5. each person has a unique style of communicating which may
depend not only on his/her linguistic ability but also on his/her
cultural and social context .Some are outspoken: some are more quiet
yet on point. Some always seem formal, while some have a lot of
introduction before getting to the main point. Communication style
refers to the choices people make and the strategies or tools they use in
the process of communication. A style may sometimes depend on the
demand of the communicative situation, as well as on the needs and
requirements of the target recipients of the information.
7. Activity # 3
Unlocking of Vocabulary
1. Verbal Communication
2. Styles
3. Culture
4. Cultural Values
5. Geography
6. Context
7. Local
8. Global
9. Communication
10.Gestures
8.
9.
10. Verbal Communication Styles and Culture
Culture has been defined in many ways. Some commonly applied
definitions view culture as patterned ways of thinking, feeling, and
reacting common to a particular group of people and that are acquired
and transmitted through the use of symbols. Others view culture as a
function of interrelated system that include the ecology ( e.g, the
physical environment , resources and geography, ) subsistence . It is
fair to say that culture includes bot objective and subjective elements.
11. There are TWO Approaches that have been used to describe and
explain cultural dimensions:
1.Value Dimension- Can be defined as an enduring belief that a
specific mode of conduct is socially preferable to an opposite or
converse mode of conduct. Once learned, values are integrated
into an organized system of values that are relatively stable and
serve a number of functions for individual, such as
predisposing them to favor particular ideologies, guiding self-
presentations, influencing how they communicate, and
evaluating and judging other’s decision’s and behavior’s.
12. 2. Thinking Styles or Cognitive Style--can be understood as
a way of thinking that influences how we feel and how we act,
it is how we process and categorize information, how we select
information to store in memory , and how we make inferences
or attributes about causality.
13. Each style has two dimensions: the (1) assertiveness level and the (2)
emotiveness level. which is shown in the Communication Styles Matrix
below.
14. The model, developed by Dr. Eileen M. Rush, shows four different
communication styles (direct, spirited, systematic and considerate), categorized further
into two different dimensions. (level of assertiveness and level of expressiveness). All of
these must be considered because people with different cultural contexts tend to have
varying levels and styles of communication.
The combination of these levels result to the basic communication styles:
Spirited = High Expressiveness + High Assertiveness
Considerate = High Expressiveness + Low Assertiveness
Direct = Low assertiveness +High Assertiveness
Systematic = Low Expressivenosa + Low Assertiveness
15. Tips for People with a Spirited Communication Style
1. Respect decisions and agenda that have been agreed upon, as well as
time limits during meetings or any communicative situation.
2. Try to limit your sharing of personal anecdotes that may take the
discussion off-topic.
3. Make sure you are allowing others to contribute their ideas and
suggestions-and that you are genuinely listening to them.
4. Be certain that any request you make is clear and that you convey the
reason for such request.
5. Communicate your appreciation for others' work and input.
16. Tips for People with a Considerate Communication Style
1. Recognize that other people's opinions about a topic are separate from their
opinions about you.
2 Realize that not everyone is comfortable discussing personal topics with
colleagues.
3. Allow others to open personal matters before asking questions of that nature.
4. Respect your own opinion as you respect that of others.
5. Recognize that you don't have to be friends with everyone, but you should treat
others be treated professionally.
17. Tips for People with a Direct Communication Style
1. Make an effort to listen carefully to others. Avoid interrupting.
2. Allow time for 'chatting' at the beginning of a meeting
3. Recognize that others may also feel the need to express themselves.
4. Recognize that brainstorming can be effective and is not a waste of
time.
5. Take some time to show your appreciation for others' contributions.
18. Tips for People with a Systematic Communication Style
1. Recognize that for good working relationships, consideration for others'
feelings is important.
2. Learn to ask qualifying questions that will help you get the information you
need.
3. Make sure you understand the background of the discussion or scope.
20. Language Varieties
Also called "lects, these refer to the different variants of a language that can be sufficiently delimited from one
another in terms of social, historical, or geospatial factors, thus forming language clusters.
