The Development of Sociology as a Scientific Discipline

Etymological
meaning:
 logus, which means science
or study.
 socius, which means group or
partners.
 Hence, sociology deals with
the study of groups.
 According to Joseph Fichter,
sociology is the scientific
study of patterned shared
behavior.
 Sociology then is the
branch of social science
that deals on the scientific
study of human social
behavior.

 It is the science of society
and the social interactions
taking place therein.
 It deals with the study of
people living in
interdependence.
 The main focus of sociology
is the group rather than the
individuals.
 Sociologists are interested
in the ways in which people
act toward, respond to, and
influence on another.

Sociology is:
 the science of society (Ward and
Sumner)
 the science of social phenomena
(Giddings)
 the science of institution (Durkheim)
 the science of social organization
and social change
(Kovalevsky)
 the science that studies human
relationship (Simmels)
 the study of social action (Weber)
 the science of social process (Small)
 the science of collective behavior
(Park)

Subject Matter of Sociology:
1. Society
- the broadest grouping of people
who share a common set of
habits, ideas, and attitudes, who
live in a definite territory and
consider themselves as a social
unit.
2. Human Social Interaction
- a process by which the
individual notices,
responds to or perceives
others who in turn notice,
respond and perceives him.

Historical Background
Sociology has a very short
history.
Before the mid-1800s, the study
of sociology was the domain of
social philosophers.

Origins
The new discipline of sociology
began to emerge in the middle
of the 19th century in the context
of sweeping changes the
Industrial Revolution brought to
Europe.
Industrialization threw into
turmoil societies that had been
relatively stable for centuries.
New technologies and industries
changed the face of the social
and physical environment.

Two other factors besides
industrialization encouraged the
development of society:
1. Natural sciences
2. Exposure of Europeans to
the radically different
societies in Africa, Asia, and
Americas that their colonial
empires had engulfed.

Emergence of Sociology
Henri St. Simon (1760 –
1825)
- a French socialist theorist.
- Opposed feudal and military
system and advocated a form of
state-technocratic socialism, an
arrangement where industrialists
would lead society and found a
national community based upon
cooperation and technological
progress, which would be
capable of eliminating poverty of
the lower classes.

August Comte ( 1798-1857)
 Coined the word sociology.
 French Mathematician and
philosopher
 advocated the need of applying
scientific procedures on sociological
investigation.
 Based on the philosophy of Positivism,
he identified three stages in
understanding society:
Law of 3 stages:
a.) Theological or Fictitious
b.) Metaphysical or Abstract
c.) Scientific or Positivism

Karl Marx (1818-1883)
A philosopher, economist and
social activist. He regarded
private property and capitalism
as the root of poverty.
 Two of his enduring legacies
are his theories of “Economic
Determinism” and the “Dialectic.”
Marx hoped to encourage
conflict and ignite the revolution
that would bring about the
desired change.

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
 He was an English Philosopher
who compared society to an
organism which continually
changed to adapt to its
environment.
 He believed that social progress is
inevitable Principle of the
Survival of the Fittest.
 He is best known for his social
evolution.
Survival of the Fittest
means that through natural selection (a gradual
weeding out of the weak and malfunctioning parts) only
the optimal social arrangement would
eventually remain.

Emile Durkheim
(1855-1917 )
 French intellectual who viewed
society as a total entity, more
than the sum of its parts.
 On his classic study entitled
“Suicide”, when society over-
regulates and there is less
freedom, fatalistic suicide occurs.
 When there is too much freedom
and less regulation, anomic
suicide will occur.(Unstable due to
moral breakdown/alienation)

Max Weber (1864-1920)
 German economist, historian and
philospher.
 He believes that to understand the
behavior of the individual, we have to
understand the meaning of
individual attributes to that behavior.
 Weber’s work was the basis for
“Verstehen Sociology.” Verstehen is a
German word meaning
“understanding.”
 He also believed of moving toward
bureaucratic society that is based on
common acceptance of reasons and
legal rules. (too rigid)

William Graham
Sumner (1840-1910)
He taught the first course
in sociology at Yale
University in 1876.
He was greatly influenced
by the evolutionary theory
on human behavior of
Spencer
His greatest contribution
is the study of folkways and
mores.

Lester Frank Ward (1841-
1913 )
He was the forerunner among
American sociologist who was a
liberal social reformer.
He believed that social
progress is possible only
through intelligent social
action.
He advocated the use of
scientific knowledge to guide
the restructuring of society
towards its improvement.

Albion Small
The founder of the first
Department of Sociology
in the United States at the
University of Chicago in
Chicago, Illinois in 1892.
He was influential on the
establishment of sociology
as a valid field of academic
study.
 He is the founder of the
American Journal of
Sociology.

