Op grammar for teachers

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English for Teachers

Sentence Pattern

Formal Label-
Noun Phrase
Verb Phrase
Adjective Phrase
Adverb Phrase
Preposition Phrase

Functional Label- (SVOCA)
Subject
Object
Verb
Complement
Adjunct.

The optional constituents of a sentence are called Adjuncts.

The verbs that take complements are-
be, have, appear, feel, look, remain, seem, become, grow, get, turn taste, smell
etc.
Basic Pattern
1. SV
2. SVC
3. SVO
4. SVOO
5. SVOC

Identify the Elements of the following sentences
1. Many intelligent students don’t read any book in the library.
2. Henry James was a very good writer.
3. Film stories are often based on very flimsy ground.
Ram Gopal Sharma, Chief Resource Person in ELT, ELTI, Bikaner : 09460305331
eltirajasthan@gmail.com

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4. The stories we heard are horrible.
5. To be with her is a punishment.
6. My dear old sister gave me two beautiful pots as a present.
7. I love these extremely naughty young children.
8. The teacher chose Mayank secretary of the class.
9. I won’t do what I don't understand.
10. My children have never been any trouble for me.
11. Shashi was a very intelligent boy of the class.
12. She gave me a book yesterday.
13. In winter the weather is cold.
14. He became the president of India.
15. One of my friends showed me her painting last week.
16. Honesty is the best policy.
17. The pretty girl in the corner is Maya.
18. Mr. Das is an excellent teacher.
19. She learnt the story with a great difficulty.
20. I find grammar boring.
21. The man on the roof is my uncle.
22. You shouldn’t take more than two minutes over this.
23. I don’t know what his name is.
24. The boy who lives near my house is very intelligent.
25. What you say is correct

Verb Phrase
Identify the Verb Phrase
1. To eat is human, to digest is divine.
2. You can only take the mare to the pond, you can’t make it drink.
3. I saw ten thousand daffodils at a glance, tossing their heads in sprightly
dance.
4. Sachin was out, caught at midwicket.
5. They saw him return to the pavilion slowly.
6. He stopped to talk to her.
7. He stopped talking to her.
8. Don’t force me to do things I don’t like doing.
9. Taste the milk and find out for yourself.
10. She gave me an interesting story book to read.

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11. I opened my eyes and saw a gorilla standing before me.
12. I see what you mean.
13. A little learning is a dangerous thing.
14. I like swimming but I didn’t swim in the swimming pool.

Time and Tense
Identify the Verb Phrase. State the Tense.
Say what time reference (present/ past/ future) the VP has.
1. I am writing and my wife is watching TV.
2. I wrote an essay yesterday.
3. He is going to Kota tomorrow.
4. I have read the book.
5. If you walk round the campus, you will see a lot of peacock.
6. The nine o’clock news reports three bombings.
7. The sun rises in the east.
8. I wish I were a king.
9. Could you help me with these exercise?
10. How do you go to work everyday.
11. The former minister has been arrested.
12. I may be visiting Chennai next week.
13. If it rains this evening, we will stay at home.
14. Beggars can’t be choosers.
15. Do you know where he lives.
16. She is making some ‘chat’ item for the party.
17. I might come late for the meeting this afternoon.
18. If you go in time, tell him I’ll be late.
19. I wondered if I could ask you for a favour.
20. In Hamlet, Ophelia goes mad when she hears about the death of his
father.

Say whether the underlined verb forms are right in the context.
1. Water boils at 100 degree Celsius.
2. Hurry up! Everyone waits for you.
3. I am usually going to work on my bicycle.
4. Why are you being so nasty today?
5. Gopal is living in Chennai but he stays at Hyderabad now.

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6. Vidhya is interested in politics but he is not belonging to any political
party.
7. I am thinking of selling my car.
8. Air is consisting mainly of Nitrogen and Oxygen.
9. Don’t put the dictionary away. I use it.

