1. CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Problems
Language as a means of communication associated with a set of signs and
a message or meaning. Meaning seems at once the most obvious feature of language
and the most obscure aspect to study. It obvious because it is what we use language
for to communicate with each other, to convey ‘what we mean effectively’. The study
of meaning is concerned with manipulation of language, mostly could misunderstand.
A word cannot stand by itself because it does not have meaning. A word
can have meaning when it entries a sentence or a clause. The meaning is appeared
and influenced by its context. The meaning of a word does not seem to be stable but
depends upon speakers, hearers, and context.
Adjective may have more than one meaning depends on the context.
That’s the reason why we need to make clarification between what would seem to be
real or usual meaning and the other meaning that it has certain circumstance.
According to Lyon, a useful distinction had been made that allow us to say one thing
and mean in terms of sentences meaning which includes all secondary aspect of
meaning especially relation to the context.
Based on the description above the problem of the essay are :
1. How to identify the types meaning of adjective?

2. 2. What are the types meaning that are found in Penguin 60s Classic
‘Beowulf and Grendel’
1.2 Aims
The essay has main aim to fulfill the requirement of Matriculation
assignment in Translation Studies. It also aims to study that used in data source and to
find out the message that is conveyed by the author to the reader through adjective.
The theoretical aims are to find out and to identify types meaning on adjective and to
analyze types of meaning that appear in the story.
1.3 Scope of Discussion
The discussion of the essay concentrate on adjective that found in Penguin
Classics ‘Beowulf and Grendel’ and its relations to seven types meaning of adjectives
that proposed by Leech.
The adjectives as data that will be discussed are the adjectives as
attributive in a phrase and adjective as compliment in a sentence. In this essay the
discussion of adjective is related to the seven types of meaning. The seven types of
meaning consist of :
- conceptual meaning
- connotative meaning
- social meaning
- affected meaning
- reflected meaning

3. - collocative meaning
- thematic meaning
1.4 Theoretical Framework
The analysis of the data in this essay will be based on the semantic theory
of meaning. Meaning is an ambiguous and most controversial term in theory of
language. Meaning of word is influenced by its context. That is why one word may
have more than one meaning as Leech proposed seven types meaning of adjectives.
Adjective is one of the word classes that can function to describe thing.
Adjective can be used as a modifier of a noun and as a compliment of linking word.
1.5 Methodology
Methodology basically covers the description of data source, data
collection and data analysis as well as drawing conclusion. The essay uses
methodology includes the following aspects:
1.5.1 Data Source
In this essay, the adjectives as data were taken from the Penguin Classics
‘Beowulf and Grendel’
1.5.2 Data Collection
The method use in collecting the data was library research. This method
used to get information or to get written data that relevant to the topic. The data was

4. collected through reading and note taking from the data source. Then the collected
data was analyzed in accordance with the seven types of meaning.
1.5.3 Data Analysis
The data was analyzed by qualitative method. The method used informal
technique and inductive-deductive approach to explain the characteristic of data.
Then the data was analyzed in accordance with the theory in theoretical framework.
Every adjective was analyzed to find out kinds of meaning that was implied in one
adjective.

5. CHAPTER II
THE THEORETICAL REFERENCES OF ADJECTIVE AND MEANING
2.1 Adjective
At general level, adjective is applied to a grammatically distinct word
class in language having the following properties :
- it contains among its most, central members the morphologically
simplest words denoting properties or states: among the most
frequent and salient are those relating to size, shape colour, age,
evaluation, and the like.
- its members are characteristically used either predicatively or
attributively as modifier within NP structure.
- It is the class or one of the classes, to which the inflectional
category of grade applies most characteristically in languages
having this category. (Adjectives often carry often carry such other
inflections as case, gender, number, but secondarily by agreement).
2.1.1 Adjective Phrase
An adjective has a function to describe thing (Wierzbicka, 1996 : 468) has
primarily an attributive role.
e.g. - a beautiful picture
- beautiful modify picture

