Grammar

1. Topic 1:
Parts of Speech
Presented by:
Ms. Loisa L. Miranda

2. PARTS OF SPEECH (Coverage)
• Nouns
• Pronouns
• Verbs
• Adjectives
• Adverbs
• Prepositions
• Conjunctions
• Interjections
ANSWER PRETEST PART OF SPEECH

3. NOUN
• A noun is a word that names a person,
a place, a thing, or an idea.
• Example:
PERSON aunt, ecologist, Rodrigo, father-in-law, child
PLACE playground, city, living room, Arizona
THING moon, whale, chipmunk, Empire State Building
IDEA democracy, hope, century, impatience

4. SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
• SINGULAR boy, branch, story, hoof, woman
• PLURAL boys, branches, stories, hooves, women
ANSWER PRACTICE PLURAL NOUNS

5. Singular and Plural Nouns
Singular Plural Regular/Irregular
Goose geese Irregular
House houses Regular
Mouse mice Irregular
Fish Fish/fishes Regular/Irregular
Bracelet bracelets regular
Calf calves Irregular
Video videos Regular
Sky skies Irregular
Loaf Loaves Irregular
Butterfly butterflies Irregular

6. POSSESSIVE NOUNS
• The possessive form of a noun can show
possession, ownership, or the general
relationship between two nouns.
• For instance, if we want to say “the chair of
Lynn," we can say “Lynn's chair.”

7. • To form the possessive of a singular
noun, even one that ends in s, add an
apostrophe and an s.
• EXAMPLES Susie's calculator
Morris's strobe light

8. • To form the possessive of a plural noun
that ends in s, add just an apostrophe.
• EXAMPLES the Wilsons' newspaper
the boys' headaches.

9. • To form the possessive of a plural noun
that doesn't end in s, add an
apostrophe and an s.
• EXAMPLES The women's meeting
The sheep's noses
ANSWER PRACTICE POSSESSIVE FORM OF NOUNS

10. Possessive Nouns
Noun Phrase Possessive Noun
The pen of Jake Jake’s pen
The jacket of Carlos Carlos’s jacket
The business of Henry and
Michael (act as one)
Henry and Michael’s business
The laptops of Maria and
Megan (two separate
entities)
Maria and Megan’s laptop
The toys of the kids Kids’ toys

11. COMPOUND NOUNS
• A compound noun is a noun made up
of two or more words.
• Compound nouns may be open,
hyphenated, or closed.
OPEN music box, press secretary, public defender
HYPHENATED great-grandfather, good-bye, sister-in-law
CLOSED bedroom, headache, mailbox

12. Compound Nouns
Compound nouns Type of compound
nouns
Plural form
brother-in-law hyphenated brothers-in-law
passer-by hyphenated passers-by
handful closed handfuls
bystander closed bystanders
general staff open general staff

13. COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS
• A common noun is the general—not
the particular—name of a person,
place, thing, or idea.
• A proper noun is the name of a
particular person, place, thing, or idea.
• Proper nouns are capitalized. Common
nouns are usually not capitalized.

14. PROPER NOUNS
PERSON James Baldwin, Toni Morrison, Sandra Cisneros
PLACE Chicago, Great Britain, Antarctica, Madison Square
Garden
THING Ford Motor Company, World Trade Center, Tom
Sawyer
IDEA Jazz Age, Buddhism, Industrial Revolution,
Romanticism
ANSWER PRACTICE COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS

15. Common and Proper Nouns
Nouns Type Common/Proper
Elyshia Person Proper
television thing Common
Mabalacat City Place- town Proper
Muslim Idea-religion Proper
school Place- Children of
Fatima Inc.
Common

16. COLLECTIVE NOUNS
• A collective noun is singular in form but
names a group.
• EXAMPLES: family class
crew band
committee troop
jury flock
swarm audience

17. • A collective noun is sometimes considered
singular and sometimes considered plural.
• If you're talking about a group as a whole
acting together, consider the collective
noun singular.
• If you're talking about the individual
members of a group, consider the
collective noun plural.
SINGULAR The band travels in an old bus. Our family
loves watching foreign movies.
PLURAL The band are going to assemble here at noon.
Our family are arguing what to watch on
Netflix.

18. Collective Nouns
Sentence Collective noun Singular/Plural
The volleyball team works together. team singular
The play's cast are rehearsing their
lines.
cast plural
The staff in rural hospitals create
performance-assessment reports.
staff plural
The jury often have different reactions
to the evidence they hear.
jury
The board has decided to hire an
internal auditor.

19. • Elyshia had won the jackpot 3 years ago.
• It/She/He/ singular subj. HAS
• They/You/I/ PLURAL SUBJ. HAVE
Do/does/did
They do the project. Plural present
She does like my song. Singular present
He did his homework last night.
Is (/are (
He was absent yesterday.
My friends and I were busy last night.