Passive Voice
Expand the following newspaper headlines using passive
e.g. Golden Peacock for Chinese Film ‘Blus’
(The Chinese film ‘Blush’ was awarded the Golden Peacock.)
37 Teachers selected for state award
Treasurer arrested.
Ex MP’s brother shot at.
Result declared.
Non-finite verbs

Infinitive

‘To’ Infinitive
1. To say is easy.
2. It is easy to say.
3. I want to play football.
4. I want him to play.
5. Mangoes are good to eat.
6. I have a book to read.
7. I am to help him.
8. I have to help him.
9. The train is about to come.
10. He did nothing but laugh.
11. He is too weak to pass.
12. He is intelligent enough to pass.
13. Tell me what to do.
14. We seem to have lost it. (perfective)

Infinitive ‘without to’
Modals (I can solve it easily.)

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bid, let, make, help, know (She made me work hard.)
Verbs of perception feel, hear, see, watch, notice, listen, observe,
Phrases like would rather, had better.

Participle
Present Participle
I saw him crossing the road. (I saw him cross the road.)
It being a hot day, we remained in our home.
Seeing the policeman, the thief began to run.

Past Participle
I am surprised/ tired.
I saw a fallen tree. (I saw a falling tree.)

Perfect Participle
Having finished my work, I went to bed.

Gerund
Walking is good for health.
He stopped smoking. (He stopped to smoke.)
I am fond of swimming.
Our duty is teaching.
Determiners
1. Articles: a, an ,the
2. Possessive: my, your, his, her…
3. Quantitative: some, any, much, many, all, few, little, less
4. Numerals:
Cardinals: one, two, three…
Ordinals: first, second….
5. Distributives: each, every,
6. Demonstratives: this, that, these, those…
7. Interrogatives: what, which, whose…
8. Genitive Possessives: `s

Adverb Clause

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1. Time- When he arrived, he saw them playing.
2. Place-You can play wherever you like.
3. Purpose-Work hard so that you may pass.
4. Reason- I was punished because I was late.
5. Condition-I won’t go out if it rains.
6. Result- When they saw a snake they were so frightened that they
all ran away.
7. Degree- He work hard as much as he could.
8. Manner- He played with the children as if had been one of them.
9. Concession or Contrast- Though he was an old man, he never felt
like an old man.

Causative Verbs
Have something done
Get something done
I had my room cleaned.
I get my hair cut every month.
I had the roof repaired last week.
When will you have your clothes washed?
Get your work done.
Have someone do something (engage/ employ)
Make someone do something (force)
Get someone to do something (request)
I had him type the letters.
He made the servant clean the room.
She got her mother to cook food.
Who made you clean the board?
You will never get him understand.

Noun Phrase

(Pre modifiers + Noun + Post Modifiers)
Pre modifiers-
Pre determiner, Determiner, Adjective Phrase, Ordinal, Quantifier, Classifier
Post modifiers –


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Prepositional Phrase, Relative Clause, That clause, Adverb phrase, Adjective,
Apposition

The first five books (Det+Ord+Quant+N)
All the first absolutely ripe mangoes (Adj PhInt+Adj)
A science student (classifier+N)

Relative clause
My brother who lives in Mumbai has come.(Restrictive/Defining)
I have several brother and one who lives in Mumbai has come.
My brother, who lives in Delhi, has come. (Nonrestrictive)
I have one brother, he lives in Mumbai and he has come.
My friend, Shashi, is a teacher. (Apposition)
The girl from Delhi (Prep Ph Prep+ Noun)
The shop behind the publication unit (NPDet+Class+N)
A road ahead (Det+N+Adv Ph)

Function of Noun Phrase
Subject, Object, Complement, Adjunct, Form a part of the other NP (The
Princess’s white shoe), Object of preposition

Label the following sentences
1. An extremely terrifying tale
2. The first five exciting ideas
3. The most beautiful Miss universe
4. Which five remarkable women
5. A magnificent holiday retreat
6. Her first two PHD students
7. Her first ring
8. All those big fat dolphins
9. A couple of baby elephants
10. Such a pretty dress
11. We, all went to the meeting
12. My friend, Kalpana, is a good doctor.
13. The word, music, is an abstract noun.
14. The man on the roof

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15. The two girls behind the tree
16. The people outside
17. The weather tomorrow
18. The room there
19. The house above
20. The people involved
21. The men present
22. The men entertaining
23. The post master concerned
24. Something different
25. The five most beautiful girls from the beauty pageant who are coming to
India
26. The first forty teachers who have volunteered for the Course
27. The girl I wanted to meet
28. He married the woman I had suggested.