6. The adjective also can be used predicatively.
e.g. Those pictures are beautiful.
An adjective phrase consists of an adjective as head, alone or
accompanied by one or more dependents. The dependents good deals less varied and
complex than in VP or NP structure can gain be divided into complements and
modifier.
2.1.2 Structure of Adjective
Adjectives are used in two main structures (Collins, 1990 : 63) as follows:
1. One of two main structures involves adjective modifying a noun group and it
is called an attributive adjective.
e.g. - She had a beautiful face.
The word beautiful is an adjective, which modifies face.
- a big house.
The word big is an adjective, which modifies house.
2. The other main structure involves an adjective being used as a complement
after a link verb. Placing an adjective after link verb results in a predicative
adjective.
e.g. - The ceilings were white
- The ideas are new
White and new are adjectives that have position link verb.
2.1.3 Types of Adjective
There are types of adjectives (Collins, 1990), such as:

7. 1. Quality adjective
There is a large group of adjectives that identify qualities that someone or
something has.
e.g. - cold water
- a bad life
2. Classifying adjective
There is another a large group of adjectives, which identify someone or
something as a member of class.
e.g. - true answer
- financial help
3. Colour adjective
There is a small group of adjective that identifies the colour of something.
e.g. - a dark blue hat
- a bright blue sky
4. Emphasizing adjective
There is another small group of adjectives that are used to emphasize the
feeling about the person or thing that you talking about.
e.g. - an exact reason
- a complete idiot
2.1.4. Comparative Adjective
In describing thing, we can describe something by saying that it has more
of a quality than something else. It does this by using comparative adjective.

8. Comparative normally consists of the basic form of the adjective with either ‘er’
added to the end or ‘more’ placed in front of the adjective. (Collins, 1990 : 85).
e.g. small - smaller
long - longer
reasonable - most reasonable
2.1.5 Superlative Adjective
Superlative normally consist of either “est” added to the end of an
adjective and “the” placed in front of it, or “most” placed in front of the adjective
(Collins, 1990 : 87).
e.g. small - smallest
long - longest
reasonable - most reasonable
2.1.6 -ing Form Adjective
There is large number of adjectives ending in ‘-ing’. Most of them are related
in form to the present participles of verbs. They called ‘-ing’ adjective.
e.g. - She was amiable amusing girl.
- He had been up all night attending a dying man.
Adjectives with ending ‘-ing’ are sometimes called participle adjectives.
2.1.7 -ed Form Adjective
A large number of adjectives end in ‘ed’. Many of them have the same form
as the past participle of a verb. Ending ‘ed’ to a noun forms others. Others are not
closely related to any other words.

9. e.g. - a talented child
Adjectives with the same form as irregular past participle which do not end in
‘-ed’ are also included here as ‘ed’ adjectives.
e.g. - a broken wing
The past participle of some phrasal verb can also be used as adjectives. When
they are used attributively, two parts of the phrasal verbs are usually written with a
hyphen between them.
e.g. -…the built-up urban mass of the city
2.2 Definition of Meaning
The word ‘meaning’ and its corresponding verb “to mean” are among the
most eminently discussable terms in the English language. Ogden and Richard (in
Leech, 1983 : 1) stated that there are twenty-two definitions of the meaning.
Among them are:
- an intrinsic property
- the other words annexed to a word in the dictionary
- the connotation of the word
- the place of anything in a system the practical consequences of
thing in our future experience
- that to which the user of a symbol actually refers
- that to which the user of a symbol ought to be referring
- that to which the user of a symbol believes himself to be referring

10. - that to which the interpreter of a symbol:
a. refers
b. believes himself to be referring
c. believes the user to be referring
By presenting this list, Odgen and Richard tried to show how confusion and
misunderstanding come about because of lack of agreement about such basic terms of
meaning.
2.3 Concept Meaning
According to Odgen and Richard, meaning is one of the most ambiguous
terms in the theory of language. They have many different terms in meaning.
However they offered the popular concept of meaning, which is called the basic
triangle of Ogden and Richard.
The diagram of the concept is:
Thought or reference
Symbol Referent

