1. 1. Recognize breeds within various large animal species.
1. I have grown up on a breed show horse farm. The breeds we specialized in raising where
Appaloosas, Quarter Horses and Paints. We were also involved in breaking out horses for
various jobs. Breaking many horses to ride and drive, and work cattle brought a large variety
of breeds. Morgans, Arabians, warm bloods, and draft breeds were just a few of the more
regular breeds that where under are care and supervision during their training at my family
farm. I have been a Farrier for 13 years. This line of work has also exposed me to a great
variety of equine specimens. On my current client list; I have donkeys, mules, light drapht
breeds and stand sizes breeds. The light draft breeds that a have had the opportunity to work
with include but are not limited to Hoflingers, Fresians. I have also worked with a many
Norwegian Fjords, and Andolustions. The standard size horses include but are not limited to
Quarter Horses, Tennessee walkers, thourobred mixed breeds, and Appaloosas. I have spent
a great deal of time, around five and a half years, in the horse racing industry. During that
time I was exposed to racing thourobreds and Quarter Horses. I am currently employed at
Anoka Equine in Elk River MN. The clinic has a huge diversity of different breeds of Horses
that are seen. Anything from purebreds to mixed blood horses as well as donkeys and mules
are seen and treated at Anoka Equine. We have even had the opportunity to work with a few
Zebras.
2. Many different bovine breeds including: Herford, Holstein, Sharlay, Brahma, Black angus,
Red angus, Scottish Highlands, and Texas long horns to name a few. My family and I where
very involved with Rodeo. In that time I have the opportunity to work with Brahma bucking
bulls, long horns and long horn crosses Brafords, and Spanish fighting bulls. My father in law
has a hobby farm where he raises Herford, and Angus cattle. I am on call for helping him with
vaccinations, castration, and general herd requirements.
2. Explain nutritional and housing requirements for various large animal species.
1. Growing up on a breed show farm I gained the knowledge of the importance of good
nutrition and proper housing. I have also been able to implement the knowledge I have gained
to help some of my Farrier clients better their own horses living environments and boost their
animal’s nutrition. This has helped them improve some hoof problems as well as remedy poor
style of living for horse family. Working at Anoka Equine I have also witnessed firsthand the
impact of nutrition and housing on the overall health of the equine species. At Anoka Equine
we have had the opportunity to work closely with a few rescue groups. The horses that have
been brought in to the clinic may be undernourished, a host for parasites and fungi both
intestinal and dermal or just need a little Tender loving care and a physical exam to give them
a clean bill of health for their new home.
2. I have witnessed cattle raised on a feedlot, pasture grazed, and in a milking barn. For each of
these methods, the animal can be feed a verity of different ways. The feed lot cattle are
generally feed a high protein and fat rich diet. This regimen of feeding helps them grow faster
and gain more weight. The confinement of the feed lot insures that the cattle housed there are
not expending a great deal of energy to go from food stores to water. Agreat deal of planning
goes into keeping theses cattle less active and less stressed than say pasture cattle This
ensures the farmer or company owning theses cattle to have a high yield when the cattle reach
market weight. Pasture raised cattle are structurally different from feed lot cattle. They are
usually leaner in body type and my not have as strong of a top line as the feed lot cattle. They
don’t have as much weight to carry around, and have further to travel for things like mineral
plots and water. They are considered by some a better way to go for meat animals. Because if
the lack of pressed feed they sustain themselves of grasses and other more organic substances.
3. I have witnessed sheep, goats, and pigs raised in a pasture setting. Goats do far better with the
option to be on pasture. Their mischievous nature and inquisitiveness gets them into trouble
in some confinement areas, they need an outlet for their games. They are less stressed and
thrive better in a pasture setting than in a feed lot setting. Sheep also do quite well in a pasture
setting, given the fencing is adequate for them to not escape. They can be feed lot animals,
however they get stressed very easily. This could cause them lose weight and even become

2. sick of abort their fetus. They should be kept in groups of 2 or more to help keep them stable
and more stress free. Pigs are animals that seem to thrive under either pasture or feed lot
options. In a pasture setting they are able to wallow and keep active. In a pasture setting they
are a bit cleaner than confinement hogs. They have less parasites and are less susceptible to
illnesses that readily spread in a confinement type setting. They are leaner animals in a
pasture setting, however they also lack the growth rate that confinement brings. They have a
more organic diet with less animal fats and proteins that can cause confinement hogs issues.
