The document describes key characteristics of Kingdom Animalia. Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that lack cell walls. They have nervous systems and locomotion to obtain food as heterotrophs. Most animals develop from a zygote into a gastrula with three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. Animals are also classified based on their body plan, symmetry, development of mouth/anus, and presence of coelom. The major invertebrate phyla include porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, mollusca, annelida, echinodermata, arthropoda and their characteristics are described
3. ~ Characteristics ~~ Characteristics ~
Have a nervous system to respond to theirHave a nervous system to respond to their
environmentenvironment
Locomotion relates to ability to obtain foodLocomotion relates to ability to obtain food
Most animals develop from aMost animals develop from a zygotezygote
becoming abecoming a
A single layer of cells surrounding a fluid-A single layer of cells surrounding a fluid-
filled space forming a hollow ball of cellsfilled space forming a hollow ball of cells
called acalled a gastrulagastrula.
4. ~ Developmental Characteristics ~~ Developmental Characteristics ~
The gastrula isThe gastrula is made up of three parts:made up of three parts:
– EctodermEctoderm, a layer of cells on the outer surfacea layer of cells on the outer surface
of theof the gastrulagastrula,, grows and divides developinggrows and divides developing
into skin and nervous tissue.into skin and nervous tissue.
– EndodermEndoderm, a layer of cells lining the innera layer of cells lining the inner
surface of thesurface of the gastrulagastrula,, develops into thedevelops into the
lining of the animal’s digestive tract.lining of the animal’s digestive tract.
– MesodermMesoderm, made up of two layers of cells, made up of two layers of cells
lying between thelying between the ectodermectoderm andand endodermendoderm,,
forms muscles, reproductive organs andforms muscles, reproductive organs and
circulatory vessels.circulatory vessels.
5.
6. ~ Developmental Characteristics ~~ Developmental Characteristics ~
Animals that develop a mouth from theAnimals that develop a mouth from the
indented space in the gastrula areindented space in the gastrula are
protostomesprotostomes..
Animals that develop an anus from theAnimals that develop an anus from the
opening in the gastrula areopening in the gastrula are
deuterostomesdeuterostomes..
7.
8. ~~ Body Plans ~Body Plans ~
Animals that areAnimals that are
irregularirregular in shape arein shape are
asymmetricalasymmetrical..
Animals that areAnimals that are
regularregular in shape arein shape are
symmetricalsymmetrical..
9. ~ Body Plans ~~ Body Plans ~
An animal hasAn animal has radial symmetryradial symmetry if itif it
can be divided along any plane,can be divided along any plane,
through a central axis, into equalthrough a central axis, into equal
halves.halves.
An animal hasAn animal has bilateral symmetrybilateral symmetry if itif it
can be divided down its length intocan be divided down its length into
similar right and left halves formingsimilar right and left halves forming
mirror images of each other.mirror images of each other.
10. Which figure has bilateral symmetry?Which figure has bilateral symmetry?
Which has radial symmetry?Which has radial symmetry?
11. ~ Body Plans ~~ Body Plans ~
AcoelomatesAcoelomates – animals have three cell– animals have three cell
layers with a digestive tract but no bodylayers with a digestive tract but no body
cavities.cavities.
PseudocoelomatesPseudocoelomates – animals with a fluid-– animals with a fluid-
filled body cavity partly lined withfilled body cavity partly lined with
mesoderm.mesoderm.
CoelomatesCoelomates – animals with a body cavity– animals with a body cavity
completely surrounded by mesoderm.completely surrounded by mesoderm.
12.
13. ~ Protection and Support ~~ Protection and Support ~
Though not all animals have a skeleton,Though not all animals have a skeleton,
those that do can be divided into twothose that do can be divided into two
groups:groups:
– Those with anThose with an exoskeletonexoskeleton – a hard,– a hard,
waxy coating on the outside of the bodywaxy coating on the outside of the body
that protects internal organs, provides athat protects internal organs, provides a
framework for support, and a place forframework for support, and a place for
muscle attachment.muscle attachment.
– Those with anThose with an endoskeletonendoskeleton – support– support
framework within the body that protectsframework within the body that protects
some organs and a brace for muscles tosome organs and a brace for muscles to
pull against.pull against.
14. ~Invertebrates~~Invertebrates~
8 main phyla8 main phyla
No backbonesNo backbones
95% of all animals are in this group95% of all animals are in this group
15. ~Invertebrate~Invertebrate
Phylum Porifera~Phylum Porifera~
SpongesSponges
simplest form of animal lifesimplest form of animal life
live in waterlive in water
Do not move aroundDo not move around
no symmetryno symmetry
Pores (holes) all over bodyPores (holes) all over body
16. ~Invertebrate~Invertebrate
Phylum Porifera~Phylum Porifera~
Filter Feeders: a sponge filters particles ofFilter Feeders: a sponge filters particles of
food from water using collar cells and thenfood from water using collar cells and then
pumps the water out the osculum.pumps the water out the osculum.