11. The essential feature of this diagram is that is distinguishes between three
components of meaning. There is not direct relation between word (symbol) and the
thing (referent) they stand for. The word symbolized the thought or referent that in its
turn refers to the feature or event we are talking about. Thought or reference caused
the referent and symbol not to have direct relation. Thought or reference consists of
many social aspects that cause the referent to be different. So that, the thought or
reference causes the meaning of a word not to be always the same.
2.4 Context as Meaning
Context influences any kind of communication. The context contains specific
information about the utterances. The context of utterances is a situation about the
utterances that is formed from the occurrences of activity, setting, and relation
(Larson, 1984).
a. Setting covers:
- material element around verbal interaction
- place or location of verbal interaction
- time
b. Activity refers to all behaviors performance of the speaker and listener,
indeed, the verbal interaction itself.
c. Relation is a relationship between speaker and listener. It covers:
- age
- sex

12. - position: status, role, and prestige
- family relationship
- office relationship
2.5 Seven Types of Meaning
It is natural that studies of meaning should have devoted much attention to
relation between meaning, attention and interpretation. The important point is that
meaning, for semantic, is natural between speaker’s meaning and hearer’s meaning
(Leech, 1983 : 53).
Seven types of meaning theory offered by Leech divided the meaning into
seven types. It gives primary importance to logical meaning of conceptual meaning
because it is widely assumed to be the central factor in linguistic communication. It is
the essential functioning of language. The seven types of meaning as follows:
a. Conceptual meaning
Conceptual meaning means a universal feature that a word possesses in our
mind as a concept (Leech, 1983 : 10). For example: the word woman has features
as +human, +female, and +adult. Conceptual meaning is also called denotative
meaning. Denotation indicates the class of person, thing, etc, generally
represented by expression. Denotative meaning involves the relationship between
a linguistic unit, especially a lexical item, and the non-linguistic entities, which it
refers. It is equivalent to referential meaning.

13. b. Connotative meaning
Connotative meaning is an additional feature of a word, which varies from age
to age, from society to society, according to culture, historical period, and the
experience of the individual (Leech, 1983 : 12). It is the communicative value an
expression has by its virtue of what refers to, over and above its purely conceptual
content.
The connotation is the meaning of the words, which show instability in the
presence supplementary values. (Mill, in Lyons, 1997 : 23). For example: the
word baby. In western culture, the word baby also has connotation meaning as
someone who is loved. Connotation also refers to emotional associations,
personal or communal, which are suggested by part of meaning, linguistic unit,
especially lexical items (Crystal, 1985 : 66).
c. Social meaning
Social meaning is piece of language which conveys the social circumstances
of its use or in which the utterances takes place. Social meaning refers to the same
thing they are used in different social circumstances. (Leech, 1983 : 13). The use
of social circumstances in the social meaning varies according to:
1. Dialect, which refers to the language of geographical region or social class.
2. Time, which refers to the language of a time,
e.g. the language of nineteenth century.
3. Province, which refers to the language of law, ancient, advertising, etc.

14. 4. Status, which refers to the use of language whether its polite, colloquial, or
slang language.
5. Modality, which refers to the use of language of memoranda, lectures, joke,
etc.
6. Singularity, which refers to the use of language according to the style of an
individual, i.e. the style of Hemingway, Austeen, etc.
d. Affective meaning
Affective meaning is a meaning that is conveyed implicitly reflecting the
personal feeling of the speaker including his attitude to the listener, or his attitude
to something he is talking about. For example: ‘Be quiet, please!’ and ‘shut up’
are two expressions, which are intended to ask someone to be quiet but each of
them implicitly reflects different feeling of the speaker. The first utterance reflects
the speaker’s politeness in asking the listener to be quiet while the second
utterance show the speaker’s anger (Leech, 1983 : 14)
e. Reflected meaning
Reflected meaning arises in cases of multiple conceptual meaning, one sense
of a word forms part of our response to another. It is the case where reflected
meaning intrudes through the sheer of strength of emotive suggestion and is
illustrated by word that has different meaning (Leech, 1983 : 14).
Word in certain society that has religious connotation is considered profane if
outside formal or religious ceremonies.
For example: - the word damn becomes darn.

