1 2 Levels of Measurement Name Institutional affiliation Professor Course Date Levels of Measurement Levels of measurement consist of interval, ordinal, ratio, and nominal. Nominal is the lowest level where there is no representation of mathematical variables. For instance, when measuring the gender population in rehabilitation centers with more males than females, nominal variables would be more than the real number of individuals in rehabilitation centers. On the other hand, ordinal measurement is a level where there is a ranking of variables in an orderly way (Vaske, 2019). For instance, a researcher may use the Likert scale to survey people in a community through the agree-strongly disagree method at the end of a meeting. In this case, the survey is rank-ordered to show how effective the meeting was relative to survey results. Additionally, an interval is a level of measurement where variables have meaningful values with the same space between the values. The space is vital in the data collected because zero has no basic value in this measurement. In this case, one can use interval measurements to track substance abusers between two diverse age groups. Hence, the data is essential in understanding what situations can cause people to abuse substances. Finally, the ratio is the measurement level where variables have meaningful value with the same space between the values but have no true value of zero. Hence, a ratio level is countable. In this case, ratio and interval measurements would be the best levels to gather information on the number of substance abusers in a given year by combining them to compare the information. When one wants to gather data in the criminal justice system, I think these levels would apply to any researcher on a study. However, not all measurement levels are compatible since wrong measurement levels can skew outcomes. Reference Vaske, J. J. (2019). Survey research and analysis. Sagamore-Venture. 1807 North Federal Drive, Urbana, IL 61801. · Grade for Deliverable 3 100% of total grade A - 4 - Mastery 4 B - 3 - Proficiency 3 C - 2 - Competence 2 F - 1 - No Pass 1 I - 0 - Not Submitted 0 · Criterion 1 0% of total grade A - 4 - Mastery Clearly stated, detailed description of all of the steps or elements of the study, and includes: purpose; the problem including significance and background; relevancy of the literature reviewed; method(s)/design; the theoretical framework; research objectives, questions, and hypotheses. 0 B - 3 - Proficiency Thorough description of most of the steps or elements of the study, and includes: purpose; the problem including significance and background; relevancy of the literature reviewed; method(s)/design; the theoretical framework; research objectives, questions, and hypotheses. 0 C - 2 - Competence Basic description of the steps or elements of the study, and includes: purpose; the problem including significance and background; relevancy of the literature reviewed; met ...

1. 1
2
Levels of Measurement
Name
Institutional affiliation
Professor
Course
Date
Levels of Measurement
Levels of measurement consist of interval, ordinal, ratio, and
nominal. Nominal is the lowest level where there is no
representation of mathematical variables. For instance, when
measuring the gender population in rehabilitation centers with
more males than females, nominal variables would be more than
the real number of individuals in rehabilitation centers. On the
other hand, ordinal measurement is a level where there is a
ranking of variables in an orderly way (Vaske, 2019). For
instance, a researcher may use the Likert scale to survey people
in a community through the agree-strongly disagree method at
the end of a meeting. In this case, the survey is rank-ordered to

2. show how effective the meeting was relative to survey results.
Additionally, an interval is a level of measurement where
variables have meaningful values with the same space between
the values. The space is vital in the data collected because zero
has no basic value in this measurement. In this case, one can
use interval measurements to track substance abusers between
two diverse age groups. Hence, the data is essential in
understanding what situations can cause people to abuse
substances. Finally, the ratio is the measurement level where
variables have meaningful value with the same space between
the values but have no true value of zero. Hence, a ratio level is
countable. In this case, ratio and interval measurements would
be the best levels to gather information on the number of
substance abusers in a given year by combining them to
compare the information. When one wants to gather data in the
criminal justice system, I think these levels would apply to any
researcher on a study. However, not all measurement levels are
compatible since wrong measurement levels can skew outcomes.
Reference
Vaske, J. J. (2019). Survey research and analysis. Sagamore-
Venture. 1807 North Federal Drive, Urbana, IL 61801.
· Grade for Deliverable 3
100% of total grade
A - 4 - Mastery
4
B - 3 - Proficiency
3
C - 2 - Competence
2
F - 1 - No Pass
1

3. I - 0 - Not Submitted
0
· Criterion 1
0% of total grade
A - 4 - Mastery
Clearly stated, detailed description of all of the steps or
elements of the study, and includes: purpose; the problem
including significance and background; relevancy of the
literature reviewed; method(s)/design; the theoretical
framework; research objectives, questions, and hypotheses.
0
B - 3 - Proficiency
Thorough description of most of the steps or elements of the
study, and includes: purpose; the problem including
significance and background; relevancy of the literature
reviewed; method(s)/design; the theoretical framework; research
objectives, questions, and hypotheses.
0
C - 2 - Competence
Basic description of the steps or elements of the study, and
includes: purpose; the problem including significance and
background; relevancy of the literature reviewed;
method(s)/design; the theoretical framework; research
objectives, questions, and hypotheses.
0
F - 1 - No Pass
No clearly stated description of the steps or elements of the
study or multiple missing elements.
0
I - 0 - Not Submitted
Not Submitted
0
· Criterion 2
0% of total grade
A - 4 - Mastery
Clearly stated, detailed description of the 3 or more strengths

