1. Reducing
Emissions
in
the
Marine
TransportaAon
Sector
Richard
D.
Stewart,
Ph.D.,
CTL
May
02,
2012
www.glmri.org

2. Oil:
The
marine
fuel
of
the
future!
From
1880s
unAl
1950s
coal
was
the
principal
fuel
for
Great
Lakes
vessels.
Special
built
coal
docks
were
common
around
the
Great
Lakes.
A
fuel
oil
supply
chain
had
to
be
developed
to
provide
oil
to
the
vessels.

3. Vessel
conversion
to
use
oil
was
expensive
and
Ame
consuming
At
the
start
of
1954
the
William
G.
Mather
entered
the
shipyards
of
Manitowoc
Shipbuilding.
The
vessel s
coal-­‐fired
boilers
and
quadruple
expansion
steam
engine
were
removed
and
replaced
by
a
steam
turbine
engine.
Her
steam
auxiliaries
were
replaced
with
electric
ones
along
with
the
enAre
electrical
system
being
updated.
Installing
new
fuel
oil
storage
tanks
in
the
SS
William
G.
Mather
At
the
same
Ame
building
new
coal
fired
vessels!
SS
Badger
and
SS
Spartan

4. Common
Methods
to
Reduce
Emissions
in
TransportaAon
Systems
• Modal
shiX
to
more
energy
efficient
mode
– Supply
chain
issues
~
speed,
unit
size
– Infrastructure
issues
• Larger
loads
to
reduce
energy
per
ton-­‐mile
– Supply
chain
issues
~
speed,
unit
size
–
not
air
– Infrastructure
issues
• Reduce
speed
=
reduced
energy
consumpAon
– Supply
chain
issues
~
speed
• Clean
what
comes
out
of
the
stack
– CatalyAc
converters,
scrubbers
~
waste,
costs,
efficiency
• Change
the
fuel
type
that
goes
into
the
engine
– Availability,
BTU
content,
cost

5. Emissions
reducAons:
A
driver
of
change

6. Vessels
need
to
reduce
air
emissions

7. Carrier
opAons
to
meet
emissions
regulaAons

8. EPA
Clean
Diesel
Grant
• EPA
Clean
Diesel
Grant
$750,000
• First
repowering
of
a
Great
Lakes
vessel
–
Two
9.7
thousand
Significantly
reduced
NOX,
SOX,
CO,
horse
power
main
engines
parAculate
emissions!
• $14.5
Million
match
from
Key
Lakes
1,
Inc.
• $15
Million
plus
vessel
repowering
in
Bay
Ship
Sturgeon
Bay,
WI.
• Completed
ahead
of
schedule
M/V
Edwin
H.
Go:

9. Lower
BTU
=
more
to
go
same
distance
Just
one
factor
to
consider!

10. What
is
Natural
Gas?
Most
gases
except
Methane
stripped
out
as
they
have
value:

11. Boiling
Point
of
Gases
not
the
same
This
makes
it
easy
to
strip
out
non-­‐methane
gases
with
liquefacAon

12. Is
all
Natural
Gas
the
same?

13. So
what
does
the
Methane
Number
mean?
Supplier
delivers
what
you
need
for
your
engines:
70
MN
considered
minimum
for
most
internal
combusAon
engines

14. Do
I
use
CNG
or
LNG????
• Compressed
natural
gas
–
Unlikely
for
vessels
– Must
be
compressed
–
cost
–
ini9al
and
long
term
– High
pressure
containment
–
4500
PSI
– Lower
BTU
content
for
same
volume
– High
pressure,
asphyxiant
and
flammability
safety
issues
• Liquefied
natural
gas
–
Must
be
liquefied
–cost-­‐
ini9al
and
long
term
– Cryogenic
Stored
at
Minus
160
degrees
cen9grade
– Stored
at
low
pressure
3.6
–
6
PSI
– Higher
BTU
content
for
same
volume
– Cryogenic,
asphyxiant,
however
non
toxic
not
flammable
as
a
liquid
– The
selecAon
of
CNG
or
LNG
is
very
case
specific!

15. LNG
vs.
Diesel
Discount
Prices

16. LNG
Cost
Breakdown
(February
2012)
Commodity
TransportaAon
LiquefacAon
These
percentages
can
vary
depending
on
locaAon
and
volume
.