20. PRONOUNS
• A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a
noun, a group of words acting as a noun, or
another pronoun.
• The word or group of words to which a
pronoun refers is called its antecedent.

21. Examples:

22. • There are about seventy-five pronouns
in English. Each pronoun belongs in one
or more of these categories: personal
and possessive pronouns, reflexive and
intensive pronouns, demonstrative
pronouns, interrogative pronouns,
relative pronouns, and indefinite
pronouns.

23. PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS
• A personal pronoun refers to a specific person,
place, thing, or idea by indicating the person
speaking (the first person), the person or
people being spoken to (the second person),
or any other person, place, thing, or idea being
talked about (the third person).
• Personal pronouns express number—that is,
they are either singular or plural.

24. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
SINGULAR PLURAL
FIRST PERSON I, me we, us
SECOND PERSON you you
THIRD PERSON he, him, she, her,
it
they, them

26. • Third-person singular pronouns also express
gender.
• He and him are masculine; she and her are
feminine; it is neuter—that is, neither masculine
nor feminine.
• Among the personal pronouns are forms that
show possession or ownership. These are called
possessive pronouns, and they take the place of
the possessive forms of nouns.

27. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
SINGULAR PLURAL
FIRST PERSON my, mine our, ours
SECOND PERSON your, yours your, yours
THIRD PERSON his
her, hers
its
their, theirs

28. • Some of the pronouns in the chart
above are paired. In the pairs, the first
form can be used before a noun. The
second form in each pair can stand
alone as a noun does. His and its can
be used in both ways.

29. • Notice that possessive pronouns do
not contain apostrophes. Take
particular note that the possessive
pronoun its has no apostrophe. It is a
common error to mistake its and the
contraction it's.
ANSWER PRACTICE PERSONAL PRONOUNS

30. REFLEXIVE AND INTENSIVE
PRONOUNS
• To form the reflexive and intensive pronouns,
add -self or -selves to certain personal and
possessive pronouns.
Notice that there are no such words as hisself,
theirself, or theirselves.

31. • A reflexive pronoun refers back to the
subject of the sentence or clause and
indicates that the same person or thing
is involved. A reflexive pronoun adds
information to a sentence.

32. • An intensive pronoun adds emphasis
to another noun or pronoun. It does
not add information to a sentence. If
the intensive pronoun is omitted, the
meaning of the sentence will still be
the same.

33. • An intensive pronoun is often placed
directly after its antecedent. However,
an intensive pronoun may appear
anywhere in a sentence.

34. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
• A demonstrative pronoun points out
specific persons, places, things, or
ideas.

36. INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE
PRONOUNS
• An interrogative pronoun is used to
form questions.

38. • A relative pronoun is used to begin a
special subject verb word group called
a subordinate clause.

40. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
• An indefinite pronoun refers to a
person, a place, a thing, or an idea in a
more general way than a noun does.

41. ANSWER PRACTICE PRONOUNS

42. VERBS
• A verb is a word that expresses an
action or a state of being and is
necessary to make a statement.

43. • Verbs express time—present, past, and
future—by means of various tense
forms.

44. ACTION VERBS
• An action verb tells what someone or
something does.
• Action verbs can express action that is
either physical or mental.

45. • A transitive verb is followed by a word
or words that answer the question
what? or whom?
• The word or words that answer the
question what? or whom? after a
transitive verb are called the direct
object.

46. • An intransitive verb is not followed by
a word that answers the question
what? or whom?
ANSWER PRACTICE TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

47. LINKING VERBS
• A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of a
sentence (often a noun or a pronoun) with a
noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that
identifies or describes the subject.
• A linking verb does not show action.

48. • Be in all its forms is the most
commonly used linking verb. Forms of
be include am, is, are, was, were, will
be, has been, and was being.

49. • Several other verbs besides be can act
as linking verbs.
EXAMPLE This lemonade tastes sour.

50. VERB PHRASES
• The verb in a sentence may consist of
more than one word. The words that
accompany the main verb are called
auxiliary, or helping verbs.

51. • A verb phrase consists of a main verb
and all its auxiliary, or helping verbs.

52. • The most common auxiliary verbs are forms
of be and have. They help the main verb
express time by forming the various tenses.
• The other auxiliary verbs are not used
primarily to express time. They are often used
to emphasize meaning.
ANSWER PRACTICE VERBS AND VERB PHRASES

53. ADJECTIVES
• An adjective is a word that modifies a
noun or a pronoun by limiting its
meaning.

54. • An adjective may describe a noun or
pronoun by answering one of these
questions: What kind? Which one?
How many? How much?

55. • Two verb forms can also act as
adjectives: the present participle,
which ends in –ing, and the past
participle, which ends in -ed or is
irregularly formed.