3. Evaluate preventive medicine and herd health programs in various large animal species.
1. The herd health and preventative medicine programs at Anoka Equine include two different
programs. Each program is tailored to the horse’s specific parameters. The basic program
focuses on those horses that live in a closed herd environment, with little to no outside
contamination from other horses that are not in the home herd. This specific vaccination
regimen is called the basic wellness program. This program is spaced out into two visits from
the vet to the farm or two trips to the clinic. The first visit will be scheduled for the months of
March to April. This first visit will consist of a Physical Exam to determine over all wellness
of the horse. Then will go on to an ophthalmology exam to ensure the animal’s eyes are
heathy. Fallowed by vaccinations that include, Tetanus, Eastern and Western
Encephalomyelitis (sleeping sickness), West Nile Virus, Flu/Rhino complex, Coggins (EIA)
test and finally a Rabies vaccination. A fecal exam will determine if the horse has GI
parasites. A dewormer will be given to prevent and help remedy GI parasites if they are
detected. These vaccinations and exams will be repeated again in the fall months from
September to October to ensure that the horse remains healthy though the winter. The second
package is tailored to the horses that travel. They may be performance show horses or trial
riding horses. Any horse that will see other horse from outside its home herd qualify for this
program. Much like the basic program, it consists of two visits to the clinic or two farm calls.
These horses will receive much of the same exams as with the basic package.in the sprig
months of March and April a physical exam, ophthalmology exam, and a fecal exam and test
to determine the presence of GI parasites. Vaccinations that they will receive are also much
the same. The will revive, Tetanus, Eastern and Western Encephalomyelitis (sleeping
sickness), West Nile Virus, Coggins (EIA) test as well as an Intra-nasal Strep or Strangles
exam and vaccination. The second series of this package will come in the months of
September-October. They will include a physical exam and ophthalmology recheck. Sedation
will be given to the horse for a dental exam and possible floating of the teeth. At this time a
sheath cleaning will be provided for the geldings and stallions, for the mares an udder exam
and cleaning. The client will also have the opportunity to consult the Vet about nutritional
needs of their horse or the overall nutrition for their herd. Both of the packages that we offer
at Anoka Equine have the option of coming with the Potomac Horse Fever vaccination. This
vaccination can be purchased severalty and given by the client, or I can be given as part of the
horse twice a year routine. This is because not all clients’ horses need this vaccination.
2. I participated in helping my family with herd health and the vaccinations of our beef cattle
The cattle That I am involved with get Nasalgen Bovine Rhinotrecheitis Parainfluenza
vaccine twice a year, once in the spring and once in the fall. One Shot to protect against
pneumonia, this is also given twice a year. Bovi-Shelid Gold is given to help prevent abortion
caused by IBR, respiratory disease. Ivermectin is given as a topical over the back of the cattle
to help prevent parasites both on the skin and in the body. Ivermectin is given to the calves in
the fall after weaning and to the cows and bulls three times a year. Once before calving, once
before going to pasture with their calves and the bulls and once in the fall when they return to
the farm.