18. What
about
Engines?
Two
Types
• Dual Fuel
• Fuel Flexibility Diesel, Gas, HFO or mix
• Requires more sophisticated controls
• Fuel savings limited by need for diesel
• Durability similar to diesel
• Spark Ignited
• Expected to meet Tier 4 standards without after treatment
• Simple and proven engine controls
• Durability better than diesel
• Slower response than diesel
• Needs a reliable gas supply

19. Europe
has
been
using
LNG
fueled
ships
for
a
decade!
$15
Million
US
for
LNG
Supply
Chain
Study

20. Some
of
the
New
LNG
vessels
Fueling
an
LNG
vessel:
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQ3tqifW9nA&feature=related

21. US
Flag
LNG
Powered
Offshore
Supply
Vessels
Building
four
U.S.
flag
vessels:
2-­‐
2,700KW
Internal
CombusAon
Engines:
Total
LNG
fueled
engines
7,500
KW
LOA
302 ,
DraX
20
4.5
Beam
64

22. U.S.
Natural
Gas
Fuel
Projects
and
Studies
• Motor
Carriers
starAng
to
use
LNG
and
CNG
as
a
primary
fuel
on
appropriate
routes.
• Clean
Energy
invesAng
$150
million
for
truck
fuel
staAons.
• Washington
State
Ferries
study
use
of
LNG
as
a
primary
fuel.
• In
late
2011
a
$3.4
Million
grant
Federal
Highway
AdministraAon
grant
to
convert
Staten
Island
Ferry

23. U.S.
Natural
Gas
Fuel
Projects
and
Studies
• Two
LNG-­‐Powered
Ferries
for
Tadoussac,
Quebec,
to
be
built
in
Quebec.
Delivery
is
planned
for
the
fall
of
2013
and
spring
of
2014.
• Lake
Michigan
Car
Ferry
studied
the
use
of
compressed
natural
gas
(CNG)
as
a
fuel
for
the
SS
Badger.
• Great
Lake
MariAme
Research
InsAtute
(GLMRI)
in
collaboraAon
with
MARAD
and
the
mariAme
industry
is
engaged
in
feasibility
studies
on
using
natural
gas
as
a
primary
fuel.
SS
Badger

24. BNSF
Main
Line
LNG
Powered
Engines
1991-­‐1996
Conversions
worked
1600
mile
coal
route
-­‐
800
mile
range
1. Economical
1. BN
determined
that
natural
gas
to
provide
a
10%
to
20%
cost
savings
over
DO
2. Es9mated
it
could
save
$200
million
a
year
in
fuel
if
it
converted
its
en9re
locomo9ve
fleet
of
engines
3. Using
natural
gas
reduces
engine
maintenance
costs
4. It
is
es9mated
that
engine
life
cycle
can
be
improved
by
as
much
as
40
percent
5. engines
can
go
2
to
3
9mes
as
long
between
lubrica9ons,
oil,
and
filter
changes.
2. Not
adopted
because
LNG
supply
chain
not
mature
3. Experiments
done
prior
to
current
discovery
of
natural
gas
reserves

25. Short
Haul
Locomo9ve
Pacific
Harbor
Line
Inc.
Long
Beach/LA
Why
it
worked
well…
Why
it
didn t
work
so
well…
• LNG
locomo9ve
cost
• Logis9cs
&
mechanical
issues
approximately
23%
less
to
fuel
on
associated
with
fueling
an
energy-­‐equivalent
basis
nega9vely
impacted
the
• EmiTed
an
es9mated
81%
less
locomo9ve s
service
capability
oxides
of
nitrogen
(NOx)
&
57%
– Needed
to
be
refueled
every
3
days
less
par9culate
maTer
(PM)
compared
to
once
a
week
compared
to
new
Tier
2
– Lacked
a
reliable
fuel
gauge
locomo9ve
– Difficult
requirements
imposed
by
the
local
fire
department
• Extra
labor
during
fueling
• Fee
paid
to
LAPD
for
fire
inspector
– Out
of
service
approximately
15-­‐20%
more
oien
than
the
diesel
fleet
due
to
refueling
– Low
main
air
pressure,
failed
spark
plug
transformer
Experiments on 1200 HP Switch Engine 2008-2009

26. Mining
Industry
Conversion
of
Trucks
Converts
CAT
777C
to
60%
Liquefied
Natural
Gas
–
2010
Bi-­‐Fuel
conversion
system
Operates
in
coal
mines
Harlan
County,
KY
Preparing
to
convert
fleet
for
KY
and
WV

27. What
is
an
LNG
supply
chain
like?

28. LNG
Truck
sta9on
Seville,
OH
Par9ally
funded
by
OH
grants
Clean
Energy
InvesAng
$150
Million
in
LNG
staAons
in
the
US.
Kwik Trip Sets Up 3-State Natural Gas
Fueling
a
truck
Fuelling Infrastructure
hsp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-­‐8zCUPoxu0&feature=related
http://www.ngvglobal.com/kwik-trip-sets-up-3-state-natural-gas-fuelling-infrastructure-0424