 Sociology in the
Philippines started as a
college subject taught in
UST in 1896, UP in 1911 and
Silliman University in 1919.
 Fr. Valentin Marin was the
first to teach sociology in
UST in 1896.
 Serafin Macaraig was the
first Filipino sociologist who
obtained a doctoral degree
in sociology.

The development of
sociology in the Philippines
is brought about by two
realities, namely:
a.) sociology as a course in
the tertiary level and
b.) the use of sociological
knowledge to applied
disciplines.

The development of sociology
may de divided into 3 stages or
how sociology was viewed:
a.) sociology as social philosophy was
taught from the normative point of
view.
b.) sociology as problem oriented or
welfare oriented was viewed as a
solution to social problem.
c.) sociology as scientific discipline
served as a tool of the government
and private sectors in their expansion
and developmental goals.

SCOPE OF SOCIOLOGY
1. Social Interaction - a social
process wherein one notice,
perceive and respond to another
who in turn notice, perceive and
respond to.
2. Social Organization - an ordered
social relationship of person or
group composed of system of
norms, system of roles and system
of sanction as well as ranking
system.
3. Social Change - refers to variation
or modification in the pattern of
social organization, groups or
entire society.

4. Social Structure - it is an
interdependent network of
roles and hierarchy of
statuses w/c define the
reciprocal expectation and
the power arrangement of
the members of the total
unit guided by norms.
5. Social Acts - refers to the
action done by man
collectively.
6. Social Relation - refers to
the logical or natural
association between two or
more person/s.

AREAS OF SOCIOLOGY
1. Social Organization - this
area investigates social
group, institution,
stratification and
social mobility.
2. Social Psychology - this area
studies human nature as
the outcome or result of
group life, personality
formation, social attitudes
and collective behavior.

3. Social Change - this
area studies the
changes in culture
and social relations as
well as current social
problems.
4. Human Ecology - this
area studies the behavior
of a given population and
its relationship to the
group’s present social
institution.

5. Population Studies -
this area is concerned with
population numbers,
composition, change and
quantity as they influence
the economic, political and
social system.
6. Sociological Theory
and Method - this area is
concerned with testing the
applicability of the
principles of group life as
bases for the regulation of
man’s social environment.

7. Applied Sociology -
this area is concerned
with the application of
the findings of pure
sociological research
to various fields,
example: criminology,
penology, social
works.

Importance of Sociology:
1. To obtain factual information
about our society and the
different aspect of our social
life.
2. To learn the application of
scientific information to daily
life and problems.
3. It broadens our experience as
we learn to discard our
prejudices and becomes more
tolerant of the custom of other
people.

APPROACHES IN SOCIOLOGY
1. Evolutionary Approach
- it is an approach which offers a
satisfying explanation on how
groups exist, grow and develop.
- This early theoretical approach was
based on the work of August Comte
and Herbert Spencer.
- Sociologists used this approach as
a frame of reference to look for
pattern of change. The change may
be seen in the context of the
development of cycle or in terms of
levels or stages of completeness.

2. Inter-actionist
Approach
- an approach which stresses
the social origin of
personality development
and human behavior.
- This approach offers no
grand theories of society
since society and
institutions are conceptual
abstraction and only people
and their interaction can be
studied directly.

 Two sociologists, Herbert
Mead and Charles Horton
Cooley stressed the social
origin of personality.
 Mead noticed that people
interact mainly through
symbols, which include
signs, gestures, and most
importantly, written and
spoken word.
 This approach has
produced greater depth
into personality
development and human
behavior.

3. Functionalist Approach
 an approach which viewed
society as a stable system of
cooperating groups operating
orderly according to a generally
accepted norms.
 This approach present that society
tend to maintain a balanced and
harmonious equating system
because most members share a set
of rules and values.
 Talcott Parsons and Robert
Merton, two contemporary
sociologists, maintained that every
institution fulfills certain functions

4. Conflict Approach
 an approach which
perceived society as
unstable system of
opposing groups.
 This approach stem from
the work of different
scholars but is most directly
based from the book of Karl
Marx who saw that class
conflict and class
exploitation are the prime
moving forces in the history
of men.