4. Compare the physiology of breeding and reproduction among various large animal species.
1. I have grown up with breeding horses the live cover way. At Anoka Equine we do a lot of
artificial insemination. At the clinic we have a reproduction laboratory. This allows us to take
samples from the mares that are bought to us. This sample is a vaginal cell sample. Along
with this sample and ultrasound, we are able to more accurately tell when the mare will

3. ovulate. From the results of these tests we are able to decide when she will settle with
artificial insemination. At the clinic in the reproduction lab we are able to offer a fresh cooled
sample of semen, fresh frozen semen or cryogenically frozen semen that has been shipped to
the clinic to be implanted in the receiving mare. When I was on my families breed show farm
we implemented live cove. Live cover is the only real way to ensure that the linage of the foal
can be traces. Thoroughbred horses also use live cover for this reason. In the Thoroughbred
industry artificial insemination is not allowed because of the lack of ability to truly trace the
lineage of the foal. Reproduction isn’t just about artificial or live cover breeding. It also has
an end game. For horses its called a foal. Growing up on a breed show horse farm I was a part
of many foalings events. With 40 brood mare, there was no shortage of foals. At Anoka
Equine I have had the opportunity to help deliver foals, and care for the foals and mares. Most
of the mares that foals at Anoka Equine have had trouble with delivery in the past. Many of
the foals at Anoka Equine are on feeding tubes or strict feeding schedules, fluids, every other
hour monitoring of their vital signs, and the option to have oxygen to help them breath
properly. These are not your typical foals.
2. With cattle and swine, artificial insemination is a huge part of the industries. Artificial
insemination for these species, give the farmer a better estimation of when the animals will
give birth. This is essential for a production farm. The smaller farmers will still use live cover
and the more old school methods of determining a possible birth date for the animal. Many
animals are pregnancy tested or checked by a vet to determine if they have settled and also to
get a projected due date for the birth of the animal. Having this projected due date for the
famer allows them to give proper vaccinations and vitamin bolus to help assure a heathy
offspring.
3. On the farm that I grew up on, we used very little artificial insemination. Live cover was a
better rough for our farm. Having 7 stallions on site it was easier than shipping semen and
implanting mares. Live cover is a more dramatic form of breeding. I still feel like it’s the only
true way to truly trace the lineage from generation to generation. Along with breeding, mares,
we also foaled out many mares, with over 40 brood mares of our own. We also had several
mares that we took in for less experienced owners, and foals that where to be trained for
futurity shows after birth. Most of our foals where born in late January and up to the being of
March.
5. Outline the reproductive cycle of horses and compare natural and artificial insemination
procedures, including care of the mare and stallion.
1. Most mares are polyestrous. They will cycle naturally when the daylight hours get longer.
This ensures that the foal will be born in the warmer months. That being said artificial
conditions can be made simply by leaving barn lights on starting at 6:00am to 10:00pm.
Mares ovulate every 21days during the breeding season, natural or manmade. Estrus will
range depending on the individual mare. Anywhere from 2-8 days, but diestrus will maintain
a 21 day cycle. Estrus tends to run longer earlier in the breeding season. The summer solstice
marks the near end of the natural breeding season and most mares are only receptive for
breeding for 2 to 3 days.
6. Describe the stages of parturition and proper nursing care of the neonatal foal.
1. There are 3 stages to parturition. The first stage involves abdominal pain. The mare will
generally be restless and patches of sweat will be at her flanks and possible her elbow area.
This generally happens a few hours before giving birth. Mares might roll as well during this
time. The reasoning for the mare to roll has been determined to that this is the way the mare
can help the foal rotate into the proper position before giving birth. Stage 2 usually lasts for
15-30 minutes normally. During this stage the mare’s water will break and during a normal
birth the foal will be pushed out by contractions starting with the front feet. The nose and
head are normally cradled in the front legs. The head is followed by the shoulders and finally
the trunk and hind quarters. Stage 3 is when the mare expels the placenta or afterbirth. Many
times this membrane will hang from the vagina of normally a standing mare. This action will

4. help the mare expel the membrane by using passive traction due to the weight of the
membrane itself.