Phrase and Clause
A phrase is a group of words making a sense but not complete.
A clause is a group of words which make sense. It forms part of a sentence,
and has a subject and predicate of its own.

Point out the NP/ Adj Ph/ Adv Ph in the following sentences
1. Good people like to help their fellow men.
2. I read an interesting story.
3. We enjoyed climbing the mountain.
4. He refused to answer the question.
5. Reading in poor light will harm your eyes.
6. Swimming is a good habit.
7. The children want to dance in the lawn.
8. To win a scholarship is my ambition.
9. Early to bed is a good maxim.
10. Saluting senior officers is a rule in the army.
11. He is a man of word.
12. He is wearing a shirt of green colour.
13. She is a girl with blue eyes.
14. He has a ring made of gold.

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15. The horses of Arabia are fine.
16. Even a single man in the street cannot be ignored.
17. That was an act of sheer of madness.
18. He told the tale of his work.
19. The police have arrested a man with a scar on his face.
20. A stitch in time saves nine.
21. He spoke to me in a polite manner.
22. Read these sentences with care.
23. The teacher was writing at that time.
24. Grains of wheat sprouted and grew at that place.
25. That man talked in a rude way.
26. He does his work with great care.
27. I left my book on this spot.
28. The meeting will be held at this very moment.
29. I was a student in those days.
30. She writes in a beautiful style.

Clause

Point out the Noun Clause, Adj Clause and Adv Clause
1. Where he dined is not known to me.
2. What he said is true.
3. My answer is that I don’t know.
4. I don’t know what he wants.
5. The rumour that he is dead is untrue.
6. I asked him if he could swim.
7. I don’t know whether he will come or not.
8. What pleased us most was his good behaviour.
9. I don’t know why he cheated me.
10. Please listen to what the manager says.
11. He stood up thinking that the film was over.
12. Life is what we make it.
13. It is a fact that he is dishonest.
14. The boy, who is reciting the poem, is my brother.
15. This is the same story that he told me last night.
16. All that glitters is not gold.

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17. This is the place where he was born.
18. The reason why he participated in the debate is clear.
19. This is the book I wanted.
20. Those whom God loves die young.
21. The telegram he sent us was about his success in I.A.S.
22. Do you like the coat Geeta is wearing.
23. I want to go where no one can meet me.
24. Ram could not go to school as he was unwell.
25. Work hard lest you should fail.
26. Unless you work hard, you cannot good marks.
27. However hard you may try, you can’t catch the train.
28. As far as I know, Geeta is a sincere lady.
29. While I was bathing, the door bell rang.
30. Speak loudly so that I may hear you.
31. He won the election because he was popular.
32. Geeta helps me whenever I ask her.

Synthesis

Sentence formed after transformation or synthesis must convey the same
meaning as the individual sentences taken together.

Combine each set of sentences into one simple sentence:
1. He got up early. He went to station.
2. Mother lit the fire. She had to cook dinner.
3. The teacher entered the classroom. The students became silent.
4. I gave my mother some money. She was to go to Mumbai.
5. ‘The Postmaster’ is a famous story. It was written by Tagore.
6. He bought a new alarm clock. He paid Rs. 250 for it.
7. The rose is the sweetest of all flowers. This is certain.
8. Winter will come. Days will be pleasant.
9. I have many books. I have to read them all.
10. It was his birthday. I congratulated him.

Combine each set of simple sentences into a compound sentence:
1. Tell the truth. You will not be punished.

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2. I was angry. I did not express my anger.
3. He did not work hard. He failed in the examination.
4. You may go there by bus. You may go there by train.
5. The handwriting was bad. I was able to read the letter.
6. All desire wealth. Very few acquire it.
7. The boy hurt himself. He did not cry.
8. We wanted to enjoy the morning walk. We rose early.
9. We could not play the match. It was raining.
10. Take care of pennies. The pounds will take care of themselves.

