Major political and economic changes occurred in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. The authority of kings grew through the concept of the divine right of kings, replacing feudal systems and serfdom declined. Mercantilism dominated Western European economies, encouraging exports and discouraging imports. The Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 marked the defeat of the House of York and rise of the Tudor Dynasty in England under Henry VII. The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 ended the Byzantine Empire and led to expansion of the Ottoman Empire. Capitalism began emerging in Italian city-states and later in other European nations. Christopher Columbus' expedition to the Americas in 1492 marked the beginning of European colonization

2. In 1485, the Battle of Bosworth Field took place -Henry Tudor became the first English monarch of the Tudor Dynasty after Richard III ( last king of the House of York) was killed in the battle Fall of Constantinople- - in 1453, the capital (Constantinople) of the Byzantine Empire was overtaken by the Ottoman Empire which was under the command of Sultan Mehmed II - Capitalism first started to show up in Italian republics like Genoa and Venice and later in France, Germany, and England -Capitalism is a kind of economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and there is private profit