2. The foal should be watched for normalreactions after birth. The foal should want to stand
within 5-15 minutes after birth. The foal should want to nurse from the mother shortly after
standing. Within 24 hours after birth the foal should have passed a stool. This is called
meconium. Normally it is a hard, or tary dark stool. The foal needs to get the colostrum from
its mother. The colostrum or first milk is essential for the foal’s immunity from outside
bacteria that they will come in contact with out of urtero
7. Contrast the components of the ruminant and equine digestive systems as to anatomy and function.
1. Ruminants have 4 chambers:Rumen – fermentation, reticulum – small stomach, omasum,
and abomasum – true glandular stomach. The Rumen must be monitored for correct levels of
bacteria and proper PH. The Abomasum must be monitored for signs of RDA/LDA which
may require surgical intervention
2. The Equine digestive system contains one small stomach but a large hindgut (cecum) that acts
as a fermentation vat for digesting cellulose. It is similar to the rumen in that it requires
proper bacteria present to aide in digestion. The cecum must be monitored for signs of colic.
8. Describe the life-stage energy and nutrient requirements of healthy milk cow and of a healthy horse
at various life stages.
1. The healthy milk cow will require more energy and protein during peak lactation (up to 2
months after freshening). This source
2. The healthy horse will require a large amount of fiber in the form of hay or grass. The
vitamins and minerals should be measured and grain may be supplemented for additional
energy and supplementation depending on the individual horse’s needs. Greater energy
requirements will be necessary for senior, pregnant/lactating, growing, or performance horses.
9. Discuss vaccination and deworming protocols relative to horses and ruminants.
1. Bovine Vaccines include Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus (BRSV), Bovine Respiratory
Disease Complex (BRDC), Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVD), Brucellosis, Clostridia
Disease, Infections Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR, BHV-1) Leptospirosis, Parainfluenza 3
(P13), Pasturella, Internal Parasites.
2. Equine Vaccines include Tetanus, Eastermn and Western Encephalomyelitis, West Nile
Virus, Flu/Rhino Complex, Coggins, Rabies, Strangles, Potomic Horse Fever
3. Ovine/Caprine Vaccines include CD-T Toxoid, Tetanus, Enterotoxemia type C,
Enterotoxemia type D sore mouth, footrot, Caseous lymphadnitis, enzootic (EAE), and
Vibriosis, Rabies
4. Porcine Vaccines include Tetanus Antitoxin, Clostridium Peringens type C and D Antitoxin,
Tetanus Toxoid Concentrate, Eye Sheild, Essential 3+T, Farrow sure Gold B, Ingelvac PRRS
MLV, Cand D Antitoxin, Circumvent PCV G2, Circumvent PCV-M Circumvent PCV-M G2,
Citadel L5, Enterisol Ileitis NF.
10. Discuss the characteristics, prevention, and zoonotic potential of common diseases affecting various
large animal species.
1. Common Bovine/Ruminant Diseases include: Anthrax, Brucellosis, Cryptosporidiosis,
Dermatophilosis, Escherichia coli, Giardiasis, Leptospirosis, Listeriosis, Pseudocowpox, Q
Fever, Rabies, Ringworm, Salmonellosis, Tuberculosis, Vesicular Stomatitis, and
Melioidosis.
2. Common Equine Diseases include Anthrax, Melioidosis, Salmonellosis, Stretococcal
infections, Blastomycosis, Coccidioidmycosis, Dermatophilosis, Rhinosporidiosis,
Sportrichosis, Hirudiniasis, Eastern and western Equin Encephalomyelitis, Japanese B
encephalitis, Vesicular Stomatitis, West Nile.
3. Common Swine Diseases include Vesicular Stomatitis, Lymphocytic, Choriomeningitis, Foot
and mouth disease,Tunga Infection, Myiasis, Hirudiniasis,
Macracanthorhynchosis,Trichuriasis, Trichinosis, Gongylonemiasis, Echinococcosis,
Schistosomiasis, Paragonimiasis, Opisthorchiasis, Brucellosis, Erysipeloid, Melioidosis.