Culture
 is derived from the Latin word
cultus which means care or
cultivation (Etymological meaning)
 is a complex whole which
includes knowledge, belief,
art, law, morals, customs
and any other capabilities
and habits acquired by man
as a member of society. (Most
quoted definition given by Edward B. Tylor,
an English anthropologist)

a state of
refinement, of being
well-versed in the
arts, philosophy and
languages. This
refers to an
individual’s taste,
inclination and
interest in the fine
arts. (Popular meaning)

Various definition of
culture.
Descriptive – with emphasis on
social heritage
Normative – with emphasis on
rules or ways
Psychological – with emphasis on
adjustment
Structural – with emphasis on the
pattern or organization of
culture
Generic – with emphasis on
culture as a product or
artifact.

Culture is man’s social
heritage (anything
that has been
transmitted from the
past or handed down
by tradition) which has
been transmitted to
communicate, that is,
to carry our ideas,
thought, and feelings
from one person to
another so that they
are understood.

Culture tells man what
to do, what not to do
and how to do things.
Culture represents the
design or recipe for
living.
Man’s culture is unique
to man; but culture in
various societies differ.
Culture is closely
associated with
civilization.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
1. Culture is learned
The knowledge, beliefs,
arts, laws, morals,
customs and any other
capabilities and habits
which constitute one’s
culture are acquired
during the course of
one’s life and not
transmitted genetically.

Culture is derived from
the family and other
social groups and
institutions through
the means of:
a. conditioning
b. Imitation
c. suggestions
d. informal and formal
instruction
e. mass communication

2. Culture is transmitted
Man is able to convey his
idea through the
transmission of culture
by training the members
in accordance with
expected patterns of
behavior and
conditioning the child
animal tendencies
toward the acquisition of
attitudes which are
essential in social life.

3. Culture is social.
It is a group
product developed
by many persons
interacting in a
group and a result
of the
accumulation of
knowledge and
group expectation.

4. Culture is ideational.
Within the culture are
group habits considered as
ideal pattern of behavior
which members are
expected to follow.
However, in terms of
specific expectations and
types of behavior, we find
that not all individual or
groups follow the behavior
pattern which is
considered the right, the
good and the moral way.

5. Culture is gratifying
There are biological needs
like the need for food,
shelter and sex. There
are also socio-cultural
needs like the need to be
recognized, the need to
have education and the
need to be approved.
Culture has provisions to
satisfy the biological and
socio cultural

6. Culture is adaptive
All culture are always changing
and these changes represent
adjustments or adaptation to
the various conditions of life
including their physical, social
and supernatural environment.
The change may occur as a result
of discoveries, inventions and
cultural borrowing.
The acceptance of change
depends on the exposure of its
members to new ideas ways
which were different from their
own.

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
CULTURE
Social Norms
Ideas
Material Things
Folkways
Mores
Laws
Fashion/Fad/Craze
Beliefs
Values
45

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF
CULTURE
A.Social Norms
> These are group expectation or
guidelines that people are supposed to follow
in their relationship.
> These are guides or model of behavior
which tells what is proper or improper,
appropriate or inappropriate, right or wrong in
a given situation.

 It is usually in the form of
rules, standards or
prescription followed by
people who follows
certain roles. Example:
norms of conduct for
doctors, teachers,
students, mothers,
fathers, etc.
 Sanction are introduced
to ensure that social
norms are followed and
expectations obeyed.

Sanction – is a
system of giving
rewards and
punishment to
encourage socially
acceptable
behavior and to
conform or behave
in ways prescribed
for them to follow.

2 forms of Sanction
1. Formal sanctions –
these are usually in
written form and
enforced by person in
authority. It may come in
the form of medal of
honor, promotion,
demotion, fine or
imprisonment
2. Informal sanctions –
these are usually in
verbal and may come in
the form of gossip,
public opinion, giving or
withdrawal of love or
friendship.

Sub-components of Social
Norms
1. Folkway
 It is customary ways of
behaving and doing
things.
 It is repetitive or typical
habits and pattern of
expected behavior.
 It includes rules or customs
of eating, sleeping,
dressing, cooking,
working, modes of
greeting and farewell,
burial, marriage, etc.

2. Mores
These are special folkways that
become vital (important) to
the welfare of the people and
to their most cherished values.
These are folkways with ethical
and moral values and are
associated with strong
feelings about right and truth.
One important feature of Mores
is that failure to observe or
follow them bring upon the
violator censure or blame of
the group.
Violators of Mores is regarded as
immoral, sinful, vicious or anti-
social.

3. Laws
It is formalized social
norms enacted or
made by the proper
authorities so that
people would act
accordingly.
It supplements and
reinforces the
folkways and mores
to maintain peace
and order.

4.Fashion, Fad,
Craze
It is short lived social
norms which demand
compliance at the time
they operate.
These may become
powerful regulator of
behavior in urban
areas and
industrialized centers.
These include styles of
dresses, bags, shoes
and hair or styles of
houses, furniture, cars
and gadgets.