4. and 3 or more limitations of the research study.
0
B - 3 - Proficiency
Thorough description of 2 strengths and 2 limitations of the
research study.
0
C - 2 - Competence
Basic description of including at least 1 strength and 1
limitation of the research study.
0
F - 1 - No Pass
No clear description of the strengths and limitations of the
research study.
0
I - 0 - Not Submitted
Not Submitted
0
· Criterion 3
0% of total grade
A - 4 - Mastery
Clearly stated, detailed summary of the credibility and meaning
of the study findings including 4 or more recommendations and
implications to practice.
0
B - 3 - Proficiency
Thorough summary of the credibility and meaning of the study
findings including 3 or more recommendations and implications
to practice.
0
C - 2 - Competence
Basic summary of the credibility and meaning of the study
findings including at least 2 recommendations and implications
to practice.
0
F - 1 - No Pass
No clearly stated summary of the credibility and meaning of the

5. study findings or recommendations or implications to practice.
0
I - 0 - Not Submitted
Not Submitted
0
· Criterion 4
0% of total grade
A - 4 - Mastery
Formal style reflected throughout presentation, including no
spelling, grammar, or APA format errors present. Permalink
included for the article selected.
0
B - 3 - Proficiency
Formal style reflected throughout majority of presentation, with
minor spelling, grammar, or APA format errors present.
Permalink included for the article selected.
0
C - 2 - Competence
Formal style reflected in some parts of the presentation, but not
maintained throughout. Some spelling, grammar, or APA format
errors present. Permalink included for the article selected.
0
F - 1 - No Pass
Lack of formal style in presentation, numerous spelling,
grammar, or APA format errors present. Permalink not included
for the article selected.
0
I - 0 - Not Submitted
Not Submitted
0
NUR3643 Research and Theory
Deliverable 03 – Critical Appraisal of the Literature
Competency: Differentiate the components of the research

6. process.
Review the article that you selected and complete the following
analysis. Be sure to include the permalink for the article you
selected.
What is the identified research problem? Does the author
include the significance and background of the problem?
Did the author clearly articulate the research purpose? What
was the purpose of the research?
Identify the study methodology.
Did the article include a relevant review of the literature?
Explain.

7. Describe the theoretical framework for the research study?
What are the research objectives, questions, hypotheses, and
procedures identified in the article?
Describe the results of the study along with identified strengths
and limitations.
Discuss the findings including relevancy to clinical practice.
Permalink for the article selected.
References

8. 1
3
Sampling Methods
Name
Institutional affiliation
Professor
Course
Date
Stratified Random Sampling
I would use stratified random sampling, a probabilistic sampling
method, to research high rates of substance abuse. Stratified
sampling is a technique of sampling that entails population
division into smaller sub-groups called strata (Zhao et al.,
2019). The strata formation is relative to members’ shared
characteristics or attributes such as educational attainment or
income. After dividing the population into groups, the
researcher randomly chose the sample proportionally. The strata
should be distinct, and the data must not overlap. The method
allows researchers to attain a sample population that
appropriately represents the whole study population.
Strengths and Weaknesses
One advantage of the research method is that if the

9. rehabilitation centers require improvements, research
information could be a step in the appropriate direction to
address any underlying problems. Another advantage is that it
ensures every subgroup in the population gets proper
representation in the sample. In this case, the technique offers
better population coverage as the researchers have a mandate
over the subgroups to facilitate the representation of all
substance abusers and community members in the sampling. On
the other hand, one of the technique’s disadvantages is that the
researcher must meet several conditions for its proper use. For
instance, a researcher should identify study population members
and classify every one of them into only a single subpopulation.
Another disadvantage is the participants’ refusal to offer
accurate information during the research. For instance, failing
to gather information face to face taints results.
Use
Stratified random sampling would help in obtaining information
concerning drug abuse in the United States. My data collection
form would be using surveys to gather information from
community members and substance abusers in rehabilitation
centers. In this case, I would use the research method for
finding the general effectiveness, explanation, or applicability
of the existing drug policies or programs.