5. Many of these Zoonotic diseases can be kept at bay from infection to humans by vaccinations.
Another very important way to prevent the contraction of these diseases by humans is
properly wash their hands and if necessary wear gloves around possibly infected animals.
11. Identify the components of the equine skeletal system and compare to that of a ruminant or a
carnivore.
1. The skeletal system is made of many interconnected tissues: bone, cartilage, tendons, and
ligaments. The length of the bones and the angles at which they come together dictate a
horse's conformation, way of going, stride length, and potential power as an athlete. The
components of the horses skeleton are categorized with the Axial skeleton, which has the
skull, vertebral column, ribs and the sternum, and the Appendicular skeleton which has the
forelimbs and hind limbs. 205 bones make up the equine skeletal system. These bones
provide anchor points for ligaments that help to stabilize the bones and facilitate the
connection of joints. Muscles and tendons then help achieve efficient flexion and ab-flexion
for proper movement of the limbs.
2. The ruminant skeleton is different when comparing the appendicular skeleton. What makes
horses stand out from ruminants would be the difference in their unique hoof structure and
lower limbs. Horses are not cloven hooved animals. They have one hoof. From the knee down
they are very different from ruminants A horses leg from the knee to the hoof is much like a
person’s middle finger. The cannon bone represents the metacarpal lll. The proximal phalanx
represents the long pastern and the intermediate phalanx represents the short pastern bone.
The coffin bone is represented by the distal phalanx and is essentially the last knuckle on the
middle finger of a human. Horses essentially walk on the last knuckle of their muddle finger.
This differs a great deal from ruminates, who have two toes to distribute their body weight
across evenly.
12. Apply herd health concepts while obtaining a patient history.
1. When taking histories at Anoka Equine we discuss/ask the client how old the horse is. Then
after establishing this, we ask what the horse job is, and what they have been feeding them to
determine if they are getting the proper nutritional needs for the job the horse is preforming.
When we have asked and answered these questions, we than ask what the reasoning for
bringing the horse in today was. From there we try to establish a history of the problem. For
example how long the lameness has been noticeable. Form here we can ask if there is a
potential cause for the problem. Like getting kicked in the pasture or the horse got stuck in a
gate. Or even they felt a bit off after last week’s event. This allows us to be able to draw a
time line or events that can help the vet make a proper and complete diagnosis of what may
be wrong with the horse.
13. Demonstrate proficiency in restraint of large animals.
1. I have restrained horses for many years. I have mainly not had the opportunity to have much
help to do so. I have come up with great ways to properly restrain then and not get hurt. May
of the tools for restraint have been about for years. Twitches and a get way to restrain horses.
There are many forms of twitches. There are twitches for the nose and for the body if the
animal. The nose twitches can be rope or chain or even two metal bars the sandwich the end
or the nose. Lip chins are also a good tool. They put pressure on releases points under the
upper gums of the horse. The brain takes this signal and releases endorphins, this allows the
horse to relax, and have a calmer state of mind. The ear of the horse or the shoulder can be
used to retrain grown horses. This is done by grabbing that area and twisting. For foals the
best way to restrain then is by a flank twitch. Much like a shoulder twitch on a grown horse
this immobilize the foal and allows a calmer state of mind. This allows medications to be
given, blood to be drawn, and general wellness checks to be attained with out to much fuss.
2. While processing cattle, we utilized a chute and a head shoot. This allows the animals to be
restrained b the head. When the cattle are in the head shoot their legs can still be a problem.
They still have the ability to kick and fight. Using a manual tail jack will help with allowing
you to get closed to then. They can still kick with this restraint implemented, but it greatly

6. reduces the want to kick. Blood, draws general wellness exams, and vaccination can be
given as well as castrations and dehorning can be performed easier and with less stress to the
animal.
14. Safely and efficiently obtain subjective and objective patient data that will allow accurate evaluation
of the patient's physical status with minimum stress and maximum safety.