MaterialThings
These refers to the concrete and
tangible things that man
creates and uses.
These ranges from prehistoric
stone tools of primitive man to
the more advanced gadgets and
machines of the modern man.
To understand the material
things fully, one must know
their uses, the corresponding
body of knowledge and skills for
their effective use and the
beliefs and values attached to
them.

Importance of Culture
Culture distinguished man from
animal.
Culture sets a pre-conditioning
factor for the development of man’s
personality
Culture provides knowledge which
enable man to survive physically and
socially.
Culture is a tool for analyzing human
behavior.

PHILIPPINE VALUES
A family in the Philippines was puzzled
when the coffin of their deceased mother
arrived from the US sent by their sister.
The tiny corpse was jammed so tightly
into the box that their mother’s face was
flattened against the glass lid.
When the family opened the coffin they
found a letter pinned to their mother’s
chest.

 “Dearest brothers and sisters:
 I am sending you our mother’s remains
for burial there. Sorry I could not come
along as the expenses were so high. You
will find under Mama’s body 12cans of
Libby’s corned beef, and 12 cans Spam.
Just divide these among yourselves. On
Mama’s feet is a brand new pair of
Reeboks (size 8 for Junior).

There are 4 pairs of Reeboks under
Mama’s head for Meloy’s sons. Mama is
wearing six Ralph Lauren T-shirt, one
for Manong Roy and the rest for my
nephews. Mama is wearing one dozen
Wonder bras and 2 dozens Victoria’s
Secret panties to be distributed among
my nieces and cousins.

Mama is also wearing 8 pairs of Dockers pants.
Kuya, Diko, please take one each and give the
rest to your boys. The Swiss watch Ate asked
for is on Mama’s left wrist. Auntie Sol, Mama
is wearing the earrings, ring and necklace
you asked for. The 6 pairs of Chanel
stockings that Mama is also wearing are for
teen age girls. I hope they like the colors.
Your loving sister,
Nene.
This was printed in the book: Sociology Focus in the Philippines by
Panopio and Raymundo which was published in Malaya, 7 May 2002
by Dahli Aspellera.

WHAT ARE VALUES?
Culturally, Values
are define as
standards by which
people assess
desirability, goodness
and beauty.
Values are statement
about what ought to
be. (Macciones 1997:70)

 Values are considered
as the expression of
the ultimate end, goal
or purpose of social
action. (Inkeles 1964:74)
 According to Parson,
the concept of shared
values refers to the
consensus of morals,
principles, and
standards of behavior.

 They are society’s
moral imperatives that
deal with what ought
to be and are therefore
considered desirable
and important by
members of society.
 In contrast with social
norms, values are
general in nature.

To identify the values operatives in
a society, Robin Williams
presents the four fold test:
1. Extensiveness. This answer
the question, Is a concept
recognized by a
representative number of
people within the society?
2. Duration. This answer the
question, Has the value been
shared in common for
sometime?

3. Intensity. This answer the
question, Do these
values involve the
emotions and are they
taken seriously and
sought after by many?
4. Prestige of its carrier.
This answer the
question, Do these
values provide a ready-
made means for judging
the social worth of
persons or group who
have them?

FORCES THAT SHAPE
CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINE
VALUES
1. The Oriental Force – the
core of Filipino’s moral and
social conscience and
cultural identity.
This constitute the foundation
of Filipino oriental culture
which include the Aeta,
Indonesian, Malayan,
Hindu, Arabian and
Chinese elements.

 This oriental side of the
Filipino evolved from the
early trade and commerce
and intermarriages
between our Filipino
ancestors and the Chinese
and Hindu merchants, as
well as the wave of
settlements from other
Asian neighbors into the
country.
 Interpersonal and social
relationship revolves
around blood ties,
marriage, and ritual
kinship.

2. The Occidental
Force
– the way of life which
was adapted from the
Spanish and American
culture.
This is attributed to
centuries of Spanish
colonial rule and
American domination
of our country.

Spain introduced the
Roman Catholicism,
fiesta, parochial
school, municipal
building, village plaza
and the compadre
system.
Through Catholicism,
Spain emphasized
the spiritual aspect of
life: the preparation
for life after death
and the faithful
attendance to the
mass.

The compadre system
initiated the Filipino into
the practice of extended
families.
This has served to strengthen
the notorious practice of
nepotism and favoritism in
the social sphere.
The oppressive policies of the
Spanish colonizers, such as
forced labor developed in
the Filipinos a hatred for
manual labor.

