exercise physiology related lecture not

1. Chapter 5: Exercise and environnemental
conditions
6.1. Exercise in the Environment Extremes
•Environmental conditions, Climate, and weather are
terms commonly used in describing various external
impacts on sporting events and athletes:
•The environmental conditions may be any outdoor or
indoor condition that potentially affects the performance
of the athlete.

2. The environment will include weather conditions, the
physical nature of the venue, such as topography or altitude,
as well as man-made factors such as pollution, traffic that
impacts on events such as cycling, or noise, such as stadium
noise.
•Climate is the recorded and tabulated weather data over a
period of time.
•This factor is used to determine the climatic regions of
Earth, those places that are said to share a common pattern
of weather.

3. Weather is the state of atmosphere in a given place on
Earth in the particular time;
•Weather includes the temperature, moisture, wind, cloud
cover, presence of phenomena such as storms, and
barometric pressure readings.
•Weather by nature an indication of present atmospheric
events for the short term.

4. 6.2. Exercise in the Heat
•Hyperthermia is a condition in which body temperature
increases above normal.
•The key to managing hyperthermia is to cool the body.
–by moving the athlete to a shaded area,
–removing any unnecessary clothing,
–applying cool water to the extremities,
–fanning the athlete, and
–giving the athlete cool water to drink.

5. Water Loss in the Heat
•Dehydration induced by a few hours of intense exercise in the heat
•often reaches in the level of impede heart dissipation and severely
confront cardiovascular function and exercise capacity. Sport
drinks which contain various levels of fluid, electrolytes and
carbohydrate to decrease the level dehydration
• An isotonic drink- is easily absorbed and quickly leaves the
stomach, to ensure optimal efficiency and comfortable digestion.
• A hypotonic drink -is less easily absorbed than an isotonic
drink, but may be useful in very hot weather.
• A hypertonic drink -is too concentrated and take too long to
leave the stomach, which may cause digestion issues, potentially
causing dehydration through a demand for water in the stomach
to dilute the concentration.

6. Heat is removed from the body by a combination of the following
mechanisms:
1. Conduction
•Heat exchange by transfer of heat between molecules that are
indirect contact with one another.
•These molecules can be present in the form of liquid, solid, or
gas.
2. Convection
•Once air molecules in contact with the skin are heated via
conduction,

7. Convection describes that the process by which the
warm air molecules are replaced by cooler air
molecules.
3. Radiation
•Heat loss by radiation describes the release of
electromagnetic waves to hot solid objects in our
surrounding environment.
•In the same way our bodies receive heat from the sun
through radiation, our bodies release heat to our
surroundings.

8. 4. Evaporation: The major mechanism by which heat is
removed from the body during exercise is evaporation.
•Water is continually vaporizing from the skin and
respiratory passages, thus transferring heat to the
environment.
•Evaporation of sweat has a cooling effect on the skin,
which in turn cools the blood in the skin via conduction.
5. Respiration
•Takes place when inspired, cooler air is raised to the body
temperature in the lungs and heat is lost through
respiration.

9. Heat-related illnesses
•Heat-related illnesses are typically classified, in
increasing order of severity, as heat cramps, heat syncope
or heat exhaustion and heat stroke:
Heat Cramps
•Painful cramping of abdominal and extremity muscles
• Elevated body temperature

10. Management: Heat Cramps
–Ending of activity
–Gentle passive stretching of affected muscles
–Drinking cool water or an electrolyte solution (low in sugar)
–For severe symptoms treat as heat exhaustion
Heat Exhaustion/Heat Syncope
(Can progress rapidly to heat stroke unless managed Properly)
–Exhaustion, nausea, vomiting and dizziness
–Weakness, fatigue and fainting
–Elevated body temperature

11. Management of Heat Syncope and Heat Exhaustion
-Remove the athlete from the hot environment and rest in a cool,
shaded area
–Remove restrictive clothing
–Give fluids orally, if the athlete is conscious
–Apply active cooling measures such as fun or ice towels if the
core temperature is elevated
–Refer to a physician to assess the needs of fluid/electrolyte
replacement and further medical attention, especially if nausea
and vomiting are present.