Combine each set of simple sentences into a complex sentence:
1. When will the train come? Can you tell me that.
2. France won the World Cup in football. We all know it.
3. The bird sings sweetly. Listen to it.
4. I want to meet your father at 10 o’clock. Kindly tell him so.
5. He hasn’t approved my plan. I don’t know the reason.
6. We reached a cottage. A Shepherd lived there with his family.
7. I find the book very interesting. I bought it yesterday.
8. A gentleman wishes to go abroad. He has a car to sell.
9. The started early. They wanted to reach the station.
10. He got home. He went into his study immediately.
11. The bird sang very sweetly. The children stopped making enquiries.
12. He ran round the garden very fast. He could not have run faster.
13. The two friends quarreled. I want to know the reason.
14. The silver teapot was highly priced. Yet she decided to buy it.
15. An old banyan tree stands there. The friends often meet there.

Phrases for Everyday Use

All are not alike
Truth is bitter
Have a nice day
See you
Best of luck
All the best
Yes, please

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No, thanks
Thank you
It’s all right
It’s my pleasure
No mention
You are welcome
Excuse me
Pardon
I beg your pardon
May I help you?
Would you mind--
I seek your blessings
Wish you a happy---
It’s really sad
Same to you
It was God’s will
Have faith in God
May luck smile at you
Have patience
All will be well
Do your best
Don’t worry
Never mind
I don’t care
Come what may
Be brave
Be careful
I am quite well
I am afraid
Anything else
Be frank
Bravo
Excellent
It was all by mistake
Touch wood
Just coming

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Rest assured
I say stop
I need your blessings
It was to be
Can I be of any help?
Are you in your sense?
A drop in the ocean
Many men many minds
It goes without saying
Hard work always pays
Courtesy costs nothing
Well done
It’s wonderful
You deserve a prize
How nice you are!
It was not my intention
I couldn’t follow
I was just joking
You are not to blame for this
Not at all
Not the least
Don’t be silly
Leave me alone
Don’t interrupt me
Be brief
Mend your ways
Let it go
I have no objection
As you wish
It will be so
Let’s go
There is no such thing
I never said so
Don’t cheat
Why not?
We are always with you

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It doesn’t matter much
Certainly
With pleasure
What a shame!
Beware
It is all your doing
Time is great healer
I got a little late
Never under estimate the enemy
There goes the last bus
Let me ask you certain questions
What a wonder!
You’re of the same name and looks
Do one thing
What about Shimla?
I can’t help
All praise would fall short of you
How long will you take to get ready
Money begets money
Make castles in the air
A good word costs nothing
Practice makes a man perfect
I am grateful to you
Ladies first
Be seated
Wow!
God bless you
Any doubt
How lovely!
How dare you?
Thank God
At last
Let me see
I am so so
You are at fault
How are you?

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How do you do?
Off you go
I am extremely busy
So you are
My work is not yet over
May I have your attention please?
Do as I say
Remind me of it
It is all because of you
I got duped by him
Sink your differences
May be
This is not proper
Don’t try my patience
Who knows
Might is right
Haste is waste
After you
All right
We live in deeds
Silence is gold
A fair face needs no paint
Truth is ever green
A friend in need is friend indeed
Let me know
You had better go
It is rather cold
What can be the reason
Any how
So what?
It depends
Is it so?
How is it possible?
Make the bed, please
Thread the needle
Unlace your shoes and sit at ease

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Peel off the orange
Keep to the left
Go and enjoy yourself
Set the alarm at 5
Don’t shirk work
Pare your nails
Don’t spit on the floor
Bolt the door
Write with a pen
Write in ink
Don’t beat about the bush
Feel at home
What is up there?
Such excuses will not do here
This is the talk of the town
He is no match for me
We miss you very much
What brings you here
Enough is enough
Really I didn't know it
I'm sorry.
I can’t stand this nonsense
There was a pin drop silence in the hall
It is not worthwhile going there
It is beyond my control
I am out of pocket
He is only a yes-man
He always stands in my way
He is true to his word
This house is to let
Doctors are in great demand in rural areas
Photography is a paying profession
He is hard of hearing
Surprise to see you here
So nice of you.
Let's go in

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You have a sharp memory
Hold on please
I am damn bus.
It's quite close to market
I must make a move
Must you go so soon?
How are you?
Perfectly in one piece
That looks man
Can you spare this weekend?
The sooner the better
That's great
Let's celebrate it
I don't find you around these days?
It's a nice model
Keep it up
What happened?
May I speak to Peter, Please?
Peter speaking
Who is there?
I am Ricky
What makes you ring me up?
Thank you-
(To Senior)No mention, please
(To friends) Welcome
(To a younger/junior) It's alright
Welcome home
How was the trip?
Where else did you go?
I thought you didn't like my idea
No, it's not so
Rather I supported it strongly
Don’t make haste
What sort of changes?
Minor ones
I'm not in mood to lunch.