The American on the other
hand introduced the ff:
Democratic system of
government.
they popularized education
as the most essential
channel for social mobility
and impose the use of the
English language as the
medium of instruction in the
school system.

This reinforced the
Filipino’s preference for
the academic white-
collar occupation and
encourages the use of
honorific titles.
The American also
introduced into the
Filipino way of life the
values of materialism
and consumerism.

DIFFERENT VALUE ORIENTATIONS
THAT DOMINATES FILIPINOS WAY
OF LIFE
1. NON-RATIONALISM VS
RATIONALISM
 The philosophy implied in
non-rationalism is the idea
that people has to adapt
themselves to nature and the
forces outside themselves.
 Non-rationalism involves an
uncritical acceptance,
reverence and protection of
traditions and rituals.

 In non-rationalism,
there is a resistance to
scientific methods,
unwavering loyalty to
the group, and
unquestioning
obedience to authority.
Example:
Bahala na,
Itinalaga ng Diyos,
Iginuhit ng Tadhana,
Gulong ng palad,
malas, napasubo.

 Rationalism on the
other hand is the
belief that one can
actively control and
manipulate his or her
destiny by systematic
planning, studying and
training.
 A person is greatly
responsible for
determining his/her
success or failure

 The rational person is future-
oriented rather than present
or past-oriented.
 He/she is scientific-oriented
and continuously guided by
curiosity, observation and
experimentation.
 He/she gives high priority to
self expression and creativity
over group conformity and
security.

2. PERSONALISM VS
IMPERSONALISM
The value orientation of
Personalism attaches major
importance to personal factors
which guarantee intimacy,
warmth and security of kinship
and friendship in getting things
done.
Personalism has a deterring
effect on the economic, social
and political growth of our
country.

 In personalism, the Filipinos
way of doing things is centered
too much in personalities.
 The inability to dissociate
personalities from function and
position makes it extremely
difficult for them to really
become objective in making
judgments.
 They resort to pakiusap, areglo
and lakad which weakens the
merit system especially in
employment.

 The value orientation of
Impersonalism refers to the
tendency to eliminate the
influence of friendship or
kinship in working
situations. Behavior is
depersonalized,
standardized or
institutionalized.
 Thus the function a
position, and not of the
person occupying, sets the
patterns of behavior in the
group.

3. PARTICULARISM VS
UNIVERSALISM
The value orientation of
Particularism center their
concerns on sub-group made
up of relatives, friends,
colleagues, associates, religious
affiliates or members of his or
her ethnical regional group.
On the other hand the value
orientation of
Universalism is concern in the
advancement of the collective
national good.

4. NATIONALISM
 It is the advocacy of
making one’s own nation
distinct and separate from
others in intellectual, social,
economic, political and
moral matters.
 It is a feeling of oneness
among the nationals and
seeks to establish the
identity and the good of
one’s nation.

 Nationalism can either
be a factor for evil or
for good. If intense, it
may take the form of
Ethnocentrism(belief in
the superiority of one's
own ethnic group) or of
Xenophobia (fear and
hatred of strangers or
foreigners or of
anything that is strange
or foreign).

Filipino Values
Close Family Ties
The Philippines is known
to be a family centered nation.
The Filipinos recognized their
family as an important social
structure that one must take
care of. They give importance to
the safety and unity of one’s
family. The Filipino family is so
intact that it is common for
members of the same family
work for the same company. It is
also common to find the whole
clan living in the same area as
that the Filipinos are afraid to be
too far from their own family.

Politeness
Filipinos are taught to
become respectful individuals.
This is mainly due to the
influence of Christianity that
tells us to honor both our
parents and our elders.
The use of ‘’po’’ and
‘’’opo’’’ when in conversation
with an elder or someone who
is older is a manifestation of
how Filipinos respect their
elders.

Hospitality
The Filipinos are very
hospitable when it comes
to their fellowmen. They
will invite their visitors to
come into their homes and
offer them treats such as
snacks and drinks after a
long journey.

Gratitude
Gratitude or ‘’’utang na
loob’’’ is a very popular
Filipino characteristic. One
does not forget the good deeds
that others may have done to
him or her especially at times
of great need.
This debt of gratitude
are sometimes abused by
those who have done well to
others as they may ask favors
or things that may either be
unreasonable or beyond the
means of the one in debt.

Shame
Shame or ‘’’Hiya’’’ is
a very common Filipino
value. It is said that
Filipinos would go to great
lengths in order for one
not to be ashamed.
Hiya has a great
influence on one’s
behavior for one will do
everything, even if it is
beyond his means just to
save his reputation as well
as the family’s.