10. Reference
Zhao, X., Liang, J., & Dang, C. (2019). A stratified sampling
based clustering algorithm for large-scale data. Knowledge-
Based Systems, 163, 416-428.
1
3
Data Analysis and Criminal Justice
Name
Institutional affiliation
Professor
Course
Date
Data analytics helps by combining extensive data in various
ways in attempts to display previously unseen patterns. In this
case, data analytics applies computer-processing power to
correlate and bring together many data points. For instance, a
data analyst in the criminal justice system correlates criminal
justice data such as recidivism and crime rates with information
from other sources such as work history and poverty rates to

11. find patterns necessary to improve the justice system’s
efficiency and quality. Data analysis and research are more
pertinent to police officers because they are the first contact
people make in the criminal justice system. The police collect
data about crime reporting, which receives compliments from
the judicial system’s data concerning criminals/crimes
prosecuted and data from probation or correctional services
(Hannah-Moffat, 2019). I would use data analysis as a police
officer to prevent crime through timely, accurate, and impartial
statistical data. I would analyze and research data to keep
citizens safe by knowing areas prone to high crimes, gang
formation within the community, and ex-prisoners tactics that
facilitate recidivism. In this case, I would use data analysis to
input information from crime scenes into databases that would
help to find connections between cases. Later, I would create
specific criminals’ records and narrow suspects list. For
instance, by grouping crime information with data reflecting
vandalism incidences, unemployment rates, and truancy rates, I
can uncover subtle and significant correlations affecting crime.
After geotagging data points, I would narrow the data further to
predict where and when certain crimes are likely to occur. The
prediction would help in deploying the limited personnel and
financial resources necessary to patrol high crime areas. Later, I
would make crime data public to increase trust and transparency
that would facilitate a good working relationship with
community members.
Reference
Hannah-Moffat, K. (2019). Algorithmic risk governance: Big
data analytics, race and information activism in criminal justice
debates. Theoretical Criminology, 23(4), 453-470.
THIS IS A REWRITE GUIDE ONLY FOR YOU TO FOLLOW
IN HELPING YOU PUT TOGETHER THE DISCUSSION
QUESTION THAT NEEDS TO BE ANSWERED FROM THE

12. INSTRUCTION PAPER THAT’S BEEN ATTACHED
Week 4 Discussion
Central tendency is a single number that is used to represent an
entire set of data; the
Mean, median, and mode are the three measures of central
tendency. The mean is the most used
measure of central tendency. It is the sum of scores divided by
the number of scores. The median
is the division point in a group that is divided in half and used
with interval, ratio or ordinal data.
The mode is the most used number used in a data set. Mode is
most commonly used with
nominal data.
Using the comstat report from the Jackson Police Department in
Jackson, MS, I can
discuss the median, mean and mode of central tendency of the
homicides throughout Jackson,
MS within a 24- month period. Finding the mean by dividing the
number of homicides by the
number of precincts in the city of Jackson, (88 deaths/4
precincts=22).
The median divides the homicide into two equal groups. Half of
the precincts has a few
more homicides where the other precincts have less. The mode
would be the precincts in which
the homicides occurred.
Utilizing these measures of central tendency are important in
the criminal justice field
because it streamlines a clear way to see how crime is
committed in any given area and
potentially, a path toward fighting it. It is imperative to be sure
the right measures are used when
gathering data to prevent inaccuracies in the results. Using the
wrong methods could result in
skewed and ineffective data.

13. References
Bachman, R., & Schutt, R. K. (2014). The practice of research
in criminology and criminal
justice (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
PLEASE FOLLOW ALL DIRECTIONS ON THIS
ASSIGNMENT AND YOU CAN USE OUTSIDE REFERENCE
AND I HAVE ATTACH A REWRITE JUST AS A GUIDE
ALONG WITH WEEK 1,2 AND 3 FOR YOU TO LOOK BACK
AT IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND WHAT IS NEEDED TO BE
DONE FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT MAKE SURE YOU FOLLOW
WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE FROM WEEK 1 ON THIS
ASSIGNMENT……THANKS
Discussion: Measures of Central Tendency
One of the main goals of data analysis is to describe data in a
succinct manner so that it is easily understandable; this is called
data reduction. To succinctly describe data, measures of central
tendency (that is, mean, median, and mode) can be used. For
example, suppose you collect data on the arrest records of
inmates in a particular region. From your data, you might want
to determine the most common offenses committed by inmates.
If each offense is measured nominally (for example, armed
robbery = 1, murder = 2, and aggravated assault = 3),
determining the mode would show which offense is committed
most frequently. You might also want to determine the number
of offenses typically committed by inmates (ratio level of
measurement) prior to being sentenced to prison. To do this,
you could calculate the mean, or the average number of offenses
committed by inmates. You also could rank the number of
offenses from the highest to the lowest to determine the middle
number, or the median number of offenses committed by

14. inmates.
Before choosing which measure of central tendency to use, it is
important to consider the level of measurement that applies to
the variable. For instance, it would not make sense to find the
mean or median of a variable, such as gender, that is measured
nominally. As you complete the following Discussion, keep in
mind that not all measures of central tendency are appropriate
for all levels of measurement.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS BELOW……..
Define the three measures of central tendency including mean,
median, and mode. Include the factors that must be considered
when using each measure of central tendency and explain why
they are important.
Explain how you could use each of the measures of central
tendency to better understand the criminal justice research topic
you chose in Week 1.