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How to tell you, we needed it badly
I think he left the exercise
There may be the reason
No problem
I can wait for some time
By the way, what'll be the menu for lunch?
We'll decide it there
That sounds good
Let's proceed
I ask, who'll give me company in doing it?
Ask your friends, not us
Hey, I'm not asking you but them
I tell you, I am not with you
May I ask you one question?
Go ahead, please
Hello Ruchi!
Mind my asking you a favour?
Not at all
It's my pleasure
I can't say yes
How is it possible, tell me?
It's out of question
Anything important?
As usual
Nothing so important.
He is confident of his success.
Do it off-Finish it up
You are on the wrong side
Collect it from my clerk
It's up to you to help the needy
Is this bus for Delhi?
We enjoyed your company
Who is he to say so
I have been to Delhi
I am in a fix
Will you do me a favour

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What does it mean
Prevention is better than cure
I am highly obliged
I will set you right
Time waits for none
It happens sometimes.
He told me to make some changes.
That’s enough

English for Classroom Communication

Self Introduction
T: May I introduce myself, I am…
I am your English teacher
Ss: How do you do?
Pleased to meet you.
Greeting
T: Good morning/evening/afternoon.
How are you?
Ss: Very well/ Fine, thank you.

Informal talk
T: Why is Leela absent today?
St: She is not well, sir.
T: Oh, I’m sorry to hear that.

Leave taking
T: See you tomorrow/see you later.

Getting things done
T: Excuse me. What is your name?
St: Ravi.
T: Please run to the office room and get me some chalks.

Beginning a new lesson
T: Today I’m going to teach a new lesion. Are you interested in poetry?

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Ss: Yes, madam.
T: Anyone without the text book?
Ss: We all have brought our books, madam.
T: Good. Open your books at page 56, will you?
What is the title of the poem, Radha?

Checking Learning
T: Let me ask you some questions. Are you ready?
Ss: Yes, madam.
T: The first question, then. Those who know the answer, raise your
hands…. Where was Dr Ambedkar born? Kamala will answer.
T: Ravi, would you like to answer the first question?
St: Sorry, madam. I don,t know the answer.
T: That’s all right. Please sit down. Kamala, why don’t you try?

Getting instructions
T: Close your books, everybody….
Good. Put them down. I’m going to write two questions on the black
board… Lakshmi, read the first question.
T: Good. I shall read the first paragraph in your textbook. You will listen
to me carefully. Is it clear?
Ss: Yes madam.
T: Here’s something I want you to do. Listen well and find the answers to
those two questions. Have I made myself clear?

Asking pupils to read silently
T: Open your books. Now you will read the second paragraph silently.
Remember don’t mutter. Off you go.
I asked you to read silently, didn’t I?
Remember no lip movement.

Telling pupils to improve their hand writing
T: I’m afraid I can’t make out what you have written.
St: Shall I read it out madam?
T: Don’t bother, but learn to write neatly otherwise you’ll lose marks in
the exam.

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Error correction
T: Those are the words you have misspelt. Write each word five times,
will you? See that you don’t make mistake again. Look here. What the
plural of child?

Correcting pronunciation errors
T: Look at those two words on the blackboard.
Let’s learn how to say them. After me,
then,….together:
WOman
Good.
The second word, now;
opporTUnity
Round your lips more and say ‘WOman’
Well done. Raju, read the second word.
You didn’t say it correctly. You must say
‘TU’ a little louder.
That’s better. Say it again.

Giving a text
T: Tomorrow you will take a text. Read Lesson 15 well.
Ss: Tests are difficult, madam.
T: Don’t worry. This test will be easy.
T: I’m sorry to say you haven’t done well in the test. You have made many
mistake.