Classifications:
a Pidgin. It refers to a new language that develops into situations where speakers of different languages need
to communicate but do not share a common language. Examples are Chavacano in the Philippines and
Bislama, a language spoken in Vanuatu
b. Creole. It is a pidgin that becomes the first language of the children, or the mother tongue of a certain
community. Examples are the Gullah and the Patwa, is a creole in Jamaica.
c. Regional Dialect. It is not a language that is not distinct from a national language, but rather a variety of a
language spoken in a particular area of a country. Examples are as Cebuano, Waray, Ilocano, and Hiligaynon
in the Philippines..
d. Minority Dialect. This is a variety used as a marker of identity, usually alongside a standard variety, by
the members of a particular minority ethnic group. Examples are the Sinama of the Badjaos in the Philippines
and the London Jamaican variety in Britain.
e. Indigenized Varieties. These are spoken mainly as second languages in former colonies with multilingual
populations. A classic example is Singlish (or Singaporean English)
21. A language registers
is characterized by the way a speaker uses language differently in different social circumstances. These are determined by
such factors as social atmosphere, purpose of communication, audience, and the general context of the discourse.
Generally, language registers can be classified as (1) formal, (2) casual, (a) intimate, (4) frozen, and (5) consultative
a. Formal. The registers are used in professional, academic, or legal settings where communication is expected to be
respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained to specific rules . Slang is never used and contractions are rare.
b. Casual. These registers are used when communicating with friends, close acquaintances, colleagues, and family
members. These are used in birthday parties or family gatherings.
c. Intimate. Intimate language registers are reserved for special occasions, usually between only two people and often in
private. Examples are an inside joke between two high school friends or sweet nothings whispered to your "special
someone."
d. Frozen. It refers to historic language that is intended to remain unchanged.
e. Consultative. It is used in conversations when people are speaking with someone who has specialized knowledge or is
offering advice. Tone is often respectful, such as the use of honorifics or courtesy titles, but may be more casual if the
relationship between or among the communicators is friendly.
25. Dainton,M.& Zelley E. (2015). Applying communication theoty for professional life. A practical introduction 3rd ed. Sage
Publications
TED Talks ‘’Pop culture in the arab world’’https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROgFmb3oTLo
29. Activity # 4 Multiple Choice for Varieties and Registers
1. The particular version of a language used by those who are members of a large group.
A. idiolect B dialect C. slang d. accent
2. What is the term used for an individual’s unique pattern of speech?
A. idiom B. jargon C. dialect d. ethnolect
3. Specialist language which is not usually understood by those who are not members of the group using it.
A. jargon B. technicalities C. idiolect D. ethnolect
4. Whether you are speaking or writing, this will determine the language variety which you employ
A. audience B. Context C. subject D. all the above
5. A language variety chosen to suit the audience is known as…
A. accent B. dialect C. persuasion D. register
6. Highly-informal language which can include elements of jargon, neologism, and colloquialism.
A. Standard English B. American English C. Slang D. accent
7. The particular way a language is pronounced by an individual or a group.
A. idiom B. dialect C. Slang D. accent
8. A word which would only be used in an informal, familiar context?
A. metaphor B. colloquialism C. ellipsis D. contraction
9. A freshly-coined word or phrase is known as..
A. cliché B. borrowed C. neologism D. coined
10. The dialect of English considered by majority of native speakers as correct.
A. everyday English B. official EnglishC. standard English D. poetic English
31. The concept of language variation is introduced through examining the different features
of everyday registers and academic registers with examples from everyday life and
academic contexts.
In sociolinguistics, language variety ( also called lect) is a general term for any
distinctive form of a language or linguistic expression. Language Variety or (simply
variety) is commonly used to refer to any of the overlapping categories of a language
including dialect, register, jargon, and idiolect.
Standard English is a controversial term for a form of the English language that
is written and spoken by educated users. For some linguists, Standard English is
synonymous to good or correct English usage. Others use the term to refer to specific
geographical dialect of English or a dialect favored by the most powerful and prestigious
social group.
32.
33.
34. Common Terms
Dialect-- word ‘dialect’ which contains lect within the term is derived from the Greek
words dia-meaning ‘across’ between and legein meaning ‘speak’.
