutist
monarchy.

4. A NEW POLITICAL ORDER
'They chose their own form of government', this is a very
important phrase by Robert Palmer.
POWER TO THE PEOPLE!
● A group of people decided to embody, in a constitution, the
fact that power and sovereignty reside in the people, not in
a king, because the people must given the power to
decided.
● The American constitution reflected the concept of the
separation of the powers of the State, they were separated
into three areas.

5. CONGRESS
● A senate.
● Writes legislation.
● Writes laws.
● Decides budgets.
GOVERNMENT
● A president and
elected ministers.
● Govern (apply the
laws).
JUDICIARY
● The high court judges.
● Judge with reference
to the written laws.
EXECUTIVE POWER
JUDICIAL POWER
LEGISLATIVE POWER
ELECTED BY
THE PEOPLE

6. FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
The "Ancien Regime" come from the French language.
The English historians used to show that the concept of
Estates was only for society and politics in France.

7. Before the French revolution, the English implanted a
parliamentary system, so like these, the northern
European countries enjoy more commercial and
political influence, that in France.

8. There were new ideas in Europe from the American
Revolution and other products of Enlightenment, that
came from French writers and philosophers: Montesquieu,
Sieyes and Rousseau.
These three belong to "Encyclopaedist Movement" or
"Philosophers".

9. Charles Louis Joseph de Secondat,
Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
He was a nobleman and he
wrote extensively about political
theory. Is famous, because of
his famous work The Spirit of
the Laws. Was the first to
articulate in detailed the
separation of powers:
"Executive, legislative, and
judicial". His work was a
justification for the structure of
the American Constitution, that
could always limit the power of
a dictator.

10. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
In The Social Contract,
propounds a doctrine against
the Divine Right of Kings. A
government can only obtain
authority if people consent
that.God, does not decide who
is in power, the people take the
decision.
His most famous line was "Man
is born free, and is everywhere
in chains..."

11. Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (1748-
1836)
Sieyès, was identified with the 3rd
Estate, that represent the common
people of France, and he was
elected as a delegated to the
Estates-General from Paris.
He made, three famous demands:
"3rd Estate should elect the
delegates of her Estate, the
delegates of the 3rd Estates should
be equal in number with the other
two and the Estates General should
be elected on a one person- one
vote". He also drafted the famous
declaration of The Rights of Man.

12. ROOTS OF DISCONTENT
They were two causes of discontent in the Third Estate:
● Political power:
The bourgeoisie had not political influence because they
were of the 3rd Estate, and they think that was injustice. In 1789 the
"Étates Généraux" were convoked after 175 years, because the king
would change the taxation system, so all the Estates would pay
taxes.

13. ● Taxation obligations:
During the years before of the revolution, they increased the
taxes, because they haven't got money. They spend all helping
America in the "American War of Independence".

14. IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION
● The system of administration and
taxation in the kingdom meant
that it was impossible to obtain
taxes.
Changes to tax legislation didn´t
work because the privileged did
not want to pay and the Third
Estate was unable to pay more.
● In the American War of
Independence, France won but
caused crisis because of the
expense in fighting far away, so
the economy was damaged.
● Matters were made worse,
the Third Estate were
affected by the rising prices.
The market of manufacture
goods went to a financial
crisis so were more
unemployment.
The economy worsened, preceding the revolution.
CAUSES
Ideological
Economic
Social

15. THE EVENTS OF
THE
REVOLUTION
The Marseillaise, was the anthem of the
Revolution
THE EVENTS OF
THE REVOLUTION
The Marseillaise, was the anthem of the
Revolution

16. The beginning (1788- 1789)
In the Estates General they were representatives
of church, nobles and bourgeois.These asked to
change the voting system, to one-person one-
vote, but the others Estates didn't agree so the
Third Estate led the way.
Finally;
Estates General National Assembly
Changed the name to
Represented social divisions
Represented the people of France
as a collective

17. The National Constituent Assembly (1789-
1791)
The Constitution was wrote 'The Declaration of
the Rights' and was approved, which mark the
end of the Ancien Régime.
Louis XVI and the Royal Family approved the
First Constitution.

18. The Constitutional Monarchy (1791- 1792)
It experience many problems, they were
difficulties between factions of the
revolutionaries;
The Girondins, were moderate republicans, and
the Jacobins were more radical.

19. The Jacobin Convention (1793- 1795)
This period was under
Robespierre, he
exterminated all his
enemies.
In 1794 during the last six
weeks of the terror, 1400
people were guillotined.
This year Robespierre
was executed and the
Revolution continued
more moderate. Maximilien Robespierre

20. The Directory (1795- 1799)
The Convention was replaced, they made
another Constitution more moderate and
managed to bring peace to France.
In 1799 Directory was abolished. The Era of
French Revolution has finished.