philosophy

1. Course Name: Contemporary Philosophy.

2. What is Isms?
 It is a distinctive
doctrine, cause,
theory or religion.
 It is a manner of
action or behaviour
characteristic of a
(specified) person or
thing.

3.  Idealism.
 Occasionalism.
 Subjectivism.
 Physicalism.
 Authoritarianism.
 Rationalism.
 Empiricism.
 Dogmatism.
 Cartesian Skepticism.
 Monism.

4. Authoritarianism
 It is a view that knowledge is depending on
some type of authority.
 When we explore the knowledge from
institutions or teachers, It is called the
concept of Authoritarianism.

5. Rationalism
 Every person has a Rationalism.
 Knowledge is based on the use of reason and logic.
 It claims that individuals have innate knowledge or
concepts.
 The father of modern philosophy, Rene Descartes
talks about Rationalism.
 Rene Descartes divided our ideas into three parts:
adventitious, factitious & Innate.

6. Empiricism
 When people born, they are totally blank.
 Knowledge is based on experience and
experimentation.
 It claims that individuals have no innate
knowledge.
 It is given by John Locke.
 He had talked about 2 type of ideas: simple idea
and complex idea.

7. Dogmatism
 It is philosophical method of study.
 Knowledge is more important than to
know the source.
 It does not go into deep.

8. Cartesian Skepticism
 Individual thinks about any doubt.
 This method of doubt was largely popularized
in Western philosophy by Rene Descartes
(1596-1650).
 Sense experience can't give us knowledge
because knowledge requires certainty and
nothing we learn through our senses is certain.
 We can know something only if we are certain
that it is true.

9. Fatalism
 Fated
 No Free Will
 Unpredictable- positive/ negative
 The Sea Battle analogy- Aristotle

10. Determinism
Different From Fatalism
 Nature of Law- Reason Behind
Everything.

11. Hard Determinism
Consequences Are Followed By Cause
Strong Condition & No Alternatives
No Freedom Will
Freedom Is Incompatible
No Moral Responsibility

12.  Freedom Is Compatible
 Flexibility
 Self-choice
 Decide The Final Consequence
 Have Alternative
 Moral Responsibility
Soft Determinism

13. Indeterminism
Random Events
 Indetermined
Anything Can Happen
Freedom To Choose

14. Cons Of Believing Only One Concept
 Fatalism-
 Can be misleading
 No progress
 Hard determinism-
 People can’t be judge properly
 Lack of moral consideration
 Soft determinism-
 Influenced by some external threats
 One may take wrong decision
 Indeterminism-
 Difficult to choose instantly

15.  introduced in the 18th century
 only one fundamental kind of thing in the universe
 mind and brain are separate
 There are two sorts of definitions for monism:
 The wide definition
 The restricted definition

16.  A diverse group of metaphysical views which all
assert that "reality" is in some way indistinguishable
 The theory holds that only minds and ideas exist.
 There are no material objects, but physical objects
do exist.
 There are two basic forms of idealism
 metaphysical idealism
 epistemological idealism

17.  A creation philosophy who holds that produced
things cannot be effective causes of events
 It accepts the dualism of body and mind but
rejects the causal connection between the two
 all interaction between mind and body is
mediated by God.
 God keeps the idea of direct contact alive.

18.  Is the belief that our own mental activity is the only
undeniable fact of our experience
 Is that philosophical position according to which
knowledge is always a knowledge of ideas.
 There is no objective reality existing independently of
mind.
 In Berkeley’s view, all our thoughts, passions, ideas exist
within the mind.

19.  Is the metaphysical thesis that everything is physical
 everything supervenes on the physical
 Physicalism is closely related to materialism.
 there is only one fundamental kind of thing in the
universe: physical things.
 Physical states are more fundamental than mental
states.

20. Thank you