21. ~Invertebrate~Invertebrate
Phylum Platyhelminthes ~Phylum Platyhelminthes ~
FlatwormsFlatworms
Flat, ribbon-like bodyFlat, ribbon-like body
Live in water or are parasitesLive in water or are parasites
bilateral symmetrybilateral symmetry
22. ~Invertebrate~Invertebrate
Phylum Platyhelminthes ~Phylum Platyhelminthes ~
Examples:Examples:
PlanariaPlanaria
eyespots detect lighteyespots detect light
food and waste gofood and waste go
in and out the samein and out the same
openingopening
25. ~Invertebrate~Invertebrate
Phylum Nematoda ~Nematoda ~
RoundwormsRoundworms
– Round, tubular bodyRound, tubular body
– small or microscopicsmall or microscopic
– bilateral symmetrybilateral symmetry
– have both a mouth and anushave both a mouth and anus
– Live in water or are parasitesLive in water or are parasites
27. ~Invertebrate~Invertebrate
Phylum Mollusca ~Phylum Mollusca ~
Soft bodiesSoft bodies
Hard ShellsHard Shells
Live on land or in waterLive on land or in water
have a circulatory system and a complexhave a circulatory system and a complex
nervous system.nervous system.
Important food source for humansImportant food source for humans
28. ~Invertebrate~Invertebrate
Phylum Mollusca ~Phylum Mollusca ~
ClassClass
GastropodaGastropoda
– snails and slugssnails and slugs
– may have 1 shellmay have 1 shell
– stomach-footed -stomach-footed -
move on stomachmove on stomach
32. ~Invertebrate~Invertebrate
Phylum Annelida ~Phylum Annelida ~
– Segemented wormsSegemented worms
– Body divided intoBody divided into
segments(sections)segments(sections)
– Live in water orLive in water or
undergroundunderground
– have a nervous and circulatory systemhave a nervous and circulatory system
33. ~Invertebrate~Invertebrate
Phylum Annelida ~Phylum Annelida ~
Class EarthwormsClass Earthworms
eat soil andeat soil and
breakdownbreakdown
organic matter,organic matter,
wastes providewastes provide
nutrients to soilnutrients to soil
35. ~Invertebrate
Phylum Annelida ~
Class leechesClass leeches
parasites that feed on blood of other animalsparasites that feed on blood of other animals
36. ~Invertebrate
Phylum Echinodermata ~
Hard, spiny skinHard, spiny skin
Live in salt waterLive in salt water
Radial symmetryRadial symmetry
name means ‘spiney skinned’name means ‘spiney skinned’
endoskeletonendoskeleton
38. ~Invertebrate
Phylum Arthropoda ~
Body divided into sections/segmentsBody divided into sections/segments
ExoskeletonExoskeleton
Jointed legsJointed legs
well developed nervous systemwell developed nervous system
largest group of organisms on earthlargest group of organisms on earth
39. ~Invertebrate~Invertebrate
Phylum Arthropoda ~Phylum Arthropoda ~
3 subphylums:3 subphylums:
Classified into classes according to theClassified into classes according to the
number of legs, eyes and antennae theynumber of legs, eyes and antennae they
have.have.
41. ~Invertebrate Phylum~Invertebrate Phylum
Arthropoda ~ Subphylum ChilicerataArthropoda ~ Subphylum Chilicerata
Class –Class – ArachnidaArachnida
no antennaeno antennae
4 pairs of legs4 pairs of legs
2 body regions - cephalothorax & abdomen2 body regions - cephalothorax & abdomen
spiders, scorpions, mites & ticksspiders, scorpions, mites & ticks
42.
43. ~Invertebrate Phylum~Invertebrate Phylum
Arthropoda ~ Subphylum ChilicerataArthropoda ~ Subphylum Chilicerata
ClassClass Merostomata
Horseshoe crabsHorseshoe crabs
– Ancient group of speciesAncient group of species
– Changed little over 350 million yearsChanged little over 350 million years
– Aquatic, mostly found on Atlantic & gulfAquatic, mostly found on Atlantic & gulf
coasts of United States.coasts of United States.
49. ~Invertebrate Phylum~Invertebrate Phylum
Arthropoda ~Arthropoda ~ Subphylum UniramiaSubphylum Uniramia
ClassClass InsectaInsecta
no antennaeno antennae
3 pairs of legs3 pairs of legs
2 body regions - head, thorax & abdomen2 body regions - head, thorax & abdomen
grasshoppers, ants, butterflies, beesgrasshoppers, ants, butterflies, bees
50.
51. ~Invertebrate~Invertebrate
Phylum Arthropoda ~Phylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum UniramiaSubphylum Uniramia
ClassClass Diplopoda
MillipedesMillipedes
segmented animalssegmented animals
Have 2 pairs of legs per segmentHave 2 pairs of legs per segment
Primarily herbivores & decomposersPrimarily herbivores & decomposers
52.
53. ~Invertebrate Phylum~Invertebrate Phylum
Arthropoda ~Arthropoda ~ Subphylum UniramiaSubphylum Uniramia
ClassClass Chiopoda
Centipedes Usually terrestrial carnivoresCentipedes Usually terrestrial carnivores
Have 1 pair of antennaeHave 1 pair of antennae
Are often poisonous, using modified frontAre often poisonous, using modified front
claws to immobilize preyclaws to immobilize prey