Flexibility, Adaptability,
and Creativity
Filipino's sense of joy and
humor is evident in their
optimistic approach to life and
its travails. The ability to laugh
at themselves and their
predicament is an important
coping mechanism that
contributes to emotional
balance and a capacity to
survive.
These are manifested in
the ability to adjust to often
difficult circumstances and
prevailing physical and social
environments.

Loyalty
Loyalty or
‘’’Pakikisama’’’ is another
Filipino value. Filipinos are
said to be loyal to their
friends and fellowmen in
order to ensure the peace
in the group. This is
manifested in their basic
sense of justice and
fairness and concern for
other's well being.

Hard work and Industry
The related capacity
for hard work and industry
among Filipinos is widely
recognized. Filipinos are
universally regarded as
excellent workers who
perform well whether the
job involves physical labor
and tasks or highly
sophisticated technical
functions.

Resignation
Trust in God or
the concept of ‘’’Bahala
na’’’ has been over-
used time and again.
This ideal is used when
a person does not
know what to do or is
to lazy to do anything
at all.

Amor Propio
It is high self-esteem and
is shown in the sensitivity of a
person to hurt feelings and
insults, real or imagined.
This is manifested in
“hiya, utang na loob (such as
the use of polite language, soft
voice, gentle manner and
indirect approaches like
employing intermediaries and
euphemism and ambiguous
expression to avoid directness
and frankness.

 The Filipinos finds it
difficult to say “no” to a
request or an invitation
and instead use expression
like kuwan, marahil, tila
nga and pipilitin ko.
 Forms of amor propio are
behavior patterns, such as,
hele hele bago quire or
pakipot, which requires
that a person initially
refuse, be prodded on,
before accepting an offer;
and delikadesa which
means conformity with the
ethical practice or
expectation of the group.

Different
Viewpoints/Perspectives
on Culture

1. Cultural
Relativism
• This perspective
states that culture
differ.
• It states that elements
of culture should be
viewed on their own
terms rather than in
terms of some
assumed universal
standards that holds
across cultures.

 It implies that there are
different interpretation
of the same or similar
behavior by different
cultures
 Example: Marriage is
monogamy among
Christians but
polygamy among the
Muslims. Among
Christians, polygamy is
immoral but moral and
appropriate among
Muslims.

2. Culture Shock
 This refers to the feeling
of disbelief,
disorganization, and
frustration one experience
when he encounters
cultural patterns which are
different from his because
he is accustomed to his
cultural milieu.
 Example: When a
religious person enters a
nudist camp, he may
experience shock and show
disbelief.

3. Ethnocentrism
 This refers to the tendency to
see the behavior, beliefs, values
and norms of one’s own group as
the only right way of living and to
judge others by those standards.
 It is the feeling of superiority for
one’s own culture and to consider
other culture as inferior, wrong or
strange.
Example: Superiority of the white
race; extreme japans nationalism;
Philippines as the Pearl of the
Orient Seas.

4. Xenocentrism
• This refers to the idea
that what is foreign is best
and that one’s lifestyle,
products or ideas are
inferior to those of
others.
Example: Mania for
imported goods and
foreign lifestyles. Colonial
mentality.

5. Noble Savage
Mentality
 This refers to the
evaluation of one’s culture
and that of others based on
the romantic notion that the
culture and way of life of the
primitives or simple cultures
is better, more acceptable,
and more orderly.
Example: Rural lifestyle is
better because it has simple
needs, fresher air, food and
sunshine and youngster are
not exposed to numerous
crimes and temptations
which abound in the urban
centers.

6. Subculture
 This refers to the way of
life of a smaller group that
include their norms,
values, beliefs and special
languages which makes
them distinct from the
broader society.
 This may be based on
ethnicity, age, social
class, occupational,
political, educational or
religious affiliations, and
regions.

7. Counterculture or
contra culture
 This refers to the way of life
of subgroups whose
standards comes in conflict
with and opposed the
conventional standards of
the dominant culture.
 This may become a threat
to the dominant society and
are considered social
problems.
 Example: deviants such as
criminals, juvenile
delinquency, drug
dependents, prostitutes,
terrorists.

8. Culture Lag
 This refers to the gap
between the material and
non-material culture. Most
oftentimes material culture
advances more rapidly and
more readily accepted by
people.
 Example: Muslims readily
accept modern means of
transportation and
communication but remain
steadfast in their religious
belief/faith.