When you want to praise a pupil
T: Your reading is good, keep it up. What’s the matter, Shashi? You seem to
take it easy these days. You’re quite intelligent but rather lazy.
St: My mother is in hospital, madam.
T: I’m sorry to hear that.

When you notice that someone is not in his seat
T: Excuse me, who sits here?
St: Aziz, sir.

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T: Can you tell me where he has gone?
St: To the office, sir. He has gone to pay his fees.

When you talk to a student who looks unwell
T: You’re looking rather pale. Aren’t you feeling well?
St: I didn’t sleep very well, madam. I’ve got a headache.
T: Have a little rest. You’ll feel better afterwards.

When you want to borrow something from a pupil
T: I’ve left my pen at home. Can you lend me yours? /I need a pen. Have you
got one?
St: Here you are, madam.

When a pupil answers hurriedly at the expense of clarity
T: Will you answer this question?
St: (answers hurriedly)
T: If you speak slowly, I can understand you.

Asking for permission
St: Excuse me, sir.
T: What’s it?
St: I must go to toilet, May I go?
T: Yes, of course.

Saying sorry
St: Sorry, I’m late, madam.
T: That’s all right. Do come in and take your seat quietly.

When you have given your class a long writing task
Ss: Madam, we’re tired.
T: Oh! Are you? All right. Have a little rest.

A pupil may wish to consult you in your room
St: May I come in, sir?
T: Hello, do come in.
St: I hope I’m not disturbing you.

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T: Not at all.
St: Thank you for your advice, sir.
T: It’s my pleasure/That’s all right/ Don’t mention it.

When your students tell you to speak up
St: We can’t hear you, Madam.
T: I am sorry. I will speak up.

While teaching, you may be interrupted
St: sorry to interrupt you, madam. I don’t understand you.

Notions and Concepts
Intention
I mean to go.
We are going to buy a new house.
I intend to return early tonight.

Permission
May I leave the room?
Can I use your phone?
Are we allowed to park here?

Suggestion
Shall we go to the theatre?
Let’s go to the theatre?
How about going to the theatre?
Why don’t you use both your hands?
I suggest that we go to the zoo?

Advice
You should see the doctor?
Why don’t you give up smoking?
I advice you to use this toothpaste.

Agreement

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That’s right.
Of course.
That’s fine.
Absolutely.

Disagreement
I don’t think so.
This is not possible.
This cannot be arranged.

Obligation
You must come and see me.
I have to do it today.

Possibility
Perhaps she has gone to school.
It may rain tonight.
She is very likely to late.

Certainty
I’m sure that she will come.
I certainly think that she is a doctor.
I believe that he is abnormal.

Ability
She can bake very well.
He is able to do it easily.
He has ability to do it.

Purpose
I have come to play cards with you.
Work hard so that you may pass.
I went there to meet her.

Determination

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I will do what I like.
I have made up my mind to learn English.

Comparison
My house is as big as yours.
Nothing is more rewarding than to be honest.

Preference
I prefer walking to cycling.
I would rather stay at home.
I like coffee better than tea.

Concession
Although they are sisters, they look so different.
However hard she may try, she will not pass.
Come what may, we will stay together.

Inquiry
How far is the station?
Who broke the glass?
What time does the bus leave?

Warning
Mind the traffic.
Be careful.
Take care when you cross the road.

Greeting
I’m pleased to meet you.
How do you do?
How are you?
Glad to meet you.
It’s good to see you again.

Apologizing

26

I’m sorry.
Please forgive me.
I do apologize.
Excuse me please.
It’s my fault.

Consolation
We were sorry to hear this.
It was God’s will.
It’s really very sad.
May his soul rest in peace.

Wish/Congratulation
May luck smile on you.
My good wishes are ever with you.
May success be yours.

Likes/Dislikes
I’m crazy/mad about….
Wow/Lovely!
I’m fond of….
Oh, no!
I don’t think so.

Introduction
Allow me to introduce.
Let me introduce.
I’m quite in a hurry too.
I think I’d better to now.

Thanking
Thank you very much.
It’s so kind of you.
Thanks for your present.


27

I’d like to thank….

Request
Will you pass the butter please?
Could you lend me the pen?
Do you mind opening the window?
I would be extremely grateful if you would give me this book.


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