-- is a regional/ or social varietry of a language distinguished by pronunciation,
grammar, and or vocabulary.
Based on the article ‘’Applied Social Dialectology”, published in sociolinguistics' An
International Handbook of the Science of Langage and Sciety, C, such as education Carolyn
Temple and Donna Christian mentioned:
‘’ dialect prudice is endemic in public life, widely tolerated, and institutionalized in social
enterprises that affect almost everyone such as education and the media.
35. Register
--Defined as the way a speaker used language differently in different
circumstance.
--determined by factors such as social occasion, context, purpose, and
audience. They are marked by a variety of specialized vocabulary and turns
of phrases, colloquialism, the use of jargon, and a difference in intonation
and pace.
Jargon
--It pertains to the specialized language of a professional or
occupational group. This language is often meaningless to outsiders
Jargon is a sort of dialect that only those on this inside group can
understand.
36. Types of
Lects
1. Regional Dialect– a variety spoken in a particular region. These include
Ilocano in the Ilocos region, Chavacano in Zamboanga, Waray in certain
part of Visayan region etc.
2. Sociolect– also known as a social dialect, a variety of language (or
register) used by a socioeconomic class, a profession, an age groups, or any
other social group. The gay lingo and the jejemon are examples of this type.
3. Ethnolect– a lect spoken by a specific ethnic group. For example,
Ebonics, the vernacular spoken by some African Americans.
4. Idiolect– The language or languages spoken by each individual.
38. Exercise # 4 Matching Type for Politically Correct language.
Directions: Choose the right letter from (column B) that corresponds to the terms at the left side (column B)
A B
1. Drowning a. knowledge-based no possessor
2. Drug addict b. aquatically challenged
3. Homeless c. euthanasia
4. Housewife d. little people
5. Ignorant e. residentially flexible
6. Janitor f. sanitation engineer
7. Lazy g. motivationally deficient
8. Mercy killing h. letter carrier
9. Midget i. chemically challenged
10.Postman j. domestic engineer
40. Reflection # 4
Agree or disagree and explain the statement below.
1. You may have been told when you were younger that you shouldn’t talk with your mouth full.
Eating habits are viewed very different by different cultures.
42. Assessment(Performance Task # 4)
PERFORMANCE TASK # 2
(GRASPS FORMAT)
Goal
Write a play script/conversational script reflecting in the Registers in English and some
common culture-based gestures.
Role Role 1 Student
Audience none
Situation
Purposive Communication will have a play script /conversational script writing
reflecting the registers in English and some common culture-based gestures.
Product Script
Standard
Use of registers both formal and informal language, and common culture-based
gestures.
45. Performance Task Rubric
1-3 4-5 6-9
Communi
cation
10
Conventions
The final draft has many
grammar, capitalization,
spelling, and punctuation
errors.
There more then a few grammar, capitalization, spelling, or
punctuation errors in the final draft.
There are few grammar, capitalization, spelling, or
punctuation errors in the final draft.
Clarity
Ideas and scenes seem to be
randomly arranged.
The plot is a little hard to follow. The transitions are
sometimes not clear.
The plot is pretty well organized. One idea or scene may
seem out of place. Clear transitions are used.
Knowledg
e/
Understa
nding
10
Format
There are no stage directions or
consideration of script/play
format.
The playwright has used stage directions, but more could
have been used.
The playwright used stage directions and proper script
format, demonstrating a general understanding.
Thinking
/
Inquiry
10
Creativity
There is little evidence of
creativity. The playwright does
not seem to have used much
imagination.
The story contains a few creative details and/or
descriptions, but they distract from the story.
The story contains creative details and/or descriptions
that contribute to the reader's enjoyment
Applicati
on
10
Characters
It is hard to tell who the main
characters are. There is only 1
main character.
The main characters are named. Dialogue and stage
directions have limited expansion of character
development.
The main characters are named and described. Dialogue
and stage directions somewhat expand character
development.
Dialogue
Hard to follow characters'
dialogue and minimal effort is
put into conversations.
It is usually clear which character is speaking. Dialogue is
choppy and not well developed.
It is usually clear which character is speaking. Dialogue is
well developed, but could be more varied in structure.