15. f. Collocative meaning
Collocative meaning consists of the associations of a word acquires on
account of the meanings of a word which tend to occur in its environment. The
word pretty and handsome share common ground in the meaning of good looking
but may have different attractiveness according to its collocation (Leech, 1983 :
14)
girl boy
boy man
woman car
Pretty flower Handsome vessel
garden typewriter
etc etc
Collocative meaning supplies an idiosyncratic property of an individual word.
g. Thematic meaning
Thematic meaning is what speaker’s communicated by different ways
especially in terms of ordering, focus, and emphasis (Leech, 1983 : 13).
In active sentence such as Joe drank a cup of tea, the speaker actually
communicates more about the agent. While in the passive sentence, A cup of tea
was drunk by Joe, the speaker talks about the object.

16. CHAPTER III
THE ANALYSIS OF TYPES MEANINGS OF ADJECTIVES
3.1 The Analysis of Types Meaning of Adjectives in “Beowulf and Grendel”
In this essay, the analysis is about adjective that is found in Penguin 60s Classic
“Beowulf and Grendel”. The analysis of the data based on theory of seven types of
meaning (Leech, 1983 : 9) that consists of conceptual meaning, connotative meaning,
social meaning, affected meaning, reflected meaning, and thematic meaning.
In this analysis, one adjective may have some types of meaning because the
relation of the context of sentence suitable to characteristic of some types of meaning.
However, certain types of meaning cannot be found in an adjective because its
context is not sufficient for the meaning. It also caused by the adjective is a neutral
adjective. Neutral adjective means that the adjective is commonly used and it does
not have any characteristics that make it to be special in use. The analysis of adjective
is explained below:
3.1.1 Good
In the sentence ‘He was a good king! (page 1), good has meanings:
- Conceptual meaning
Good has the concepts: +giving satisfaction, -bad.
- Connotative meaning
The adjective good in the example above describes the character of the king.

17. This adjective conveys meaning that ‘he has moral excellence and positive
manner’.
- Affected meaning
Good refers to the condition of person who having or arising from a desire
to promote the welfare or happiness of other. In the sentence above, the
speaker used the expression of good because the person addresses seem has
reasonable behavior. This adjective shows how great he is as royal atheling
earned glory for his people welfare.
- Collocative meaning
The adjective good refers to desirable and positive manner and also
deserving of esteem and respect. Through adjective good, the writer tries to
show the reader that the character deserves a respect from his people, and
they all obey and give them tribute. So, it gives the formal circumstances to
the reader by using the adjective good.
- Thematic meaning
In the sentence above, the adjective good that describes king is given
emphasis by the writer and then, it read with stress. In this case, the writer
wants to illustrate the character that is a king through the phrase good king.
3.1.2 Young
In the sentence ‘a young child in hall-yard, a hope for the people’. (page 1).
Young has meanings:
- Conceptual meaning

18. Young has the concepts: +growth, development, -old.
- Connotative meaning
In the example above, the character is described as a child who just grows
up in the hall-yard.
3.1.3 Black
In the sentence ‘in the black night, he camped in the hall’. (page 8), black has
meanings:
- Conceptual meaning
Black has the concepts: -light, +dark.
- Connotative meaning
The adjective black in the example above refers to silent situation that faced
by the character.
- Collocative meaning
The adjective black collocates with unpleasant objects, like cloth. Through
the adjective black, the writer tries to emphasize night as dibble condition,
which is faced by the character at that time.
3.1.4 Late
In the sentence ‘When late was born to him the Lord Healfdane, lifelong the
ruler’. (page 3), late has meanings:
- Conceptual meaning
Late has the concept: +after the expected time, -early.
- Connotative meaning

