2. Anterior two-third: From two lingual
swellings and one tuberculum impar, which
arises from the first branchial arch. The
tuberculum impar soon disappears.
Posterior one-third: From cranial large part of
the hypobranchial eminence, ie. from the
third arch
Posteriormost part from the fourth arch
DEVELOPMENT OF TONGUE
4. MICROGLOSSIA
It is a rare congenital anomaly manifested by
the presence of Rudimentary or small tongue
The condition when tongue being completely
absent is known as aglossia
Patient finds difficulties in eating and
swallowing
7. MACROGLOSSIA
It is a condition when patient have an
enlarged tongue
May be congenital or acquired
ETIOLOGY FOR CONGENITAL
MACROGLOSSIA
Congenital macroglossia is due to an over
development of the musculature
Down syndrome
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
8. CAUSES FOR ACQUIRED MACROGLOSSIA
1. tumors in tongue such as
lymphangioma,hemagioma and
neurofibroma
2. Acromegaly
3. Mxedema
4. Amyloidosis
5. Angioedema
12. ANKYLOGLOSSIA
It can be defined as a developmental
condition characterized by fixation of tongue
to the floor of the mouth,causing restricted
movement
It can be either complete ankylogssia or
partial ankyloglossia (tongue tie)
13. Partial ankyloglossia occurs as a result of
shortlingual frenum or due to a frenum which
attaches too near to the tip of the tongue
Complete ankyloglossia occurs as a result of
fusion between the tongue and the floor of the
mouth
14. 14
CLINICAL FEATURES
speech disorders
deformities in dental occlusion
Difficulties in swallowing
TREATMENT
Partial ankyloglossia are self corrective
Complete ankyloglossia can be surgically
treated by frenulectomy
16. CLEFT TONGUE
A complete cleft tongue occurs due to lack of
merging of lateral lingual swellings of this
organ
partially cleft tongue occurs more common
and is manifested as deep groove in the
midline of dorsal surface
Partial cleft tongue occurs due to incomplete
merging and failure of groove obliteration by
underlying mesenchymal prolifetation
food debris and microorganisms collect in
base of cleft and cause irritation
18. FISSURED TONGUE
Its a malformation manifested clinically by
numerous small grooves on dorsal surface
radiationg out from central groove along the
midline of tongue
ETIOLOGY
It also occurs as a sequel to geographic
tongue
Hereditary factors
20. The lesions are ususally asymptomatic
unless debris is entrapped within the fissure
and causes irritation
Fissured tongue affects the dorsum surface
and often extends to the lateral bordres of
the tongue and form lobules
22. MEDIAN RHOMBOID GLOSSITIS
Synonyms- central paillary atrophy of the
tongue / posterior lingual papillary atrophy
It is an asymptomatic elongated
erythematous patch of artophic mucosa on
the middorsal surface of the tongue
23. ETIOLOGY
It has been described as a congenital
abnormality of tongue due to failure of
tuberculum impar to retract before fusion of
lateral halves of tongue so that structure
devoid of papillae is interpose between them
It is a focal area of susceptibility to chronic
infections by candida albicans
23
24. CLINICAL FEATURES
Lesion appears Ovoid, diamond rhomboid
shaped reddish patch on dorsal surface of
tongue immediately anterior to
circumvallate papillae.
it appears as a flat or slightyly elevated area
and stands out distinctly from rest of tongue
because it has no filliform papillae
Seen mostly in females in a ratio 3:1 when
compared with males
Kissing lesions are seen.
27. BENIGN MIGRATORY GLOSSITIS
Synonyms-georgaphic tongue,erythema
migrans and wandering rash of tongue
ETIOLOGY
The exact etiology remains unknown. It may
be genetic.
However many investigators believe that
emotional stress may precipitate this
condition
28. CLINICAL FEATURES
The lesion occurs in about 1 to 3 % of population
Females are affected more frequently than males by a
2:1 ratio
Geographic tongue is usually seen on the anterior
two third of the dorsal tongue mucosa
the condition is characterized by multiple, well-
demarcated, erythematous, depapillated patches,
typically surrounded by a slightly elevated yellow
white scalloped border, and usually restricted to the
dorsumof the tongue
30. TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
there is no specific treatment for erythem
migrans
heavy doses of vitamins and and topical
steroids may produce someresutls in few
cases
31. HAIRY TONGUE
SYNONYMS- BLACK HAIRY TONGUE, LINGUA
NIGRA, LINGUA VILLOSA
Hairy tongue is characterized by marked
accumilation of keratin on filliform
papillae of the dorsal surface resulting in a
hair like appearence
32. ETIOLOGY
Chronic smokers
It occurs due to microorganisms such as
candida albicans
Systemic disturbances like anemia,gastric
upset
Oral use of certain drugs like sodium
perborate sodium peroxide and antibiotics
such as penicillin
Extensive x-ray radiation
33. CLINICAL FEATURES
formation of a pigmented thick matted layer
on the tongue surface heavily coated with
bacteria and fungi
Hair like appearence
Halitosis
Irritation of tongue due to accumulation of
food debris
Candidal over growth may cause
glossopyrosis( burning tongue)
36. LINGUAL VARICES
It is a dilated , tortous vein which is often subjected
to increased hydrostatic pressure but is poorly
supported by surrouonding tissue
37. CLINICAL FEATURES
Varices usually involves the lingual ranine viens
the involved veins appears red of purple shotlike clusters of
vessels on the ventral surface and lateral borders of tongue
as well as in the floor of the mouth
Presence of lingual varices before the ages of 50 indicates
premature ageing
Treatment
There is no specific treatment for lingual varices
39. LINGUAL THYROID
NODULE
it is an anomalous condition in which
follicles of thyroid tissue are found in the
substance of the tongue
ETIOLOGY
It occurs when thyroid anlage that failed to
migrate to its predestined position or from
anlage remnants that became detached and
were left behind
40. CLINICAL FEATURES
It appears as a nodular mass in or near the base
of tongue just posterior to foramen caecum
Deeply situated and have a smooth surface
The size varies from 2 – 3 cm
Chief symptoms are dysphagia, dyspnea,
dysphonia or fullnes of throat