1. At Anoka Equine, I obtain subjective data by observing the horse from a distance and
obtaining history information from the owner. When obtaining physical exam data, I slowly
and calmly approach the horse form the left side. Talking in a low clam voice, I place my
hand on the animal. This is not just for the animal’s reassurance, but also for my safety.
Placing of a hand on the animal, allows me to stay a safe distance from the animal if
necessary. It also allows me to feel the movements that could be a precursors to that animals
jumping away from me or to me. When the horse is settled, I will begging abating
information about their physical wellbeing. I will start with their heat rate. From their, I will
listen to their gust sounds in all 4 quadrants. Next I will obtain a rectal temperature, making
sure all the time to be aware of temperament changes of the horse. Looking at where their
ears are placed and facing is a good indication of what the horse is thinking. Ears slightly
back facing generally means that he is listening to me, as how I never stop talking in a clam
voice. If the ears are pined straight back or laying on that hoses neck, be prepaie4d for
something to happen. After abating a temp. I will move back to the front of the horse and
visually inspect their body for noticeable problems. I will usually run my hands down their
body as well at this time. Going form the body I will work my way down the legs felling for
heat or swelling. I palpate the pastern joint for a digital pulse on each leg and then I go to the
head. Hear I look to see if the eyes are clear and free if discharge and last but not least I check
the hoses gums for color and capillary refill time
15. Explain common veterinary procedures in various large animal species.
1. I have witnessed the following surgeries and procedures colic surgeries, laceration repairs,
gutteralpouch flushing, spays, castrations, endoscope exams, lameness exams, joint taps and
flushes, belly taps, sinus repair surgery, C-sections, umbilical repair and may others that are
of a standing sedation surgery nature.
16. Employ proper radiographic positioning of the equine limb.
1. I have performed radiographs of the equine limb, including the following views:
Lateral, DP and 2 oblique views of the hooves, pastern, fetlock, knees, and hocks. Lateraland
skyline of the shoulders, and lateral and obliques of the spine. PA, lateral and obliques of the
stifles as well as skyline or the patella. In addition to theses we do a 60degree navicular and
skyline of the hooves. There is also a flexed lateral of the knee view.
17. Describe other imaging techniques and equipment commonly used with horses.
1. The equipment used at Anoka Equine includes: a digital machine and viewer With this
particular setup, there is a plate that is hooked to the computer and the Image machine. This
allows our clinic to view the images faster and to digitally lighten and darken the image as
needed. We also have 3 ultrasound machines that allow us to see through the skin and look at
soft tissues. Things like tendons and ligaments, as well as in to the abdominal wall to view the
intestines, and look for fluid in the abdomen. We also have an endoscope. We can use this for
either looking at the sinuses of the horse or go down the esophagus and into the stomach. This
is key when working on a horse that has history of choke, or ulcers. The endoscope can also
be placed in the horse’s rectum and threads into the colon and large intestines. This helps
when looking for possible impactions that can’t be felt by palpation. With the endoscope we
have the ability to take a biopsy sample of tissue to send in for testing.
18. Discuss the procedures involved with dehorning.
1. Dehorning may be done in several ways including: Barnes dehorner, Heat disbudding,
chemical paste, and saw method. All methods should be performed on young calves to
minimize trauma. Barnes dehorning involves a tool with sharp cutting edges. The edges are
places around the horn bud. The tool is considered closed at this point. Opening the tool with
a forceful manner will bring the cutting edges together and the horn bud will be cut from the

7. calf. This method should be preformed on claves that are not older than 3 to 4 months of age.
Heat D-budding or Hot cautery dehorning utilizes an electrically heated interment. This
interment looks like a round soldering iron with a flat indented head. This is placed over the
horn bud when it is red hot. A ring of skin is burnt at the base of the horn bud. The horn bud
is allowed to slough off over time. Calves 2 months of age are candidates for this procedure.
Chemical paste dehorning is generally done on calves that are 3 to 7 days old. After this
procedure they should be tied up away from other animals, so as not to rub the paste on to any
of the other animals. They should remain tied for about 6 hours before removing the paste.