19. The adjective late that is chosen by the writer give the impression that the
character comes close to an old age.
- Social meaning
The formal circumstance appears in adjective late. The adjective late in the
sentence above is euphemism word. The writer used this adjective to avoid
an offensive or unpleasant situation.
3.1.5 Silent
In the sentence ‘Lord Hrothgar sat silent then, the strong man mourned,
glorious king, he grieved for his thanes as they read the traces of a terrible
foe, a cursed fiend. That was too cruel a feud, too long, too hard! (page 6)
Silent has meanings:
- Conceptual meaning
Silent has the concepts: +little sound, -noise.
- Connotative meaning
The connotation of silent in the example above is unfavorable. It gives the
impression of uninteresting feeling of the character.
- Affected meaning
In describing sat, the adjective silent is used by the writer because the
character says nothing when he did the act.
- Thematic meaning
In the sentence above, the writer emphasizes the word silent to describe the
condition of the character in bed situation, or unwanted situation. The

20. expression reflects the feeling of the character at that time. In this case, the
writer wants to show the readers how the character is in that circumstance.
3.1.6 Strong
Strong has meanings:
- Conceptual meaning
Strong has the concepts: +having power to resist, -weak.
- Collocative meaning
In the example above, the adjective strong is associated with man who has
great power in his life.
3.1.7 Long
Long has meaning:
- Conceptual meaning
Long has the concepts: +from the end measuring more than average, -short.
3.1.8 Hard
Hard has meanings:
- Conceptual meaning
Hard has the concepts: +great energy, +solid, -soft.
- Connotative meaning
The adjective hard has connotation such as: causing unhappiness,
discomfort or pain, difficult to endure.

21. - Affected meaning
Through the adjective hard, the writer tries to explain unfavorable, hot
situation, which is faced by the character. However, he feels hard because he
feel uneasy with the situation.
- Thematic meaning
In the sentence above, the adjective hard is given emphasize by the writer
and then it is read with stress. In this case, the writer wants to illustrate the
harsh situation, which couldn’t avoid by the character.
3.1.9 Old
In the sentence ‘My noble father was known as Edgetheow, who had seen
many season when he set out at last. An old man from the halls’. (page 13),
old has meanings:
- Conceptual meaning
Old has the concepts: +having lived long, -young.
- Connotative meaning
Connotation of the adjective old in the example above is that the man has
favorable personality.
- Collocative meaning
Through the adjective old, which describe the man, the writer tries to show
the character personality who had receive great and many experience in his
life.

22. 3.1.10 Bitter
In the sentence, ‘Again and again the enemy of man stalking unseen, struck
terrible and bitter blows’. (page 8), bitter has meanings:
- Conceptual meaning
Bitter has the concepts: +tasting like unsweetened coffee, -sweet.
- Connotative meaning
In the example above, the adjective bitter has connotation such as: hardship,
envy, hate, difficult, wretched.
- Affected meaning
The use of bitter that describes blows, suggest the emotive feeling of the
writer. Through the adjective bitter, the writer expresses how hard, and full
of hate the enemy is.
3.1.11 Wrong
In the sentence ‘The harms he did him through the years of wrong, outrage,
and persecution’. (page 7), wrong has meanings:
- Conceptual meaning
Wrong has the concepts: +false, -right.
- Connotative meaning
The adjective wrong that describes the years in the sentence above has
negative connotation. It connotes with mistaken and improper.

23. - Affected meaning
The use of wrong impresses that the character is in bad situation and the
writer explained that the character put the other in unjust situation, like
outrage and persecution.
3.1.12 Fine
In the sentence ‘He’s hall-fellow dressed in fine Armour’. (page 12), fine has
meanings:
- Conceptual meaning
Fine has concepts: +well, +clear, bright, -sick.
- Connotative meaning
The word fine implies pleasant sensation in its connotation. In the example
above, fine refers to a feeling of suitable in using something, i.e. armour.
- Collocative meaning
The adjective fine usually collocates with unpleasant objects, like weather,
healthy. In the example above, fine also refers to the condition of the
character that very enjoyable at that time.

24. CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION
From the analysis in the previous chapter, the meaning of adjective can be
identified by connecting the context of the sentence to the characteristic of type of
meaning. So, by recognizing the context of the sentence and matches the context with
the suitable characteristic of meaning, the types of meaning of the adjective can
identify briefly.
The types of meaning found in data source, ‘Beowulf and Grendel’ include
conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affected meaning,
collocative meaning and thematic meaning. Some adjectives may have more types of
meaning, which are easily distinguishable than the other adjectives because they may
have neutral meaning in terms of types of meaning.
The use of adjective has a purpose in describing feeling, thought,
circumstances and objects either living objects or non-living objects. The concept of
the adjective as its conceptual meaning disassociated from the context. The
connotative meaning of adjective found in the use of adjective, which indirectly
suggest feeling and situation either happy or uncomfortable. The feature of adjective
included into social meaning. The use of adjective is influenced by the attitude or
feeling of speaker toward the situation either satisfied, uneasy, etc. Reflected meaning
cannot be found in the analysis because the contexts of all adjectives do not show up
the reflected meaning. Some adjectives collocate with object have certain

25. characteristic. Thematic meaning conveyed a different ways of communication and
read it with stress.

26. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alexander, Michael. 1973. Penguin 60s Classics Beowulf and Grendel. London :
England.
Collins, William. 1990. English Grammar. Great Britain : Richard Clay Ltd.
Echols, John M. 1992. An Indonesian English Dictionary. Jakarta : Gramedia.
Hornby, A.S. 1974. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Great
Britain : Oxford University Press.
Lawrence, Michael. 2000. The Complete Idiom Dictionary. Bandung : PT Genesindo.
Leech, Geoffrey. 1983. Semantic, The Study of Meaning. London : Richard Clay Ltd.
Quirk, R and Greenbaum. 1976. A University Grammar Of English. Hongkong :
Macmilan.
Wierzbicka, Anna. 1996. Semantic Primes and Universal. Oxford : Oxford
University Press.

27. ABSTRAK
Makalah ini berjudul The Analysis of Types Meaning of Adjective in Penguin
60s Classics ‘Beouwulf and Grendel’. Adapun tujuan penulisan karya ilmiah adalah
untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis tipe-tipe makna dari adjektiva yang terdapat
dalam Penguin 60s Classics ‘Beouwulf and Grendel. Semua data diperoleh dari seri
Penguin 60s Classics ‘Beouwulf and Grendel’. Data-data tersebut dikaji dengan
metode kepustakaan, serta menggunakan teknik membaca dan mencatat. Kemudian
data-data yang terkumpul dianalisis sesuai dengan tujuh tipe makna. Dalam
menjelaskan tipe-tipe makna, penelitian ini mengambil referensi teori makna milik
Leech. Berdasarkan analisis, diperoleh bahwa makna adjektiva bisa diidentifikasi
dengan menghubungkan konteks kalimat dengan karakteristik tipe-tipe makna itu
sendiri. Jadi dengan mengenali konteks kalimat dan menyesuaikan konteks tersebut.
Tipe-tipe makna yang terdapat dalam serial Penguin 60s Classic ‘Beowulf and
Grendel’ meliputi: conceptual, connotative, social affected, collocative dan makna
thematic. Penggunaan adjektiva memiliki tujuan dalam menjelaskan perasaan,
pikiran, keadaan serta obyek benda, baik hidup ataupun benda mati. Makna
conceptual suatu adjektiva berdiri sendiri dan tidak berhubungan dengan konteks
pada suatu wacana. Sementara makna connotative secara tidak langsung menjabarkan
luapan perasaan dan situasi gembira atau tidak menyenangkan. Karakteristik
adjektiva juga meliputi makna social. Penggunaan adjektiva dipengaruhi oleh sikap
atau perasaan pembicara terhadap kondisi atau situasi baik memuaskan ataupun
situasi sulit, dan lain-lain. Makna reflected tidak bisa ditemukan dalam analisis ini
sebab konteks seluruh adjektiva pada seri Penguin klasik tidak satu pun mengacu
pada makna tersebut. Beberapa adjektiva bersanding dengan obyek dengan
karakteristik tertentu. Makna thematic menyampaikan cara komunikasi yang berbeda
dan dibaca dengan tekanan.
Keyword: Adjective, Types of meaning, Context of sentence.

28. TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGES
TABLE OF CONTENTS