12. Heat Stroke
Acute medical emergency due to thermoregulatory failure
–Nausea, seizures, disorientation and possible unconsciousness or
coma
–Hot, dry skin and high body temperature (40°C/105°F)
•Management of Heat Stroke
–Medical emergency
–activate ems (medical emergency service) immediately
–Monitor core body temperature and lower it as quickly as
possible
–Remove as much clothing as possible

13. –Immersion in an ice bath has been shown to be
the best method to decrease core body
temperature
–Apply ice packs in the armpits, groin and neck
areas
–Continue cooling efforts until EMS arrives

14. 6.3. Exercise in the Cold
•Hypothermia is a condition in which body
temperature decreases below normal.
•The key to managing hypothermia is to warm the body.
This can be accomplished by
–removing the athlete from the cold climate,
–removing wet or cold clothes,
–applying warm clothes or blanket, and
–providing warm liquid to drink.

15. Cold environment problem
•Frostbite – it occurs when skin tissue and blood vessels are
damaged from exposure to temperatures below 32°F.
•Frostbite most commonly affects the toes, fingers, earlobes,
chin, cheeks, and nose - the body parts that are often left
uncovered in cold temperatures.
•Frostbite can occur gradually or rapidly.
•The speed which frostbite progresses will depend on how cold
or windy and the duration of exposure to those conditions.

16. Treatments for cold weather illness
•Restore Warmth
–Get the person to a warm place.
–Unless absolutely necessary, the person should not walk on
frostbitten toes or feet.
–Do not re-warm the skin until you can keep it warm. Warming
and then re-exposing the frostbitten area to cold air can cause
worse damage.
–Gently warm the area in warm water or with wet heat until the
skin appears red and warm.
–If no water is nearby, breathe on the area through cupped
hands and hold it next to your body.
–Do not use direct heat from heating pads, radiator, or fires.
–Do not rub or massage the skin or break blisters.

17. Bandage the Area
–Loosely apply dry, sterile dressings.
–Put gauze or clean cotton balls between fingers or
toes to keep them separated.
•Follow Up
–Once you get medical care, the next steps depend on
the particular case.
–The doctor may administer medication for pain or
intravenous fluids if the person is dehydrated.
–The person may be hospitalized for a few days.

18. High Altitude
•What's high altitude?
•It's considered to be between 5,000 and 11,500 feet
(1,524 and 3,505.2 m) above sea level.
•Very high altitude is any altitude between 11,500 and
18,000 feet (5,486.4 m), and extreme altitude is anything
above 18,000 feet.
•As height is gained above this altitude the density of
oxygen in the atmosphere decreases and the density of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases.

19. •Normoxia - The normal oxygen content reaching tissues and
organs at sea level (with 21% O2 in the air, with a sea-level
atmospheric pressure (driving pressure) of 760 mmHg).
•Hyperoxia - A condition characterized by greater oxygen content
of the tissues and organs than normally exists at sea level (i.e.
having someone breathe air that contains greater than 21% O2
contents).
•Hypoxia - A deficiency of oxygen that normally reaches the
tissues of the body, such as at altitude (generally considered less
than 21% O2 contents or at a reduced atmospheric pressure such as
at altitude).

20. Symptoms indicate altitude illness
–Headaches both while exercising and at rest that will not go
away if Aspirin is taken.
–Breathlessness at rest, and extreme fatigue after exertion.
–Decrease in appetite commonly accompanied by attacks of
nausea.
–High altitude also triggers an increase in our heartbeat,
breathing and urination.
–A resting heart-rate of more than 100 beats per minute.
–Irritability and/or mood swings.