56. • Pronouns can also serve as adjectives. For example,
possessive pronouns (my, our, your, his, her, its, and their) act
as adjectives when they modify nouns.
• Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, and those) can
also be considered demonstrative adjectives when they
modify nouns.
• Similarly, nouns can serve as adjectives. Possessive nouns,
like possessive pronouns, can be used as adjectives.
• In fact, any noun that modifies another noun can be
considered an adjective.

57. • An adjective's position in relation to
the word it modifies may vary.
ANSWER PRACTICE ADJECTIVES

58. Adjectives that Compare
• Many adjectives have different forms
to indicate their degree of comparison.
The positive form indicates no
comparison. The comparative form
compares two nouns or pronouns. The
superlative form compares more than
two nouns or pronouns

59. ANSWER PRACTICE ADJECTIVES THAT COMPARE

60. Articles
• Articles are the adjectives a, an, and
the. A and an are called indefinite
articles.
• A is used before consonant sounds,
and an is used before vowel sounds.
The is called the definite article.

61. Proper Adjectives
• A proper adjective is formed from a
proper noun and begins with a capital
letter.

62. • The following suffixes, along with others,
are often used to form proper adjectives: -
an, -ian, -n, -ese, and -ish. Sometimes
there are other changes as well. Check the
spelling in a dictionary.
ANSWER PRACTICE PROPER ADJECTIVES

63. Adverbs
• An adverb is a word that modifies a
verb, an adjective, or another adverb
by making its meaning more specific.
• The following sentences illustrate the
use of adverbs to modify verbs,
adjectives, and adverbs.

64. • Adverbs tell when, where, how, and to
what degree.

65. Position of Adverbs
• An adverb that is modifying a verb can
sometimes be placed in different
positions in relation to the verb.
• An adverb that modifies an adjective or
another adverb, however, must
immediately precede the word it
modifies.

67. Negative Words as Adverbs
• The word not and the contraction n't
are adverbs.
• Certain adverbs of time, place, and
degree also have negative meanings.
ANSWER PRACTICE ADVERBS

68. Adverbs that Compare
• Some adverbs, like adjectives, have
different forms to indicate the degree
of comparison.
ANSWER PRACTICE ADVERBS THAT COMPARE

69. Prepositions
• A preposition is a word that shows the
relationship of a noun or a pronoun to
another word in a sentence.

71. • A compound preposition is a
preposition that is made up of more
than one word.

72. • A prepositional phrase is a group of
words that begins with a preposition
and ends with a noun or a pronoun
called the object of the preposition.

73. • Some words may be used as either
prepositions or adverbs. A word is used
as a preposition if it has a noun or a
pronoun as its object. A word is used as
an adverb if it does not have an object.
ANSWER PRACTICE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

74. Conjunctions
• A conjunction is a word that joins
single words or groups of words.

75. Coordinating Conjunctions
• A coordinating conjunction joins words
or groups of words that have equal
grammatical weight in a sentence.

77. Correlative Conjunctions
• Correlative conjunctions work in pairs
to join words and groups of words of
equal grammatical weight in a
sentence.

78. • Correlative conjunctions make the
relationship between words or groups
of words a little clearer than do
coordinating conjunctions.
ANSWER PRACTICE COORDINATING AND CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

79. Subordinating Conjunctions
• A subordinating conjunction joins two
clauses, or thoughts, in such a way as to
make one grammatically dependent on
the other.
• The thought, or clause, that a
subordinating conjunction introduces is
said to be subordinate, or dependent,
because it cannot stand by itself as a
complete sentence.

80. ANSWER PRACTICE SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

81. Conjunctive Adverbs
• A conjunctive adverb is used to clarify the
relationship between clauses of equal
grammatical weight in a sentence.
• Conjunctive adverbs are usually stronger, more
precise, and more formal than coordinating
conjunctions.
• Notice that when a coordinating conjunction is
used between clauses, a comma precedes the
coordinating conjunction.
• When a conjunctive adverb is used between
clauses, a semicolon precedes the conjunctive
adverb, and a comma follows it.

83. • Conjunctive adverbs have many uses,
as the following examples show.
ANSWER PRACTICE CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

84. • An interjection is a word or a phrase that
expresses emotion or exclamation.
• An interjection has no grammatical
connection to other words in the sentence
and is set off from the other words by an
exclamation point or a comma.
• Different emotions are expressed by
different interjections.

85. • Interjections are mainly used in speaking.
Use them sparingly when you write.
ANSWER PRACTICE INTERJECTIONS

86. ANSWER PRACTICE PARTS OF SPEECH
ANSWER PRACTICE PROOFREADING
ANSWER PRACTICE POSTTEST IDENTIFYING PARTS OF SPEECH

87. THANK YOU FOR
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