SOCIALIZATION
The process by which society transmit
its cultural values to individuals so
that they can function properly as its
members (Conklin, 1984)
The process whereby the individual is
converted into a person. (As cited by Zulueta in
his book Gen. Sociology)

NATURE VS. NURTURE
Nature (Heredity)
- is the transmission of physical and genetic
traits from parents to offspring. The child’s
physical build and facial appearance are
complex creation of fused genes.
- A Filipino born and raised in Canada may
grow an inch taller than his Filipino parents
because of better nutrition and better living
condition but definitely retains his Malayan
features which are the result of heredity.

Nurture (Environment)
- this constitute the aggregate of
surrounding things and conditions
and greatly affects personality as a
result of a long gradual process.
- The environment provides formative
influences in the shaping of the
foundation of personality that is the
result of the wonders of the genes.

The environment as a determining
factor in personality formation
includes:
a. Geographic environment
- is characterized by the location,
climate, topography and natural
resources.
- People living in tropical regions and
those living in cool regions differ in
personality because of climates.

b. Cultural environment
includes the mode of living, the norms
of behavior, the folkways, mores, laws,
traditions and customs, values and
ideas and other established patterned
ways of the social group.

c. Social environment
is characterized by the various
group of people interacting with
one another in social institution.
Membership in social group
implies exposure to a social
environment.

Different Theories on Personality
Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Personality
Development
“Human personality consist of three major systems
he called the: id, ego and superego.
Human personality is a dynamic interaction of the
three systems and the outside world.

 The id is the biological
component of the self
which is the source of
human drives and urges.
 It is unconscious, illogical
and not integrated. It is
instinctive and centers
around the satisfaction of
basic needs – foods and
sex.

 The ego is that component of
the self that represent the
reason and sanity.
 The ego mediates between
the needs of the individual
and the world of reality and
strives to delay tensions by
way of waiting for suitable
environment to exist.

 The superego is the carrier of
the ideals, customs, traditions
and mores of society.
 Its principal function is to
criticize the ego.

Various Stages of Development
a. Oral Stage (from birth to one year)
Eating is the major source of
satisfaction. Frustration and over-
indulgence at this stage may lead
to over-eating and alcoholism
during adulthood.
b. Anal Stage (one to three years)
Toilet training at this stage
constitutes an influencing factor in
personality development.

c. Phallic Stage (three to six years)
The greatest source of pleasure of
the child comes from the sex organs.
d. Latency period (six to adolescence)
In this stage, children turn their
attention to people outside their
families – friends, teachers, and
neighbors and erotic impulses are
inactive.

e. Genital state (adolescence and
beyond)
The sexual impulses become active
again and the individual focuses on
the opposite sex, looks around for a
future partner, and prepares for
marriage and adult responsibilities.

Jung’s Theory of Personality:
“ There are two major disposition of personality: the
extroversion and the introversion.
The extrovert disposition orients the individual
towards the outside world, while the introvert
disposition orients the individual towards the inner
world.
These two opposite feelings are both present in
personality; but ordinarily, one is dominant while the
other is subordinate and unconscious.

Ways of Improving Personality:
1. By having a sound philosophy in life.
Philosophy in life acts as a guiding principles
that will direct one’s relationship with other
people.
2. By showing genuine interest in the welfare of
others.
3. By learning from mistakes.
4. By being sincere to oneself and to others.

5. By doing one’s roles in the making the
home a place where love and respect
are permanently established.
6. By putting into practice desirable habits
and attitudes to be internalized.
7. By practicing socially accepted values
through socialization.
8. By following Socrates’ dictum “Know
thyself”.

Two Important Components of Social
Self:
1. The Self Concept, or the way he looks at
himself, his image, his aspirations and
expectations, his philosophical orientation,
his talents and limitations, his achievements
and failures, and his notion of how others
look at him.
2. The Person’s conception of others as he
sees himself through the eyes of other
people and tries to see how they evaluate his
appearance, attitudes and performance.

Major Agents of
Socialization
Family - is considered as the
main link between the
individual and society.
This is where the most
significant socializing process
takes place.
This is where the individual first
gains experiences and learn
social values of love, affection,
kindness, sympathy, charity,
hope truth, honesty, justice,
respect for elders and worship
of God.

School
- This the primary agent for
weaning the child from home
and introduce him in the
society.
- This is where the child gets his
formal instruction and
reinforces the learning that
he got from the family.
Formal socialization is carried
out by professionals . They
provide guidance and skills in
learning not only the culture
of society but also knowledge
and skills preparatory to earn
a living.

Church
The church is another
significant agent of
socialization. Children are
brought to the church by
their parents as early as
infancy and are initiated
early into saying their
prayers and forming their
notion of God.

Peer Group
- This is another powerful
source of information
and socialization.
- This agent of
socialization affects our
attitudes towards
others, our manner of
speaking, manner of
dressing, our
relationship with the
opposite sex, job
choices, hobbies and
recreational activities.