The procedure beings by clipping off the hair over and around the horn bud. A wooden
applicator is used to apply the paste around and over their horn bud. The horn bud will be
chemically burned and allowed to slough off over time.
19. Demonstrate proficiency in collection of samples from and administering medication to various
large animal species.
1. I have administered the following medications, Penicillin, Gentamicin, K-pen, Banamine,
oxytet, Regu-mate, oxytocin,
2. I have collected the following samples: urine, blood, fecal, reflux, milk, nasal discharge,
semen, vaginal swabs,
20. Explain drug withholding concerns where they apply.
1. Drug withdrawl is a concern for all food producing animals. Medications administered SQ,
IM, ID, or IP will require delays in slaughter time. Milking animals given medications intra-
mammary, will require disposal of the milk so it is not consumed by people or other
animals………………
21. Observe and discuss collection of milk samples and the performance of mastitis testing.
1. Milk let-down occurs in calm cows only. Oxytocin is releases and the streak canal opens
when the handler washes the teats in preparation for milk collection.
2. Mastitis testing includes: CMT (cow-side), Strip cup (cow-side), or culturing of the sample
performed in the lab.
22. Demonstrate proficiency in culturing and identifying bacteria.
1. Common pathogens found in mastitis milk include: Staph sp. (GPC), Strep, sp. (GPC), and
E.coli (GNR). These may be identified using the following agars: Mannitol Salt Agar (to
identify Staph aureus), McConkeys (to identify lactose producing GN), and Blood Agar (to
identify hemolysis)
23. State the dental formula for a horse and review the procedures and schedule needed to maintain
good dental health.
1. The equine dental formula is Temporary teeth I - 3/3 C- 0/0 P - 3/3 M - 0/0 = 12 x 2 = 2
Adult (permanent teeth) I - 3/3 C - 1/1 P - 3 or 4/3 M - 3/3 = 20 (or 21) x 2 = 40 (or 42)
2. Dental work on horses can be done two ways. Either with a hand float or with an electric
float. The goal of floating a horses teeth is to smooth out sharp enamel points that can develop
as the horse chews. When a horse is examined, the vet will look not only for sharp points on
the teeth, but for ulcerations caused by the rubbing of these sharp point on the inner checks.
Malocclusions are also noted and fixed during a dental float. Horses under 5 years of age
should get their teeth examined and possibly floated every 6 months. This is because the
horse’s mouth is changing, from deciduous teeth falling out the horse’s mouth. So the horse’s
mouth at this time is ever changing. Two and three year old horses going to training should
have their teeth examined and if necessary floated before training begins. They should be
checked for retained caps and any points should be floated off. Horses over 5 years can be
examined and floated once a year, unless they have dental issues already noted. 20 year old
and older horses should be examined and floated every 6 months like the younger horses.
Loose teeth or fractured teeth are common in this age range or horse. These problems will
hinder their eating ability and not to mention their want to eat, making it harder to keep
weight on the older horses.
24. Describe the systems commonly employed in the delivery of veterinary care to farms and list unique
factors to be considered when planning for on-premises radiology, surgery or euthanasia.

8. 1. Anoka equine vets all have their own truck in which to do company business. In this truck,
they carry everything form medications, vaccinations, to nasal gastric tubes for refluxing
horses, to surgical packs, surgicalscrub, and euthanasia solution. When going to a farm call
no matter how routine, Anoka Equine vets try their best to plan for the unexpected. Many of
the vets will bring a tech with them for large barn vaccination. During surgical castrations and
other surgical procedures performed in the field, they will try to bring two techs with them.
Being prepared for things to go bad quickly allows them to stay on their toes and helps them
be prepared for many situations.
25. Develop and provide client education regarding common vaccine and deworming protocols in a
clear and accurate manner at a level the client understands.
1. See attached client brochure
26. Successfully perform all Essential Skills assigned to this course
1. See signed Essential Skills tasklists