29. LiquefacAon
Plant
in
the
Twin
Ports
• Community
open
to
industrial
development
• ExisAng
Peakshaving
liquefacAon
plant
within
40
miles
in
Wrenshall,
MN
• Natural
gas
pipelines
in
place
• TransportaAon
hub
• Mining
industry
heavy
user
of
diesel
• Skilled
workforce
and
industrial
base
• Market
of
4.3
million
people
within
250
miles

30. Twin
Ports
LNG
Terminal
MarkeAng
Region
Transit
Trucking Pipeline 4.3 Million People
Marine Transportation
Mining
Rail
250-­‐Mile
Radius
of
Duluth
and
Chicago

31. LiquefacAon
Plant
in
the
Twin
Ports
• PotenAal
customer
base:
1. Marine
fueling
2. Rail
yards
–
switch
engines
3. City
busses
4. Mining
industry
5. Trucking
industry
6. Delivery
to
other
communiAes
by
truck,
rail
or
water

32. Intermodal
LNG
System
Twin Ports Liquefaction Facility Exploration Meeting -
June 19, 2012 www.glmri.org

33. Containerized
LNG
supply
chain

34. BalAc
using
marine
LNG
supply
chain
European Union Spent $15 Million on
marine LNG Supply Chain study

35. MARAD
five
year
funding
with
Lake
Carriers
and
industry
support
• A
feasibility
study
to
look
at
fuel
alternaAves
(natural
gas
–
primarily
LNG,
with
consideraAons
for
CNG)
for
repowering
the
Great
Lakes
vessels.
• A
demonstraAon
project
to
consider
engineering
design
implicaAons
for
a
selected
ship.
(S.S.
Badger
–
car
and
passenger
ferry
with
service
between
Manitowoc,
WI
and
Ludington,
MI)

36. • Literature
review
of
studies
related
to
natural
gas
fueling
of
transportaAon
assets
in
general
and
specifically
the
marine
mode.
• Study
to
look
at
converAng
the
ten
exisAng
Great
Lakes
steam-­‐powered
ships
to
reduce
air
emissions
and
fuel
consumpAon.
• Engineering
study
to
assess
the
tradeoff
between
a
CNG
and
a
LNG
conversion
for
the
S.S.
Badger
• Study
to
look
at
the
transportaAon
modeling
of
the
S.S.
Badger
route
to
evaluate
fuel
usage,
air
emissions,
and
other
environmental
factors.

37. •
Supply
Chain
Study
of
regional
gas
availability,
and
accessibility,
liquefacAon
faciliAes
and
capacity,
transportaAon
and
rouAng
of
gas
supplies
in
the
Great
Lakes
region.
• Research
into
the
regulatory
requirements
for
fueling
vessels
with
LNG
and
CNG
at
terminals,
docks
and
midstream.
• EducaAon
and
Outreach
with
Industry-­‐
– Great
Lakes
Waterways
Conference,
hosted
an
LNG
studies
panel
– Society
of
Naval
Architects
and
Marine
Engineers
meeAng,
2-­‐day
agenda
– Twin
CiAes
TransportaAon
Club
– InsAtute
of
Supply
Management
– Twin
Ports
Propeller
Club
– CSCMP
–
Green
Bay,
WI

38. Acknowledgement
for
InformaAon
My
field
is
transportaAon
educaAon
and
transportaAon
management
not
LNG.
Material
for
this
PresentaAon
came
from
the
following
experts
and
researchers.
• Gary
Van
Tassel
&
Frank
Duffield–
Agent
Marine
• Dr.
Mike
Parsons
–
U
of
Michigan
• Bob
Kamb,
Mys9c
River
Partners
-­‐
Clean
Energy
Fuels
• Claus
Emmer
-­‐
Chart
Industries
–
• Odd
Magne
Horgen,
Rolls-­‐Royce
Engines
• Jonas
Nyberg
-­‐
Caterpillar
Inc.,
• Tony
Teo
–
DNV
• Stephen
Gumpel
–
ABS
• Peter
Jacobs
(Wartsila)
• Chad
Varret
(VP
–Harvey
Gulf)
• Student
Researchers:
Kenneth
Chong,
Brady
Peterson,
Hiroko
Tada

39. www.glmri.org
Research
-­‐
Natural
Gas
Re-­‐Powering
Study