Mass Media
- Before, books, comics and
magazines were the main
sources of reading
materials used for
socialization. Today aside
from these old sources,
three important sources of
mass media are radio,
movies and TV. Concerns
have been raised as to the
time spent by children in
watching TV.

IMPORTANCE OF SOCIALIZATION
 Socialization makes an individual
human. Without socializing with its
agents man may become brute animal.
 Socialization gives an individual his/her
status with corresponding role to play
as member of a group.
 Socialization develops the personality
of an individual.

SOCIAL INTERACTION
AND SOCIAL PROCESS
126

Basically, individual
join other individual to
live in groups and form
societies for the reason
of :
SURVIVAL
127
This is based on the
premise that in unity,
there is strength.

Social interaction
( According to Mack and Pease) - is the process of
defining and responding to various action and
reaction of individuals in a social situation.
128

129
It is a basic social process which provides the
broadest term for describing dynamic social
relationship.

130
(According to Newcomb) It is a process by
which individual notice and respond to others
who in turn notice and respond to him.

Awareness
of action
Perception
of action
Further processing
of action
Response
131
The Process of Social Interaction

SOCIAL PROCESS
In the book Gen. Sociology by Panopio, et
al it has been said that the concept of social
process was first discussed by Park and Burgess
who referred social process as “ the name for all
changes which can be regarded as changes in
the life of the group.
(According to House) it refers to the patterned
and recurrent form of social interaction. They
are form of interaction that are repeated.
132

1. Basic Social Processes
1.1 Cooperation - this
means the mutual aid or
alliance of persons or groups
seeking common goal and to
share the benefits.
133

Types of cooperation:
a. Primary Cooperation - a
type of cooperation wherein
individuals share the task and
rewards with all the members.
b. Secondary Cooperation -
a
cooperation where skills and
efforts were mutually shared for
personal satisfaction and interest.
134

Function of cooperation
a. makes for social cohesion
and integration between
groups.
b. contribute to social
stability and order.
c. Foster consensus and
compromise in various social
issues.
135

1.2 Differentiation - this is some
kind of specialization statuses and
roles which is related to the
division of labor.
1.3 Competition - (According to
Mack and Pease) - a less violent
form of opposition where persons
or groups struggle focusing on the
reward or goal rather than the
competitor.
136

Function of Competition
a. assign each individual or
group his place in the social
system.
b. plays a role in the
selection of the
members of the different
functional groups.
c. encourage achievement
and leads to efficiency.
137

1.4 Conflict - (According to
Mack & Pease)
- is a direct and openly
antagonistic struggle of
persons or groups for the same
object or end which generally
characterized by emotionalized
and violent opposition.
Conflict happens when rules
are broken.
138

Function of Conflict
a. it may help establish unity
within the group threatened by
hostile feelings among the
members.
b. it provides an outlet for the
expression of suppressed
emotions and frustrations.
139

2. DERIVED SOCIAL PROCESS
2.1 Accommodation (Mack &
Pease) - it refers to the
conscious effort of men to
develop working arrangement
among themselves to suspend
conflict and make their relation
a more tolerable and less
wasteful of energy.
140

Forms of Accomodation
a. Domination - a process in
which stronger party imposes
its will and make the other
yield.
b. Truce - is an agreement to
cease hostilities or fighting for
a certain period of time.
141

c. Compromise - refers to the
giving up by both parties of
some of their demands and
mutual giving of concessions.
d. Conciliation and Mediation
-these refers to selecting a
third party to reconcile the
differences.
142

d.1 Conciliation - the third
party do not make
recommendation but effort is
being made to get both
parties to come into terms.
d.2 Mediation - the third
party offer suggestions for
bases for a settlement which
has not been put forward by
either party.
143

e. Arbitration - a special
method of settling dispute
through the effort of a third
party who may be chosen by
contending parties or appointed
by an agency with power.
f. Toleration - this is a process
of accommodation without
formal agreement. This is a
result of “ live and let live “
policy.
144

2.2 Assimilation - (Burgess
and Park) - a process of
interpenetration and fusion
in which a person or groups
acquire the memories,
sentiments and attitudes by
sharing their experiences
and history.
145

2.3 Amalgamation -
is the intermarriage
of persons coming
from different
ethnic group
resulting in some
kind of biological
fusion.
146

147
2.4 Acculturation - is
the process by which
societies of different
cultures are modified
through fairly close and
long-continued contact
but do not blend with
one another.

The Development of Sociology as a Scientific Discipline

The Development of Sociology as a Scientific Discipline

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